In an effort to mimic the continuous protein matrix found in gluten-containing breads, the effects of the enzyme microbial transglutaminase were tested in gluten-free (GF) sourdough breads containing five different GF flours: chickpea, brown rice, white rice, oat, and quinoa. The utilization of transglutaminase in GF sourdough bread applications was shown to improve some of the final bread characteristics of GF breads. White and brown rice GF sourdough loaves at 24 hours showed a 28% and 13% decrease in crumb firmness with the addition of 2 U/g dough, respectively. Quinoa-GF sourdough breads at 24 hours showed a 6% increase in specific volume with the addition of 1 U/g dough. Oat and chickpea-GF sourdough loaves did not show improvements in loaf quality with mTG addition. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that white rice, brown rice, quinoa, and chickpea proteins are adequate substrates for mTG activity, while oat proteins, without the addition of exogenous proteins, lack the characteristics suitable for mTG action.

The effects of incorporating pearl millet (<u>Pennisetwn americanum</u> (L.) Leeke) flour into wheat (<u>Triticum aestivum</u> L.) flour along with vital wheat gluten were evaluated. Bread was made from wheat flour (control) and composite flours of 30%, 4O%, and 50% pearl millet Flour replacement with (5%) and without vital wheat gluten. The quality attributes of the loaves were assessed by dough rheology tests, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and both objective and sensory evaluation. Farinograph results indicated that millet flour decreased absorption (water uptake) when compared to the control, decreased peak time for dough development and dough stability. Vital wheat gluten increased dough stability of the composite flours. A stepwise decrease in loaf volume was observed with each increase in millet content of the composite flours. Addition of vital wheat gluten did not significantly increase the loaf volume of the breads. Bread made from higher percentages of pearl millet flour also had a higher moisture content, firmer texture and darker crumb color. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC ) results indicated that the control breads staled faster and that loaves of bread containing 50% millet flour with gluten exhibited the least amount of staling by day 7. Results of sensory evaluation indicated that millet flour replacement resulted in bread with darker crumb and crust color, and a more bitter and intense after taste. Vital wheat gluten was judged by panelists to darken crust color, increase cell uniformity and improve chewiness. Consumer panelists preferred bread made from 30% millet without wheat gluten over the breads made from the other composite flours. In conclusion, pearl millet flour can be used to replace part of wheat flour in the bread making process and the addition of vital wheat gluten is not necessary. / Master of Science

The goal of this research is to determine the effects of added soybean lipoxygenase (LOX) on bread dough rheological properties and physical properties of bread loaves compared to controls, and to determine sensory attributes of bread loaves using quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA). Protein fractions were obtained through the use of isoelectric precipitation. The pH 4.8 precipitate was found to yield the greatest LOX activity when compared with other fractions (p<0.05). The addition of pH 4.8 precipitate improved rheological properties of bread dough, examined in a farinograph, when compared to the all-purpose control (p<0.05). Addition of soy flour also increased the gluten strength of all-purpose flour (p<0.05). The addition of pH 4.8 precipitate to all-purpose flour did not improve bread loaf volume or texture. Sensory panelists described pH 4.8 supplemented bread as having firmer crumb when compared with controls (p<0.05). There were slight color differences among the loaves. The crust and crumb of bread flour loaves was lighter in color than any other sample. It was concluded that the addition of pH 4.8 precipitate to all-purpose flour greatly improved the rheological properties when compared with all-purpose flour alone. / Master of Science

Master of Science / Food Science Institute - Animal Science & Industry / Fadi M. Aramouni, Bean, Scott R. / The biochemical, physical and baking properties of caroubin, the main protein in the carob bean, were characterized. The biochemical properties of caroubin were analyzed using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering (SEC-MALS) and micro-fluidics analysis. The physical and baking properties of caroubin were characterized via SE-HPLC, laser scanning confocal microscopy, farinograph mixing, and texture profile analyzer analysis. Using a modified Osborne fractionation method, carob germ flour proteins were found to contain ~32% albumin and globulin and ~68% glutelin with no prolamins detected. When divided into soluble and insoluble protein fractions under non reducing conditions it was found that caroubin contained (~95%) soluble proteins and only (~5%) insoluble proteins. As in wheat, SEC-MALS analysis showed that the insoluble proteins had a greater Mw than the soluble proteins and ranged up to 8x107 Da. These polymeric proteins appeared to play a critical role in protein network formation. Analysis of the physical properties of carob germ protein-maize starch dough showed that the dough’s functionality was dependent on disulfide bonded protein networks, similar to what is found in wheat gluten. When baked into a bread these proteins were shown to have a possible improving affect by decreasing staling in gluten-free breads. This was evident when compared to a gluten-free batter bread, and a wheat bread over a five day period.

Master of Science / Food Science Institute, Grain Science and Industry / Jeffrey A. Gwirtz / There is a limited market of gluten-free beer for the 1% of the US population that is diagnosed with an autoimmune response to gluten protein known as celiac disease. Sorghum can be malted and used in the brewing process to replace malted barley, a grain toxic to celiac patients. The objective of the study was to develop an optimum brewing procedure for a gluten-free ale-style beer. Four different sorghum hybrids (82G63, 83G66, RN315, and X303) were malted and used in brewing gluten-free ale and evaluated for physical and chemical property differences. The four sorghum hybrids were characterized first as grain and then as malt using proximate analysis, single kernel characterization system (SKCS), amylose, α-amylase, and β-amylase contents. Isolated starch from unmalted and malted samples was evaluated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Malt was evaluated throughout the malting process and percent nitrogen, percent moisture, 72 hr germinative energy, steep out moisture, germination-end, and malting loss were measured. Malted sorghum hybrid samples were milled into grist, and employed in a double mash, double decoction brewing process. Following the brewing process the wort was evaluated for specific gravity, Brix, pH, color and free α-amino nitrogen (FAN). Wort was also analyzed using HPLC for ethanol and glucose content. The fermented beer was analyzed for specific gravity, Brix, pH, alcohol by volume, and color. HPLC was also used to measure ethanol and glucose content. Results of analysis found that a significant difference (p=0.05) was found for the DSC data onset temperature, which ranged from 61.75 to 65.51, illustrating the difference in starch gelatinization temperature compared to other cereals. A significant difference was found in α-amylase content (p=0.05) which ranged from 0.16 to 058 in unmalted sorghum and 71.63 to 96.44 in malted sorghum. In addition, α-amylase and β-amylase contents increased during malting. HPLC analysis of wort indicated a significant difference was found in percent maltose which ranged from 1.27 to 2.81. FAN content of wort was also significantly different and ranged from 65.15 to 151.37. HPLC of beer showed a significant difference in percent ethanol and percent glucose. Percent ethanol in the final beer ranged from 3.28 to 4.17 and percent glucose range from 0.16 to 0.31. Process development evaluation indicated a gluten-free ale style beer could be successfully produced with 100% sorghum malt.

Master of Science / Food Science Institute, Animal Science & Industry / Fadi M. Aramouni / In order to improve the quality of products available for consumers who require a gluten-free diet, this study examined the effects of heat and ozone treatments on sorghum flour functionality in gluten-free bread and cake. In the ozone treatment experiment, commercially milled food-grade sorghum flour was subjected to ozone at the rate of 0.06 L/min for 15, 30, and 45 minutes. In the heat treatment experiment, commercially milled food-grade sorghum flour was subjected to dry-heat at two temperatures (95ºC and 125º) for 15, 30, and 45 minutes. Characterization of flour from each treatment included measurements of flour pH, color, and pasting properties. Evaluation of bread quality from each treatment included measurements of specific volume, color, crumb properties, and crumb firmness. Evaluation of cake quality from each treatment included measurements of specific gravity, volume, symmetry, uniformity, color, crumb structure, and crumb firmness. Bake testing using ozonated sorghum flour in a high-ratio white layer cake formulation showed that volume significantly increased (p<0.05) as ozonation time increased. Additionally, longer ozonation exposure times increased cells per slice area, lightness, and slice brightness values in gluten-free cakes while reducing crumb firmness. Despite improving lightness and slice brightness values, ozonation did not significantly increase (p>0.05) the specific volume of gluten-free batter based bread. In the heat treatment experiment, the optimum time and temperature relationship for improving sorghum flour was 125ºC for 30 minutes. This treatment level produced bread with the highest specific volume (3.08 mL/g) and the most cells per slice area (50.38 cells/cm2). This treatment level also produced cakes with the highest volume (72.17 cc) and most cells per slice area (79.18 cells/cm2). Additionally, cake and bread made from this heat treatment was deemed more acceptable in comparison to the control during consumer testing. The control sorghum flour in both studies produced breads and cakes with low volume, poor crumb properties, and dense textures. These results can assist in the product development process in advancing the quality of sorghum-based gluten-free foods for the consumers who require a gluten-free diet.

Gelatina Hidrolisada (GH), Glúten de Trigo (GT) e Isolado Protéico de Soja (IPS) foram misturados em diferentes proporções com o objetivo de substituir proteínas lácteas em uma formulação alimentícia utilizada em programas institucionais de alimentação escolar, buscando-se uma redução de custos sem alterações significativas das propriedades nutricionais e sensoriais do produto final. A qualidade nutricional das misturas foi avaliada de acordo com os métodos \"Escore Químico corrigido pela Digestibilidade PDCAAS\" e \"Razão de Eficiência Protéica - NPR\". As misturas, aplicadas àformulação de uma bebida láctea, foram avaliadas sensorialmente através do método de \"Diferença Escalar do Controle\". Os resultados obtidos experimentalmente pelo delineamento simplex-centróide foram utilizados para modelar equações canônicas de Scheffé que pudessem descrever o efeito da proporção de cada componente na qualidade final. Todos os resultados foram correlacionados através de análise multivariada e representados na forma de Análise de Componente Principal (ACP). Uma \"solução de compromisso\" contendo 25% de GH, 15% GT e 60% de IPS foi selecionada na otimização conjunta das respostas nutricional, sensorial e econômica, resultando na redução média de 6% do custo do produto final sem alteração significativa de qualidade (p < 0,01). Estes resultados revelaram a eficiência da utilização de técnicas estatísticas multivariadas na otimização simultânea e na visualização das interações que ocorrem em processos complexos como sistemas biológicos. / Hidrolizated Gelatin (HG), Wheat Gluten (WG) and Soybean Protein Isolate (SPI) were mixed at different proportions in order to partially replace milk proteins in food formulation utilized in Food Programs to reduce its cost without significant decrease in its nutritional and sensorial properties. The nutritional quality of the mixtures was evaluated by the \"Protein DigestibilityCorrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS)\" and \"Net Protein Ratio (NPR)\"methods. The sensorial quality of the mixtures was evaluated by the \"Scale Difference of Control\". The results obtained experimentally by simplex design were used to elaborate Scheffé\'s canonical equations that would describe the effect of the proportion of each component on the final nutritional quality of the product. Ali the results were correlationed by Multivariate Analysis and represented by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). A \"compromise solution\" containing 25% HG, 15% WG and 60% SPI was selected as multiresponse optimization. This mixture was applicated in food formulation and submitted to the evaluations of nutrition and sensorial quality. The final product showed about 6% of cost reduction without any significant change in its quality (p< 0,01). These results demonstrated the statistics multivariate methods efficiency in simultaneous optimization and visualization of interactions which are present in complex process like biological systems.

Increasing diagnosis and awareness of celiac disease and gluten intolerance has created a need for developing improved quality gluten-free sandwich breads. Sorghum is a naturally gluten-free grain with ideal baking qualities that is underutilized in the gluten-free baking industry. Research is needed on developing gluten-free breads utilizing sorghum flour that could be used in future research and commercial production. Three objectives were tested. Objectives evaluated feasibility of using egg white foam with leavening agents in yeast-free bread, optimum mixing time in a laboratory control bread utilizing sorghum flour, and maximizing the amount of sorghum flour that could be used in the control formulation. Four comparisons were tested for yeast-free breads and 5 were compared for yeast breads. Volume, hardness, and color were measured using 15 replications. Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) was performed on selected treatments to evaluate crumb structure. Utilizing egg white foam for gluten-free breads produced acceptable volume, color, crumb structure and hardness compared to commercial gluten-free controls. Using egg white foam eliminates proofing time with increased production speed. Increasing mixing time in gluten-free yeast breads significantly (P<0.05) improved specific volume and overall loaf volume without negatively affecting crumb hardness in 10 and 15 minute mixing treatments. Crumb structure was significantly improved between 5 and 15 minute treatments. Evaluation with ESEM showed reduced clumping of ingredients in the crumb and thinner air cell walls. Specific volume and loaf volume were significantly (P<0.05) higher in 15 minute mixing (2.13 cm^3/g; 1845 cm^3) versus the commercial comparison (2.00 cm^3/g; 923 cm^3). Optimum mixing for yeast bread was 15 minutes and optimum percentage of sorghum used in the flour blend was 60 percent. Increasing the use of commodity grade gluten-free decorticated white sorghum flour will reduce cost of specialty milled ingredients. In future studies mixing for 15 minutes using the laboratory yeast bread formulation containing 60 percent sorghum should be used as the research control as it provided consistent optimum results.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is becoming a more common diagnosis of younger children. In recent years the perception that some ingredients in our food may have a negative effect regarding the symptoms in children with ADHD has grown stronger. Children with ADHD often suffer from irritated bowel syndromes which affect their ability to digest food. This may result in malnutrition as well as a release of substances that are harmful.The purpose of this report is to compile and illustrate the knowledge of how special food, particular milk protein and gluten, may affect the symptoms of children with ADHD. Also, the report aims to evaluate if there should be changes made in Kindergarten to increase the well-being of these children. The report is a summary of research results on the effects milk protein and gluten have on children with ADHD.The majority of children with ADHD demonstrate decreased symptoms if they receive a diet without milk protein and gluten.If children with ADHD would be given a special diet excluding milk protein and gluten it is realistic to assume that their ADHD-symptoms might be reduced with a greater sense of well-being and quality of life as a result. / Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) är en allt mer vanligt förekommande diagnos hos förskolebarn. Uppfattningen om att en anpassad kosthållning kan lindra symtomen hos barn med ADHD har växt sig starkare de senaste åren. Barn med ADHD lider ofta av en irriterad tarm som har en störd matspjälkningsfunktion, vilket kan leda till att näringsämnen bryts ner ofullständigt och resulterar i näringsbrister och frisättning av ämnen som kan påverka oss negativt.Syftet med rapporten är att sammanställa och belysa kunskapen om hur kosten kan påverka symtomen hos barn med ADHD, med särskild inriktning på påverkan från mjölkprotein och gluten. Samt att belysa vilken nytta skolverksamheten kan ha av dagens forskning inom ämnet.Rapporten är en sammanställning av de forskningsresultat som finns inom ämnet ADHD-anpassad kost där mjölkprotein och gluten utesluts.Majoriteten av barn med ADHD påvisar en minskade symtom om de får en anpassad kost utan mjölkprotein och gluten.Om förskolan skulle erbjuda barn med ADHD en anpassad kost är det realistiskt att anta att deras ADHD-symtom skulle kunna minska med ett ökat välbefinnande som följd.

SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund: Celiaki är en autoimmun sjukdom med en prevalens på 2/100 i Sverige. Enda behandlingen är att äta en kost fri från gluten. Gluten förekommer i spannmålen vete, råg, korn och att diagnostiseras med celiaki innebär ofta att en förändring av matvanor blir nödvändig. Att leva tillsammans med någon med celiaki har visat sig kunna vara problematiskt då familjelivet kan påverkas negativt och föräldrar till barn med celiaki upplever ofta oro och ängslan för sitt barn. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur mödrar till barn med celiaki upplever och hanterar familjens vardag i relation till barnets specialkost. Metod: Ett målinriktat urval användes och kvalitativa, semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med nio mödrar till barn med celiaki. Materialet spelades in och transkriberades ordagrant för att sedan analyseras med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Samtliga mödrar upplevde att vardagen hade anpassats efter barnet med celiaki och det fanns olika sätt att hantera den glutenfria kosten. Vissa valde att ha helt glutenfritt hemma för att undvika stress över rädslan att ge barnet fel mat. Andra valde att ha både gluteninnehållande och glutenfria livsmedel hemma p.g.a. ekonomiska skäl samt preferenser från övriga familjemedlemmar. Kunskapsnivån kring celiaki i samhället ansågs låg, vilket upplevdes försvåra vardagen för mödrar till ett barn med celiaki. Majoriteten av mödrarna uttryckte att bästa stödet fanns att tillgå via internet och sociala medier. Slutsats: Enligt mödrar till barn med celiaki innebar sjukdomen en del dilemman och vardagen upplevdes stundvis som orofylld, vilket kan påverka livskvaliteten. Internet och sociala medier sågs som ett bra stöd i vardagen. Ökad kunskap samt större förståelse från omgivningen skulle kunna förbättra familjernas vardag. / ABSTRACT                          Background: Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder with a prevalence of 2/100 in Sweden. The only treatment is a diet free from gluten. Gluten occurs in grains of wheat, rye, barley and being diagnosed with CD often means that a change in eating habits is necessary. Living together with someone with CD has been shown to be problematic. Family life may be negatively affected and parents of children with CD experience worry and anxiety for their child. Objective: The aim of the study was to examine how mothers of children with CD experienced and handled everyday life in relation to their child's gluten-free diet (GFD). Method: A targeted selection was used and qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine mothers of children with CD. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim and then analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Results: All participants felt that everyday life had been adapted to the child with CD and there were different ways to deal with the GFD. Some chose to have the home as a gluten-free zone to avoid the stress of risking to give the child wrong food. Others chose to have both gluten-containing and gluten-free foods at home because of economic aspects and preferences from other family members. The level of knowledge about CD in the community was considered low, which was perceived to complicate everyday life for mothers of a child with CD. The majority of participants expressed that best support was found through Internet and social media. Conclusion: According to mothers of children with CD, the disease involved some dilemmas and daily life was at times perceived as worrisome, which can affect quality of life. Internet and social media were considered as good support in everyday life. Increased knowledge in society and greater understanding from the environment could improve families everyday life.