Diss. Univ. Frankfurt am Main, 2007.

Despite significant growth in the number of 'good governance' initiatives promising to generate optimum developmental outcomes in resource-rich countries, there is surprisingly little empirical information about their sector and country-specific dynamics. This thesis focusses on how external 'good governance' norms and institutions interact with domestic actors and organisations to shape the institutional landscape of resource-rich countries. This objective is pursued by means of an in-depth case study of Ghana, a Sub-Saharan African nation that has become a middle-sized exporter of crude oil since January 2011. More specifically, it scrutinises two major reform efforts designed to steer the country's oil industry towards a developmental direction: the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), an international auditing and multi-stakeholder oversight mechanism, and the Public Interest and Accountability Committee, a home-grown citizens' oversight initiative in Ghana. The analytical lens employed in the study is based on comparative political economy and comparative institutional analysis. They are employed to make sense of the dialectic between the promise of corrective 'good governance' measures and the mirage of reform outcomes in the Ghanaian oil sector. The main argument advanced here is that 'good governance' solutions in the oil industry are essentially weak instruments, due to their inability to grapple with deep-seated instrumental politics, perverse institutional environment, and elite capture that continue to undermine reform in Ghana. This point is adduced to highlight the shortcomings of the 'good governance' agenda. The thesis draws from multiple data sources, collected through semi-structured interviews with various stakeholders, public officials, NGOs and community activists, development agencies, and oil companies. These are complemented by archival research, documentary sources, non-participant observation, and workshops.

This study examines the use of ‘cultural’ imagery and messaging as a tool to revitalise crucial national industries. Specifically, it examines the use of Wear Local campaigns in Ghana and South Africa as strategies to rejuvenate their textile industries and to make them viable in an increasingly competitive global market. Conceptualising Wear Local campaigns as possessing both cultural and economic imperatives, this study highlights how both factors contribute to making products of Buy Local campaigns marketable by showing their importance as both cultural and economic products. Using a descriptive-evaluative design, the study adopted a triangulated research approach comprising a survey, key informant interviews and document analysis. Survey questionnaires were administered to a total sample of 308 respondents in Ghana and South Africa. The qualitative phase of the study involved 10 key informant interviews (comprising textile labour unions, clothing designers, and government officials in both countries) and document/documentary research. The quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while the qualitative data were analysed using interpretive approaches, such as content analysis. The results indicate significant uses of national cultural elements in the campaign messaging in both Ghana and South Africa, as well as notable differences in the ways in which these campaigns resonated with consumers in the two countries. For instance, cultural differences accounted for high popularity of the campaign in Ghana and low popularity in South Africa. Following from these findings, the study concludes that the discourse on Buy Local and Wear Local, and the use of national culture in commerce, must go beyond the question of efficacy to examine the conditions under which these campaigns can become an effective economic/market tool. The study makes an important contribution to the existing knowledge on national culture, national economy and globalisation.

No description available.

Doctor Educationis / This study examines changes in public funding and student access, factors influencing the changes in public funding, and strategic responses towards influencing variations in student access under fluctuations in public funding at two African public universities, the University of the Western Cape in South Africa and the University of Ghana in Ghana. Underpinned by resource dependence theory, the study uses a qualitative methodology via in-depth interviewing of twenty-two respondents and documentary analysis to gather data to explore the study’s objective. The public funding of higher education and student access in South Africa and Ghana have been changing over time, where various issues of concern have been raised about the changes. This study explores the relationship between changes in public funding and student access at both universities. The study finds that the levels of change in public funding have a significant effect on the variations in student access at the University of the Western Cape. In other words, changes in public funding are a major factor in changing student access. The analysis shows that, statistically, approximately 94 percent of the variation in student enrolment between 2007 and 2016 is accounted for by public funding. However, the study finds an insignificant relationship between changes in public funding and student access at the University of Ghana. The findings reveal that the state of the economy; competing needs of the various sectors; low prioritization of higher education; sectoral planning and budgeting; a shift of focus from education; funding mechanism; and overspending in election years are factors that influence changes in public funding at both institutions. Strategic responses such as government subsidy; low-tuition fee structure; payment arrangement; recruitment strategy; containment strategy; special grants; financial support system; policy for the admission of athlete students; and policy for less-endowed schools have been employed by the two universities to influence variations in student access in the face of fluctuations in public funding. The study concludes by generating practical and conventional propositions on public funding of higher education and student access. A recommendation for further research into changes in public funding and student access is also suggested. A similar study could thus be undertaken to investigate the relationship between changes in tuition fees and student access.

"This paper addresses the right to dignity of a group of people with two vulnerabilities i.e. being a disabled person and a prisoner. The concept of dignity applies to prisoners and detainees irrespective of their offences at any given time. This is a right that is ascribed to a person by virtue of one's humanity and not one's circumstances. In Ghana and Nigeria, the rights of able and disabled prisoners are not given serious consideration. This is probably due to the fact that these two countries are still involved in violations of human rights and they are yet to implement most of the provisions in international human rights instruments. The protection of the rights of disabled prisoners is a mirage in the two countries probably because they constitute a minority and their vulnerability relegates them to the lower rungs of the society. However, international human rights instruments recognise that disabled persons have rights that should be respected. ... Despite these international standards, the treatment of disabled prisoners is still below the recommendation. This necessitates a study of the role which human rights law ought to play in the mitigation of the hardship of disabled prisoners, as their dignity is a central element to their existence." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004. / Prepared under the supervision of Professor E.V.O. Dankwa at the Faculty of Law, University of Ghana, Legon / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

With the banking sector showing remarkable growth in Ghana, it is a probable target for liberalisation by the European Union to enable their banks to enter this market. The author addresses the following research questions: (1) What are the possible outcomes of increased foreign participation through commercial presence upon liberalising the banking sector under Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs)? (2) Which recognised human rights, that Ghana has an obligation to respect, could be affected by liberalising the banking sector in Ghana under EPAs? (3) What are the outcomes of liberalising the banking sector on poverty reduction and development in Ghana? / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Mr K.K.K. Ampofo, Faculty of Law, University of Ghana, Legon / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Climate change and its impacts are evident both globally and locally, manifesting in every sphere of life including natural resources. The African continent is considered the most vulnerable to these impacts while Ghana was ranked the 59th most vulnerable country to climate change in the world in 2014. Studies about groundwater resources under climate change point to some already occurred impacts with more anticipated. It is noted that climate change will exacerbate water stressing situations in Ghana as groundwater resources will be negatively affected. For instance, future scenarios indicate a general reduction in groundwater recharge of 5-22 % for 2020 and 30-40% for 2050. Already, the northern part of the country where most of the population depends on groundwater is noted for fallen groundwater tables. Therefore, in order to address these impacts in Africa, the role of institutions in promoting adaptation has been identified as one of the strategies. It is realised that institutions shape the nature of the impact of climate change, influence the way communities respond to climate change and serve as the intermediaries for external support. A glean of institutions in Ghana shows a plethora of them that are directly or indirectly regulating activities relating to water resources in the face of climate change. The thesis, therefore, looks at the nature of these institutions (state/formal) and their roles in promoting groundwater adaptation to climate change. In order to understand in detail the “how” and “why” of adaptation in relation to groundwater resources and also have a multi-perspective discussion that considers the voices of all relevant groups of actors together with their interactions in promoting groundwater resources adaptation, the study adopted a qualitative approach and made the Atankwidi catchment a case study area. Using triangulation, data were drawn from both primary (community/office interactions) and secondary sources and augmented by analyses of policy documents. The results of the study revealed that at both the national and sub-national levels, there is a multiplicity of state formal institutions in the form of laws, policies and administration even though there is currently no legislation designed in Ghana that focuses specifically on climate change adaptation. Focusing on the themes of groundwater adaptation, managing groundwater demand for domestic purposes appear to be receiving greater attention while storage, discharge and recharge need improvement. Like the Inuit in the Canadian Arctic, groundwater farmers of Atankwidi based on local knowledge have identified methods of adapting to the impacts of climate change on groundwater in the form of deepening wells, changing crop types, conjunctively using both surface and groundwater water and migrating to other places. Nonetheless, this local knowledge for promoting adaptation is limited. Therefore, formal institutions can enhance the scope of this knowledge by first of all recognising and documenting this knowledge as part of adaption efforts. Additionally, these institutions should educate and update local knowledge holders about some scientific methods of groundwater adaptation. This will create a new form of knowledge which is integrated and comprehensive enough to function independently to promote adaptation. Associated with this, farmers should be guided in adopting artificial methods of groundwater recharge that are anchored on local knowledge to boost groundwater availability. Inspired by the achievements of some existing artificial groundwater recharge methods in same northern Ghana, the thesis identified that the adoption of Managed Aquifer Recharge methods such as a subsurface dam in Atankwidi is feasible. This is premised on the fact that apart from the geophysical parameters of the catchment, it is realised that the institutional environment (both formal and informal) and the existence of local materials coupled with local knowledge support the construction and management of a subsurface dam. The thesis concluded that artificial recharge will contribute to promoting adaptation since natural recharge may be negatively affected over time due to the nature of rainfall pattern caused by climate change coupled with increasing population growth and booming groundwater dry season irrigation.:1. General background 2. Review of the existing literature 3. General research design/methodology 4. Background issues of climate change in Atankwidi catchment 5. Formal institutions and groundwater adaptation to climate change 6. Assessing institutions’ performance for adaptation 7. Local knowledge for groundwater irrigation 8. Feasibility of managed aquifer recharge to augment groundwater availability 9. General conclusions and recommendations 10. References APPENDICES / Der Klimawandel und seine Auswirkungen sind global und lokal sichtbar und manifestieren sich in allen Lebensbereichen, einschließlich denen der natürlichen Ressourcen. Der afrikanische Kontinent gilt als am anfälligsten für diese Auswirkungen. Ghana wurde 2014 auf Rang 59 der für den Klimawandel anfälligsten Länder geführt. Studien über Grundwasserressourcen und Klimawandel zeigen bereits eingetretene Auswirkungen und deuten auf darauf hin, dass sich der Einfluss des Klimawandels auf das Grundwasser zukünftig noch verstärken wird. Der Klimawandel wird die Wasserknappheit in Ghana verschärfen, da die Grundwasserressourcen negativ beeinflusst werden. Zukunftsszenarien zeigen beispielsweise, dass die Grundwasserneubildung im Jahr 2020 um 5-22% und bis 2050 um 30-40% zurückgehen wird. Der nördliche Teil des Landes, in dem der Großteil der Bevölkerung vom Grundwasser abhängig ist, ist bereits jetzt von fallenden Grundwasserspiegeln betroffen. Um diesen Auswirkungen in Afrika entgegenzuwirken, wurde die Rolle der Institutionen bei der Förderung der Klimawandelanpassung als eine mögliche Strategie identifiziert. Institutionen können die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf eine Region mitprägen, sie können beeinflussen wie Gemeinschaften auf den Klimawandel reagieren, und als Vermittler für Unterstützung von außen dienen. Eine Zusammenstellung relevanter Institutionen in Ghana, die direkte oder indirekte Aktivitäten im Zusammenhang mit Wasserressourcen und Klimawandel regulieren, zeigt deren Fülle. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Art dieser (staatlichen) Institutionen und ihrer Rolle bei der Förderung der Klimawandelanpassung des Grundwassers. Um das „Wie“ und „Warum“ dieser Anpassung im Detail zu verstehen und eine multiperspektivische Diskussion zu ermöglichen, bei der die Stimmen aller relevanten Akteursgruppen zusammen mit ihren Interaktionen bei der Förderung der Grundwasserressourcenanpassung berücksichtigt werden, verfolgt diese Studie einen qualitativen Ansatz mit dem Atankwidi-Einzugsgebiet als Fallstudie. Mittels Triangulation wurden Daten aus primären (Gemeinebefragungen) und sekundären Quellen gesammelt und durch Analysen von Richtlinien ergänzt. Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen, dass es sowohl auf nationaler als auch auf subnationaler Ebene eine Vielzahl staatlicher, formaler Institutionen in Form von Gesetzen, Richtlinien und Verwaltung gibt, obwohl in Ghana derzeit keine Gesetzgebung existiert, die sich speziell mit der Klimawandelanpassung befasst. Bezogen auf die Anpassung des Grundwassermanagements, wird der Bewirtschaftung des Grundwasserbedarfs für häusliche Zwecke viel Aufmerksamkeit zuteil, während die Speicherung, Entsorgung und Anreicherung von Wasser ungenügend betrachtet werden. Wie die Inuit in der kanadischen Arktis, haben die Landwirte von Atankwidi auf Grundlage des lokalen Wissens Methoden zur Anpassung an die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf das Grundwasser entwickelt, beispielsweise in Form von Vertiefungen von Brunnen, Änderung der Kulturpflanzenart, gleichzeitiger Nutzung von Oberflächen- und Grundwasser oder der Umsiedlung in andere Gebiete. Trotz der Tatsache, dass ihr lokales Wissen eine Anpassung ermöglicht, ist der begrenzte Umfang dieses Wissens als eine Schwachstelle anzusehen. Formale Institutionen können den Umfang dieses lokalen Wissens nutzbar machen und erweitern, indem sie dieses Wissen über Anpassungsmaßnahmen anerkennen und dokumentieren. Darüber hinaus sollten diese Institutionen lokale Gemeinden über weitere wissenschaftliche Methoden der Grundwasseranpassung informieren. Dadurch wird zusätzliches Wissen geschaffen, das integrierbar und umfassend genug ist, um eine unabhängige Anpassung zu fördern. Zusätzlich sollten Landwirte angeleitet werden, auf lokalem Wissen basierende Methoden der künstlichen Grundwasseranreicherung anzuwenden, um die Verfügbarkeit von Grundwasserressourcen zu erhöhen. Inspiriert von den Erfolgen einiger Anlagen zur künstlichen Grundwasseranreicherung im Norden Ghanas, empfiehlt diese Doktorarbeit die Implementierung von künstlichen Grundwasseranreicherungsanalagen in Atankwidi. Diese Empfehlung stützt sich auf den günstigen geophysikalischen Gegebenheiten des Einzugsgebiets und der Tatsache, dass das (formelle und informelle) institutionelle Umfeld eine Implementierung ermöglicht. Diese Arbeit kommt zu dem Schluss, dass die Anpassung der Grundwasserressourcen im Norden Ghanas mehr Aufmerksamkeit im Bereich der künstlichen Anreicherung erfordert, da die natürliche Grundwasserneubildung aufgrund der durch den Klimawandel verursachten veränderten Niederschlagsmuster in Verbindung mit einem zunehmenden Bevölkerungswachstum und einer boomenden Trockenzeitbewässerung im Grundwasser starke Veränderungen hervorrufen wird.:1. General background 2. Review of the existing literature 3. General research design/methodology 4. Background issues of climate change in Atankwidi catchment 5. Formal institutions and groundwater adaptation to climate change 6. Assessing institutions’ performance for adaptation 7. Local knowledge for groundwater irrigation 8. Feasibility of managed aquifer recharge to augment groundwater availability 9. General conclusions and recommendations 10. References APPENDICES

Text in German / This dissertation describes and interprets the history of Presbyterian Youth Ministry from the beginning up to today. The Presbyterian Church of Ghana originated from the work of the Basel Mission, Switzerland and the United Free Church of Scotland. The emphasis on education, laid by the Basel Mission has had a major impact for the Church and especially for Youth Ministry. This emphasis was seen through the building of Schools, Training Institutions and through practical training of young people. Andrew Atkinson, a Scottish accountant at the then Gold Coast, laid the foundation for youth work within the Church. Very soon this ministry developed throughout the country. With the formation of a Youth Constitution as the basis for youth work, a good framework was established that still guides the Youth today. Today, Youth work has been broadened. Through different projects it is envisaged to give answers to the manifold problems of young people in a fast changing African society. Social projects, HIV/AIDS work, but at first the training of young people is a major part of youth work today. Conferences are held on different levels, training materials have been developed and youth workers have been trained to take up future responsibilities as leaders. One emphasis has remained and has its roots in the Basel Mission history: a Bible based youth ministry that equips young people to follow Christ as disciples in their day-to-day lives. Within this success story there has of course also been some failure and weakness. Both, success and struggle is evident within this dissertation. / Missiology / M. Th (Missiology)

Text in German / This doctoral thesis deals with the changes the youth grapple with in Southern Ghana today. These changes permeate all fabrics of society, from the traditional society with its values to the modern society that is undergoing radical social changes. The First Part presents to the reader the traditional Akan Society. It points out how it has assisted young people to get into the world of the adult. It gives an insight into the traditional religions, the rites and practices associated with them and their relation to young people. The Second Part deals with the History of the Presbyterian Youth Work from its inception to the present day. The Presbyterian Church of Ghana was set up in the early 20th Century from the toils of the Basel Mission and the United Free Church of Scotland. This new Christian way of life brought a clash between two world views: the traditional African Religion (ATR) and the Christian Religion that brought about, so to say, farreaching consequences to the culture and the development of the country. Part three focuses attention on the present changes in the Ghanaian Society. It shows the effects of migration and the economic conditions on the Ghanaian Society at the turn of the 21st Century especially for young people. Part four sums up the findings and discusses them on the basis of two leading concepts: Contextualization and Identity. I evaluated a contextualization project of a church parish in southern Ghana. Here are, in my opinion, the first signs that could show the way into the future, i.e. a way of preaching the Gospel within the context of the traditional mindset of the local people by taking into account the Ghanaian Culture and with due regard to the feelings of the youth. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology)