Thesis (M.S.)--Indiana University, 2008. / Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Pierre-Andre Jacinthe, Lenore P. Tedesco, Philippe G. Vidon. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-99).

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar produção de forragem, valor nutritivo, frações nitrogenadas e as características morfogénicas da pastagem irrigada de Cynodon spp. e adubado com nitrogênio com dose parcelada ou singular. O experimento foi conduzido na Unidade de Ensino e Pesquisa de Bovinocultura de corte da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, Sudoeste do Paraná, entre 09 de novembro de 2015 a 31 de março de 2016. A área experimental foi de 1,5 ha com pastagem de Estrela Africana (Cynodon spp.) irrigada, subdividida em 18 piquetes de áreas semelhantes, com média de 400 m2. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado para as avaliações de produção, valor nutritivo, fracionamento protéico e as características morfogênicas da pastagem, com três tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: 1A: Uma aplicação, 2A: Duas aplicações e 4A: quatro aplicações de N, com intervalos de dois pós-pastejos, totalizando a fração estabelecida de 200 kg de N ha-1. As avaliações da forragem foram determinadas diretamente através de três cortes nas condições de pré e pós-pastejo a cinco centímetros do solo, ajustadas para cada mês do ano. Para a análise da composição química, as amostras foram obtidas pela técnica de simulação de pastejo. As características morfogênicas foram obtidas pela técnica de perfilhos marcados durante o período de descanso. A taxa de acúmulo, massa de forragem pré pastejo, massa foliar, massa de colmo e material morto, apresentaram interação tratamento x mês (P<0,05). No entanto, não foram observadas diferenças significativas (P>0,05) no valor nutritivo e no fracionamento de nitrogênio total entre os tratamentos. As características morfogênicas apresentaram diferença significativa (P<0,05) para a aplicação singular e parcelada em até duas vezes. Pastagens de Cynodon spp. podem ser adubadas com 200 kg de nitrogênio por hectare em uma única dose sem interferência no valor nutritivo e sem alterações nas frações proteicas e resultados superiores nas características morfogênicas. / The objective of the study was to evaluate forage yield, nutritive value, nitrogen fractions and morphogenic characteristics of irrigated nitrogen fertilized on pasture of Cynodon spp. with split or single dose. The experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Unit of beef cattle breading of the Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campus Dois Vizinhos, South-West of Paraná. The experimental area was 1.5 ha with pasture of Cynodon ssp. irrigated, subdivided in 18 paddocks of similar areas, with an average of 400 m2. Experimental design was of completely randomized for the evaluation of production, nutritional value, protein fractionation and for the morphogenic characteristics, with three treatments and six repetitions. Treatments evaluated were: 1A: One application, 2A: Two applications and 4A: four applications of N, with intervals of two post-grazing, totalizing the established fraction. Forage evaluations were determined directly by three cuts in pre-and post-grazing to five cm of the soil, adjusted for each month of the year. For the analysis of chemical composition, samples were obtained by the grazing hand-plucked method. The morphogenic characteristics were obtained by the marked tills technique during the rest period. Data of accumulation rate, pregrazing forage mass, leaf mass, stem mass and dead material presented treatment x month interaction (P<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed (P> 0.05) in the nutritional value and total nitrogen fractionation between treatments. The morphogenic characteristics showed a significant difference (P <0.05) for the single and split application in two times. the pasture of Cynodon can be fertilized with 200 kg of nitrogen per hectare in single dose without interference on nutritional value and without alterations in the protein fractions and superior results in the morphogenic characteristics.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:40:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 casaca_jm_dr_jabo.pdf: 10010578 bytes, checksum: 0a5d07e48907122164e78e3cf5a8e3f1 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um novo sistema de cultivo de peixes, denominado de peixe verde. O princípio básico do sistema é alimentar a carpa capim, espécie principal do policultivo, com vegetais cultivados. O estudo analisou três intensidades de produção. Foi realizado no Oeste do Estado de Santa Catarina e abrangeu três segmentos: análise bioeconômica, análise do ciclo de vida e análise da fauna parasitária do sistema peixe verde. Os resultados do estudo indicam que o peixe verde é um sistema de baixa intensidade de produção. Demonstrou ser um sistema de baixo impacto ambiental. As intensidades de produção estudadas demonstraram ser economicamente viáveis, principalmente para piscicultores familiares. O peixe verde demonstrou ser mais dependente de mão-de-obra quando comparado com outros sistemas de produção. O estudo da análise do ciclo de vida (ACV) permitiu analisar os principais impactos ambientais do sistema peixe verde. O tratamento mais intensivo foi o que apresentou os maiores impactos nas categorias analisadas. Os alevinos foi o fator que mais contribuiu nas categorias de impactos. Com base nos resultados o sistema pode ser considerado como sistema de baixa intensidade parasitária. O tratamento com maior densidade mostrou ser o mais eficiente economicamente, enquanto o de menor densidade mostrou ser ambientalmente o mais eficiente. / The study had as objective to develop a new system of fish culture, called green fish. The basic principle of the system is to feed the grass carp, main species of the polyculture, with cultivated vegetables. The study analyzed three intensities of production. It was carried out in the West of Santa Catarina State and enclosed three segments: economic analysis, life cycle assessment and analysis of the parasitic fauna of the system green fish. Results of the study indicate that the green fish is a system of low production intensity. It demonstrated to be a system of low ambient impact. The studied intensities of production had economically demonstrated to be viable, mainly for family fish farmers. The green fish showed to be more dependent of man power when compared with other systems of production. The study of the life cycle assessement (LCA) allowed to analyze the main ambient impacts of the system green fish. The most intensive treatment presented higest impacts within the analyzed categories. Fry were the factor that more contributed in the categories of impacts. On the basis of the results the system can be considered as system of low parasitic intensity. The treatment with higher density showed to be more efficient economically, while the one of lesser density ishowed to be ambiently more efficient.

This study investigated the fate of lignocellulosic biomass (wheat-feed and perennial rye grass) in different anaerobic digestion systems, evaluating the role of substrate specificity on the pattern of degradation. The two-stage (biohydrogen-biomethane) anaerobic system was found to be more effective in the degradation of lignocellulose, when compared to the conventional single-stage system. The perennial rye grass substrate possessed about 21% higher holocellulose concentration when compared to the wheat-feed; its exploitation in the acidogenic digestion was however poor, resulting in a 2.9% lower biogas yield in a equivalent two-stage system. The study therefore developed a treatment technique involving the use of cellulase and ferulic acid esterase enzyme combinations for the treatment of perennial rye grass. The enzyme cocktail at 0.202 ml enzyme/g VS added resulted in efficient bioconversion of the complex polymers to soluble carbohydrates, evident in the yield increase of soluble COD, to 321.0±10.9 mg/gVS, a 393.2% yield increase, when compared to the no enzyme added control. The yield of bio-hydrogen after enzymatic addition was 48ml/gVS, 335% higher when compared to the alkaline treatment; and more than seven fold higher than the yield obtained from the fermentation with no pre-treatment. The acetate to butyrate ratio varied from 4:1, when no pre-treatment was used, to 2:1when alkaline pre-treatment was used, then to 1:1 after the enzymatic treatment. The downstream effect of the prior hydrolysis on the subsequent processes to acidogenic fermentation like biomethane and PHA production and lignin recovery were also investigated. The hydrogenic/acidogenic fermentation resulted in methane yield improvement of 45.7%. The study shows that the more effective a hydrolysis procedure is in the depolymerisation of complex polymers, the greater the accumulation of PHA in the PHA biosynthesis operations. The enhanced hydrogenic /acidogenic fermentation having effectively degraded the holocellulose component of the perennial rye grass substrate ensured that relatively high quality lignin was obtained in an Organosolv lignin-extraction procedure. FT-IR profile show less contamination of polysaccharides and proteins in the lignin extracted from the enzymatically enhanced acidogenic fermentation. An evaluation of the economic viability of the investigated secondary processes showed that direct integrations of those processes to the biohydrogen process may not be as economically advantageous, when compared to a 2nd -stage biomethanation system.

Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) / The spread of invasive species is one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity. Alien plant invasions also have serious economic impact in terms of the delivery of ecosystem goods and services. Studies of biological invasions in southern Africa have tended to overlook grasses (family Poaceae), although there are many naturalised species in the region. Only a few of these, all perennials, have been officially categorised as invasive in South Africa, but in the winter rainfall region of the Western Cape, grass invasion especially by Mediterranean European annuals have also been noted. These grasses can be difficult to identify. DNA barcoding has been suggested as an alternative method of identifying grasses in the hope of facilitating identification of existing invaders and preventing future invasions. In this study a list of all known naturalised grasses in South Africa was compiled, and a DNA barcoding reference database was assembled for these naturalised grass species as well as for native southern African grass species. The two official markers for plant DNA barcoding (rbcLa + matK) were used in barcoding and phylogenetic analyses, both individually and in combination. The barcoding data was assessed for identification efficacy using three distance-based metrics and one tree-based metric in the R package SPIDER, both including and excluding singleton data. This study lists 128 naturalised grass species and subspecies found in South Africa. In the DNA barcoding analyses, matK was found to perform better as a single barcode than rbcLa, with identification success rates of up to 84% for matK and 76% for rbcLa, using the most successful metric which was the Nearest Neighbour criterion for both of these markers in the data sets without singletons. The combined rbcLa + matK data set performed better than either of the two individual markers, with identification success rates of up to 91% in the data without singletons, with the most successful metric again being the Nearest Neighbour criterion. The combined rbcLa + matK data would therefore be the recommended DNA barcode for southern African grasses of the three data sets tested, based on the results of this study. Phylogenetic trees were constructed with the DNA barcoding data using Bayesian Inference (BI) and Maximum Parsimony (MP) to assess the usefulness of the data in phylogenetic studies and to confirm the efficacy of this grass DNA barcoding data when using tree-based methods of identification. Both the matK and combined datasets resolved all of the grass tribes represented in this study as monophyletic, but the rbcLa data did not.

The study compared survival and growth rate in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) juveniles in pond and recirculation aquaculture system (RAS) during winter time. The juveniles of grass carp were stocked to 5 tanks and three ponds during 2013 and 2014. In the RAS, the fish were fed by dry pellets and rearing was in constant temperature. In the pond, the temperature and feeding were only natural. In the RAS, the survival rate was significantly higher 97.79 % 0.52 % compared to 10.94 % 11.42 % in the pond. At the end of experiment, the weight of fish, Specific growth rate (SGR) and Fulton coefficient (FK) was significantly higher in RAS in comparison with the pond. The results showed that the rearing of grass carp is more effective in RAS in comparison with pond during winter time.

The aim of my thesis was to compare selectid allotment, Botanical composition of allotmnet and prortion were monitored. Assessment of medium water content in soil. For parametrs of burning was to find number of fertile and sterile culm. In literal research are summarized common data about biomass and particular grass used for energetic purposes. Detailed description of reed canary grass and its description, agrotechnology and harvest. It is also important to mention processing of biomass in to the shape briquet and pelets. In the last part of research is description of burning device for used biomass. The practice part description to optain sample particular lokalities and these results and compares them.

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Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2016-06-27T15:42:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 224160 bytes, checksum: 7482b26ac5f3b2aee7820ab732588147 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-27T15:42:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 224160 bytes, checksum: 7482b26ac5f3b2aee7820ab732588147 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000-08-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente experimento avaliou o efeito da suplementação mineral “proteinada” comercial, durante o verão, a qualidade bromatológica da pastagem de “braquiária do brejo” (Brachiaria radicans) e a degradabilidade ruminal, por intermédio da técnica in situ da matéria seca (MS) e proteína bruta (PB), de alguns alimentos concentrados utilizados como suplementos. Para o estudo de terminação, utilizaram-se 24 novilhos Nelore inteiros, que receberam suplementação mineral (SM), suplementação à base de milho e farelo de trigo e uréia, Nutri-Secas (NS), e suplementação à base de farelo de trigo e de farelo de soja, Nutri-Águas (NA). Os animais apresentaram ganhos de 0,60; 0,76; e 0,88 kg/dia, com consumo de suplemento de 0,13; 0,23; e 0,20 kg/dia, para SM, NA e NS, respectivamente. A concentração de amônia ruminal foi maior para o suplemento NS; em todos os tratamentos, o pH manteve-se acima de 6,2. Para a avaliação qualitativa da Brachiaria radicans, utilizaram-se as metodologias da extrusa, do pastejo simulado e da disponibilidade total. A digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca apresentou efeito (P<0,01) para o mês de amostragem, mas não entre as metodologias de coleta. O maior valor foi da extrusa, de 61,03, principalmente quando comparado à disponibilidade total, que apresentou os menores valores (52,49%). Os teores de PB apresentaram efeito para os métodos de amostragem (P<0,01), e não para o período de coleta, não havendo diferença entre os métodos do pastejo simulado e da extrusa. O método de disponibilidade total apresentou valor abaixo de 7%. Os teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) foram influenciados pelos métodos de amostragem (P<0,01) e pelo período de coleta (P<0,05). Os valores de FDN (72,3%) e FDA (38,2%) encontrados para os métodos de amostragem mostraram que as forrageiras tropicais são ricas em parede celular. O estudo de degradabilidade ruminal da MS e PB, pela técnica in situ, foi realizado utilizando-se três novilhos inteiros fistulados no rúmen, com os seguintes alimentos: glúten de milho, polpa cítrica, farelo de soja, farelo de trigo, milho moído e farelo de amendoim, incubados em triplicata no rúmen nos tempos de 48, 36, 24, 12, 6, 3 e 0 horas. Os dados foram ajustados por regressão não-linear. A degradabilidade efetiva (DE) da MS dos alimentos foi de 29,3; 76,6; 71,3; 60,5; 59,6; e 60,8%, respectivamente, para taxa de passagem de 5%/h e da PB, 8,5; 56,1; 57,4; 67,9; 30,1; e 85,2%, para taxa de passagem de 5%/h. / The present experiment evaluates the mineral protein supplementation effects on grass of young bulls, in the rainy season period; the chemical composition of the Brachiaria radicans, and the ruminal degradation of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) by the in situ method of some feeds as supplements. For the study of the finishing were evaluated 24 Nellore young bulls supplemented with, mineral supplement (MS), corn-wheat meal based protein supplement (NS), and wheat-soybean meal based protein supplement (NA). The animal showed average daily gain of .60, .76 and .88 kg/animal/day and supplement intake of .13, .23, and .20 kg/animal/day for the MS, NA and NS supplements respectively. The ruminal ammonia concentration was larger for the NS supplement, the pH for all treatments was maintained above 6.2. Extrusa collection, simulated grazing and total availability methods were used to evaluated the quality of B. radicans, there was effect for the month of collection (P<0.01), but not for the method for the “in vitro” dry matter disappearance, having the extrusa collection method showed the larger values (61,03%), mainly when compared with the total availability (52.49%). The CP was effect for the samples methods, but not for the month of collection there was no difference for the CP among the extrusa and simulated grazing methods, for the total availability, the values of the crude protein were under 7%. The values of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was effect for the samples month and the collection methods, the values for the NDF (72.3%) and acid detergent fiber (38.2%) showed that the tropical forages even high in cell wall. The ‘in situ’ DM and CP degradation study was made using three rumen fistulated animals, of the following feeds: corn gluten meal, citrus pulp, soybean meal, wheat meal, ground corn and peanut meal, incubated in triplicate in the rumen, in the times of: 48, 36, 24, 12, 6, 3 and 0 hours. The data were fitted by non-linear regression. The DM effective degradation (ED) of the feeds were 29.3, 76.6, 71.3, 60.5, 59.6, and 60.8%, respectively, for a passage rate of 5%/h and the CPED were 8.5, 56.1, 57.4, 67.9, 30.1, 85.2, for the passage rate of 5%/h.

The main theme of this piece of work is to assess the influence of small mechanisation for maintenance of grass areas; therefore this work includes the description of grass areas as well as the overview of small mechanisation for maintenance of grass areas. Two types of mowers working on different principles of cutting were chosen to make a comparison. This work presents the results of measurement taken on 2 experimental grass areas treated by chosen types of mowers. There are results of monitoring of agrobotanical groups reported (coverage of grasses, the juncaceae, the cyperaceae, the clovers, and herbs) and coverage of grasses is graphically depicted in this work. Different results of grass coverage were statistically evaluated and compared just as the dry matter yields. Appropriate treatment of grass areas (mowing, supplementary seeding) as well as appropriate cutting system of small grass areas was recommended.