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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
221

Análises preliminares de desempenho do circuito de moagem da Vale Fertilizantes de Araxá-MG. / Preliminary analyzes of the performance of the grinding circuit vale fertilizers Araxá-MG.

Bárbara Gonçalves Rocha 01 July 2013 (has links)
A simulação computacional de processos de beneficiamento mineral encontra- se totalmente consolidada como recurso confiável para as etapas de projeto e otimização de circuitos industriais. Programas computacionais de simulação e a representação matemática da operação de sistemas reais tem auxiliado profissionais da área de Tratamento de Minérios no projeto de novas instalações e na otimização do desempenho de circuitos industriais já implantados, permitindo a redução ou até a suspensão dos onerosos testes em escala piloto ou industrial. Este trabalho, após revisão da literatura sobre o assunto, descreve em detalhe a aplicação de conceitos de modelagem matemática utilizando o simulador JKSimMet aos equipamentos do circuito industrial de moagem e classificação de minério fosfático da Vale Fertilizantes em Araxá, MG. Com base em dados obtidos em amostragem do circuito de moagem, foram executados procedimentos de balanço de massas e ajuste de modelos individuais representativos das condições de operação dos equipamentos de processo envolvidos. Os ajustes envolveram modelos de moinhos de barras, moinho de bolas e ciclones. Os modelos individuais foram posteriormente integrados de forma a constituir plataformas robustas para simulações de processo (moagem primária e secundária). Tais simulações visaram à melhoria dos índices de desempenho do circuito de moagem da Vale Fertilizantes e a produção de um concentrado mais fino, dentro das especificações do chamado FCA Concentrado Apatítico Fino. Os resultados relacionados no trabalho indicaram potencial de melhoras significativas, quer seja em aspectos como incrementos de capacidade ou obtenção de produto mais fino por meio da moagem. As simulações permitiram também investigar ganhos potenciais com o aumento da eficiência de classificação e detectar a existência de gargalos no circuito. As conclusões do trabalho indicam os benefícios do emprego dos recursos de modelagem e simulação tanto no diagnóstico dos circuitos industriais como na investigação de alternativas de melhorias. / Computer simulation of mineral processing operations is fully consolidated as a reliable means for the project and performance improvement stages of industrial circuits. Computer programs for simulation and a mathematical representation of the operation of real system has helped mineral processing professionals to project new plants and to optimize the performance of industrial circuits already installed, allowing, therefore, a substantial reduction or suppression in the expensive testing in pilot and industrial scale. This work, based on a review of the literature on the subject, describes in detail the application of the concepts of mathematical modeling to using the JKSimMet to equipments for the industrial circuits of grinding and classification of phosphate ore of Vale Fertilizers, a company located in Araxá, MG. After one complete survey of the grinding circuit mass balance proceedings were performed and individual models representing the conditions of operation of the process equipment involved were adjusted. The above mentioned adjustment involved rod mills, ball mills and cyclones models. Such individuals models were integrated afterwards in order to make a solid platform for process simulations aiming the improvement of the performance figures of the grinding circuit of Vale Fertilizers and the production of the one concentrated thinner within the specifications of the call FCA Phosphate apatite Fine. The results presented in this work indicate a potential for potential improvements, whether in aspects such as capacity increase or improvement in energy utilization. The simulations also allowed the investigation of potential gains with the increase in the efficiency to classify and detect bottlenecks in the circuits. The conclusion broght to by the work clearly shows the benefits of employing modeling resources in the detailed diagnosis of the operation of industrial circuits as well as in the search for alternatives for performance improvement.
222

Método inovador para texturização de rebolos / Inovative method for grinding wheel texturing

Alex Camilli Bottene 23 November 2012 (has links)
A retificação representa o processo mais utilizado na usinagem de peças para obtenção de altos níveis de qualidade superficial, dimensional e produtividade. Uma importante etapa da retificação consiste na preparação e condicionamento do rebolo para o corte, a dressagem. Durante a dressagem, a superfície da ferramenta de corte é alterada para obtenção de arestas cortantes de acordo com as especificações desejadas. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um método para inscrição de texturas na superfície do rebolo que proporcionem melhores condições de corte durante a retificação e, também, possibilite utilizar a retificação como processo para texturização superficial de peças. O método desenvolvido consiste em alterar controladamente a profundidade de dressagem utilizando um excitador eletromecânico fixado na base do dressador de uma retificadora cilíndrica CNC. A movimentação é controlada por um software desenvolvido para sincronizar o deslocamento longitudinal do dressador com ondas senoidais enviadas ao amplificador operacional do excitador. Desta forma, o dressador proporciona inscrição de texturas no rebolo durante a dressagem. O método foi experimentalmente avaliado e sua funcionalidade foi comprovada. Texturas diversas foram inscritas na superfície do rebolo, com até 15 \'mü\'m de profundidade. Com o uso da texturização de rebolos foi possível obter redução de até 20% da potência específica de corte, sem perda representativa da qualidade final da peça (rugosidade e cilindricidade) e mantendo a vida da ferramenta de corte, em comparação com retificação convencional. Em complemento, o método possibilitou criação de diversos padrões de texturas nas superfícies de peças retificadas, possibilitando utilizar a retificação como um processo de usinagem para este fim. / Grinding represents the most applied machining process to achieve best combination of surface and dimentional quality, also productivity. One important stage of the grinding process is to prepare and condition the grinding wheel surface for the cutting, the dressing operation. During the dressing, wheel surface is changed to acquire cutting specification required for the operation. The objective of this work is develop a method to texturing the grinding wheel surface for better grinding performance and, also, texturing of surfaces through normal grinding cutting. The method controlled changes the dressing depth using an electro-mechanical actuator fixed to the dressing tool base of a CNC grinding machine. The displacement of the dressing tool is controlled using the developed software. It is able to synchronize the longitudinal movement with generated sine waves sent to the operational amplifier of the actuator. Through this movement and control, the dressing tool is able to texture the grinding wheel. The method was experimentally evaluated and its functionally proved. It is possible to inscribe different texturing patterns in the wheel surface, with depth up to 15 \'mü\'m. Using texturized wheels, is possible to reduce up to 20% the grinding power, without representative losses with the machined workpiece quality (roughness and roundness) and tool life, compared to regular grinding. In addition, it is possible to transfer different textures patterns to the workpiece surface while cutting, enabling grinding s a machining process to produce workpiece patterns.
223

Desenvolvimento de um método para medição de cargas em moinhos tubulares. / Development of a method to measure tumbling mills charges.

Eduardo Nozawa Caetano de Araujo 07 February 2012 (has links)
Moinhos tubulares frequentemente são tomados como objetos de estudos de otimização, pois são equipamentos que consomem grande quantidade de energia. Dentre os recursos disponíveis para realizar tais estudos, a modelagem matemática se mostra bastante eficiente por apresentar baixo custo, rapidez e confiabilidade. O volume da carga total e de corpos moedores são variáveis importantes para realizar os exercícios de modelagem que objetivam a previsão do consumo de potencia e distribuição de tamanhos de produtos. Contudo os métodos tradicionais para a medição de cargas requerem o ingresso de pessoas no interior dos equipamentos, o que traz consigo uma serie de condições adversas, relacionadas a espaços confinados. Neste contexto, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um método e de um dispositivo capaz de medir cargas de moinhos tubulares de forma rápida, precisa, com baixo custo e, sobretudo, segura. O resultado do trabalho aqui apresentado e, portanto, um método com precisão igual ou superior aos existentes, porem o principal aspecto e eliminar a necessidade de entrada de pessoas em um ambiente altamente perigoso, como a câmara de moagem de moinhos tubulares de carga cadente. / Tumbling mills are often taken as object of optimization studies because they are equipment that consume large amounts of energy. Among the current available resources to conduct such studies, mathematic modelling presents great efficiency due to its low cost, fastness and reliability. The total charge and grinding media charge are very important variables to conduct modelling exercises that aims power draw and product size distribution forecasting. However, the traditional measurement methods require people entering into equipment, which carries a number of adversities related to confined spaces. In this regard, this thesis presents the development of a method and the prototype of a device able to measure tumbling mill charges, quickly, precisely, with low cost and, above all, ensuring safety. The result of this work is a method that allows equivalent or superior precision in comparison to the existing methods, which main aspect is to eliminate the requirement of people entering into dangerous environments such as tumbling mills.
224

Avaliação da disfunção orofacial, performance mastigatória, oclusão e morfologia craniofacial em crianças e adolescentes / Evaluation of orofacial dysfunction, masticatory performance, occlusion and craniofacial morphology in children and adolescents

Marquezin, Maria Carolina Salomé, 1987- 19 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Paula Midori Castelo, Maria Beatriz Duarte Gavião / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T14:50:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marquezin_MariaCarolinaSalome_M.pdf: 2056043 bytes, checksum: 76266e1ad4346ee36ed6906065cdc2d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O conhecimento das influencias funcionais, ambientais e genéticas sobre o crescimento e desenvolvimento craniofacial é abrangente e difícil de quantificar, mas de suma importância para a prevenção de alterações que possam influenciar negativamente o desenvolvimento adequado dos maxilares e estruturas relacionadas. Sendo assim, a pesquisa teve o objetivo de avaliar a relação entre disfunção orofacial, morfologia craniofacial e da oclusão, força de mordida (FM) e performance mastigatória (PM) em crianças e adolescentes. Três estudos foram conduzidos e serão apresentados a seguir na forma de capítulos. O primeiro e segundo estudos buscaram avaliar a relação entre disfunção orofacial, PM, morfologia craniofacial e da oclusão, FM e bruxismo do sono. Para tanto, foram incluídas 316 crianças e adolescentes, de ambos os gêneros, divididas em quatro grupos: sujeitos com dentição mista inicial (n=20), mista intermediária (n=73), mista final (n=89) e permanente (n=134). A PM foi avaliada pela técnica de peneiragem, estimando-se a capacidade individual do sujeito em triturar um alimento-teste e determinando o tamanho mediano das partículas (X50) e a distribuição das mesmas nas diferentes peneiras (b). As disfunções orofaciais e a necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico foram avaliadas por meio do instrumento The Nordic Orofacial Test Screnning (NOT-S) e pelo Índice de Necessidade de Tratamento Ortodôntico (IOTN), respectivamente. A máxima FM foi mensurada utilizando-se um gnatodinamômetro digital e a morfologia craniofacial foi avaliada por meio de análise cefalométrica em norma lateral e frontal. A presença de bruxismo do sono também foi verificada por meio da avaliação de facetas de desgaste em incisivos e/ou primeiros molares permanentes e do relato de sons de ranger/bater os dentes pelos responsáveis/irmãos. Os resultados foram submetidos à estatística descritiva, testes de normalidade e correlação, análise de variância e regressão linear múltipla para se verificar quais variáveis em estudo contribuíram para a variação em X50 e nos escores do NOT-S. A variância de X50 e b mostrou-se estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos; já os escores do NOT-S não mostraram diferença entre as fases das dentições. Idade, índice de massa corporal, FM e presença de bruxismo relacionaram-se significativamente com uma melhor PM. A presença de selamento labial e maior trespasse vertical relacionaram-se com menores escores totais do NOT-S, enquanto a idade e a presença de bruxismo exacerbaram os escores de disfunção orofacial. Além disso, não foi observada correlação significativa entre morfologia craniofacial e escores de disfunção orofacial. Concluiu-se que o índice de massa corporal, força de mordida e presença de bruxismo contribuíram para uma melhor PM; enquanto o aumento nos escores de disfunção orofacial relacionou-se a uma PM prejudicada. Além disso, o aumento do trespasse vertical e a presença de selamento labial relacionaram-se a menores escores de disfunção orofacial em indivíduos jovens. O terceiro capítulo aborda o estudo do dimorfismo facial e sua relação com as dimensões craniofaciais e dos arcos dentários e espessura ultrassonográfica do músculo masseter em crianças na fase de dentição mista. O estudo envolveu 32 crianças (14?/18?), com oclusão normal, e avaliou as dimensões craniofaciais por meio de telerradiografias em norma frontal. Os resultados foram submetidos à estatística descritiva, teste de normalidade, teste ?t? e regressão linear múltipla para se verificar a diferença entre os gêneros e quais variáveis contribuíram para a variação da medida da largura facial. Apesar da comparação da largura facial entre gêneros ter mostrado diferença significativa, quando se verificaram quais variáveis em estudo contribuíram para esta variação, observou-se que o índice de massa corporal, espessura do masseter, distância intermolares inferiores e intercaninos superiores e largura intermolar maxilar foram as variáveis significativamente relacionadas com a largura facial, enquanto o gênero não alcançou nível significativo. Concluiu-se assim que as variáveis funcionais e morfológicas do sistema estomatognático mostraram forte relação com a largura da face / Abstract: Knowledge of the functional, environmental and genetic influences on the craniofacial growth and development is comprehensive and difficult to quantify, but very important to prevent changes that may affect the proper development of the jaws and related structures. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between orofacial dysfunction, occlusal and craniofacial morphology, bite force (BF) and masticatory performance (MP) in children and adolescents. Three studies were conducted and are presented below in the form of chapters. The first and second study aimed to evaluate the relationship among orofacial dysfunction, MP, occlusal and craniofacial morphology, BF and sleep bruxism. The sample included 316 children and adolescents of both genders, divided into four groups: subjects with early (n=20), intermediate (n=73), late mixed (n=89) and permanent (n=134). MP was assessed by sieving technique and verifying the individual's ability to comminute an artificial test food in order to determine median particle size (X50) and distribution of particles in the different sieves (?b?). The orofacial dysfunction and need for orthodontic treatment were evaluated using the instrument The Nordic Orofacial Test-Screnning (NOT-S) and the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), respectively. Maximum BF was measured using a digital gantodinamometer and craniofacial morphology was assessed by means of lateral and posteroanterior cephalometric analysis. The signs and symptoms of sleep bruxism were recorded taking into account the presence of shiny and polish facets on incisors and/or first permanent molar and sibling/parental report of grinding sounds. The results were submitted to descriptive statistics, normality and correlation tests, analysis of variance and multiple linear regression to determine which variables significantly contributed to X50 and scores on NOT-S variation. The variance of b and X50 were statistically significant between groups, whereas scores of NOT-S showed no difference among the stages of dentition. Age, body mass index, BF and the presence of bruxism was significantly correlated with better MP. The presence of closed lip posture and increased overbite measurements were related to lower total scores on NOT-S, whereas age and the presence of bruxism exacerbated orofacial dysfunction scores. In addition, a significant relation between craniofacial morphology and orofacial dysfunction was not found. It was concluded that body mass index, BF and the presence of sleep bruxism contributed to a better PM, while the increase in the scores of orofacial dysfunction was related to a worse PM. In addition, increased overbite measurement and closed lip posture related to lower scores of orofacial dysfunction in young individuals. The third chapter discusses the study of facial dimorphism and its relation with craniofacial and dental arches dimensions and ultrasonographic thickness of the masseter muscle in children in the mixed dentition. The study included 32 children (14?/18?) with normal occlusion and craniofacial dimensions were assessed by frontal radiographs. The results were submitted to descriptive statistics, normality test, "t" test and multiple linear regression to determine the difference between genders and which variables significantly contributed to the variation in facial width. Although the comparison of facial width between genders have shown significant differences, when the others studied variables were tested, it was observed that body mass index, masseter thickness, lower intermolar distance, upper intercanines distance and maxillary intermolar width were the variables that significantly related to facial width, while gender did not reach significant level. It was concluded that the functional and morphological variables of the stomatognathic system showed a strong relation with face width / Mestrado / Odontopediatria / Mestre em Odontologia
225

Modélisation par éléments discrets des phases d’ ébauchage et de doucissage de la silice

André, Damien 15 March 2012 (has links)
Les composants optiques de silice traversés par des flux lasers de haut niveau d'énergie à des longueurs d'onde de 351 nm peuvent être soumis à des endommagements. Il est admis que la présence de microfissures en sous surface, induit par les procédés d'abrasion des composants optiques, joue un rôle clé dans l'initiation des dommages lasers. Cette thèse propose de simuler le procédé de surfaçage par la méthode des éléments discrets afin de caractériser la densité et la répartition des microfissures en fonction des paramètres d'usinage. / When fused silica optics are submitted to high-power laser (such as megajoule laser or National Ignition Facility) at the wavelength of 351 nm, fused silica optics can exhibit damage, induced by the high amount of energy traversing the part. Current researches have shown that this damage could be initiated on pre-existing sub-surface damages created during the polishing processes. The discrete element method (DEM) is proposed to simulate the polishing process and its impact on sub-surface damage creation.
226

Modeling, analysis, and experimental investigations of grinding processes

Li, Zhichao January 1900 (has links)
Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Systems Engineering / Zhijian Pei / Grinding is one of the important operations employed in modern manufacturing industry to remove materials and achieve desired geometry and surface finish. Simultaneous double side grinding (SDSG) and ultrasonic vibration assisted grinding (UVAG) are two typical cost-effective grinding processes which are utilized to grind semiconductor materials and high performance ceramic materials, respectively. The objectives of this research are to investigate several technical issues in modern grinding processes by using theoretical, numerical, and experimental research approaches. Those technical issues are related to SDSG and UVAG, which have been chosen as two typical grinding processes for this research. This thesis reviews the literature on SDSG (covering process applications, modeling of grinding marks, and modeling of wafer shapes) and UVAG (covering process applications, edge chipping, and coolant effects, etc). The theoretical research work of this thesis is conducted by developing mathematical models for grinding marks and wafers shapes in SDSG of silicon wafers. These developed models are then used to study the effects of SDSG parameters on the curvature of the grinding marks, the distance between adjacent grinding marks, and the wafer shapes. The numerical research work of this thesis is done by conducting a three dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis (FEA) of UVAG process. A 3-D FEA model is developed to study the edge chipping commonly observed in UVAG of ceramics. Edge chippings not only compromises geometric accuracy but also possibly causes an increase in machining cost. A solution to reduce the edge chipping is proposed based upon the FEA simulations and validated by pilot experiments. Several experimental studies are conducted to provide new knowledge for the UVAG process. Firstly, a novel coolant delivery system is explored for UVAG machine system. Secondly, UVAG is introduced into machining of fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites (CMC). Results of a feasibility study and a designed experimental investigation show that UVAG is a promising process for CMC machining. Finally, an experimental study on cutting forces during UVAG of zirconia/alumina composites is conducted. The feasibility to machine different zirconia/alumina composites using UVAG is also investigated and discussed. The findings in this thesis will provide theoretical and practical guidance for modern grinding processes especially for SDSG and UVAG.
227

Chemical mechanical polishing and grinding of silicon wafers

Zhang, Xiaohong January 1900 (has links)
Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Systems Engineering / Zhijian Pei / Silicon is the primary semiconductor material used to fabricate integrated circuits (ICs). The quality of integrated circuits depends directly on the quality of silicon wafers. A series of processes are required to manufacture the high-quality silicon wafers. Chemical mechanical polishing is currently used to manufacture the silicon wafers as the final material removal process to meet the ever-increasing demand for flatter wafers and lower prices. A finite element analysis has been conducted to study the effects of influencing factors (including Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of the polishing pad, thickness of the pad, and polishing pressure) on the wafer flatness. In addition, an experimental study was carried out on the effects of process variables (including wafer rotation speed, pad rotation speed, the temperature of the cooling wafer in polishing table, polishing pressure, and the slurry flow rate) on material removal rate (MRR) in polishing of silicon wafers. The results from this study show that the polishing pressure and the pad speed are the most significant factors affecting the MRR. The polishing pad is one of the most critical factors in planarizing the wafer surface. It transports the slurry and interacts with the wafer surface. When the number of polished wafers increases, the pad is glazed and degraded and hence the polishing quality is decreased. The pad properties are changed during the process. The measuring methods for the pad properties including pad thickness monitoring, elastic properties and hardness are reviewed. Elasticity of two types of pads are measured and compared. The poor flatness problems such as tapering, edge effect, concave or convex wafer shape were investigated. Finite element models were developed to illustrate the effects of polishing pad and carrier film properties on the stress and contact pressure distribution on the wafer surface. Moreover, the material removal unevenness is studied. A grinding-based manufacturing method has been investigated experimentally to demonstrate its potential to manufacture flat silicon wafers at a lower cost. It has been demonstrated that the site flatness on the ground wafers (except for a few sites at the wafer center) could meet the stringent specifications for future silicon wafers. One of the problems is the poor flatness at the wafer center: central dimples on ground wafers. A finite element model is developed to illustrate the generation mechanisms of central dimples. Then, effects of influencing factors (including Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of the grinding wheel segment, dimensions of the wheel segment, grinding force, and chuck shape) on the central dimple sizes are studied. Pilot experimental results are presented to substantiate the predicted results from the finite element model. This provides practical guidance to eliminate or reduce central dimples on ground wafers. The study in this thesis is to understand the mechanism of CMP and grinding of silicon wafers. Improving the processes and the quality of silicon wafers are the final goals.
228

Functional Analysis and Treatment of Bruxism in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Scarff, Morgan 04 November 2016 (has links)
Bruxism, the gnashing or grinding of one’s teeth, is a significant dental concern that can lead to severe damage of the tooth and gum structures and has been suggested to occur at higher rates in the developmentally disabled population. Very little research has been conducted in this area and of those articles, none of which utilized function based treatments nor conducted functional analyses. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of a function based stimulation intervention on audible diurnal bruxism with two adolescent boys diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Functional analyses were conducted for both participants and revealed that bruxism was exhibited across all conditions and occurred highest in the alone condition, suggesting that the behavior was maintained by automatic reinforcement. Based on these findings, a function based stimulation treatment was developed to examine the effects of auditory and tactile stimuli on bruxism relative to conditions in which no stimuli were available. Results indicated that the function based stimulation intervention produced substantial decreases in bruxism for both participants. A post stimulation evaluation further supported these findings, showing the occurrence of bruxism remained at low levels following the removal of the stimulus, suggesting the application of the stimulation acted as an abolishing operation for bruxism.
229

Previsão de desempenho do circuito de moagem de Carajás. / Performance prediction for the Carajás grinding circuit.

Bianca Foggiatto 01 April 2009 (has links)
O circuito de moagem de Carajás foi originalmente projetado para moagem de sinter feed, obtendose como produto final pellet feed. O processo consiste em etapas de moagem e deslamagem para que se atinjam as especificações de granulometria e área específica. No processo, como um todo, há geração significativa de finos, que são então descartados, acarretando em perdas de material que poderia ser incorporado como produto. O melhor entendimento das características dos vários tipos de minérios, bem como a previsão do desempenho do circuito de moagem em função de tais características permite estabelecer cenários para promover aumentos na recuperação em massa e na produtividade do circuito. O presente trabalho tem por base a caracterização tecnológica dos principais tipos de minério de Carajás e o desenvolvimento de um método para previsão de desempenho do circuito de moagem, em função de tais características. Para o desenvolvimento do método foram realizados ensaios de moagem em bancada e amostragens no circuito industrial. Os resultados dos ensaios de moagem em bancada serviram para definição das condições operacionais em que o ensaio em bancada melhor representou o circuito industrial, denominado ensaio padrão. Os dados obtidos nas amostragens e na caracterização tecnológica serviram de base para a calibração dos modelos matemáticos dos equipamentos de processo. O modelo calibrado constituiu num excelente recurso para previsão de desempenho. O desempenho do circuito de moagem foi avaliado no que se refere à granulometria e área específica dos produtos obtidos. Ainda foram conduzidas simulações pelo ensaio padrão e pelo modelo calibrado integrado do circuito de moagem, que apontam potenciais dos minérios cujo comportamento na moagem era até então desconhecido. Os dois produtos aqui desenvolvidos são, portanto, de aplicação imediata como recursos para previsão de desempenho e melhoria operacional. / Originally designed for sinter feed grinding, the Carajas grinding circuit includes two ball mills in parallel lines in a closed configuration with cyclones. The ground product is further deslimed in hydrocyclone for achieving the final specifications regarding size distribution and surface area. In this process, there is a significant amount of high grade material, not recovered due to overgrind. Ore characterization was here selected for predicting the grinding circuit performance, which in turn was the basis for optimization. The aim of this work is the characterization of the main Carajas ore types as well as the development of a method that includes these characteristics for predicting the grinding circuit performance. Laboratory grinding tests and samplings in the industrial circuit were carried out to predict the grinding circuit performance. The grinding test results were used to set operational conditions in which the laboratory better represented the industrial circuit. Results from industrial sampling and characterization were the basis for fitting the mathematical models. The fitted model was an excellent resource for the prediction of the grinding circuit performance as well as for the grinding test. To assess the grinding performance, products size distribution and surface area were evaluated. Moreover, simulations of the grinding circuit indicated the potential of some ore types. The derived methods were validated as tools for predicting the grinding circuit performance and for operational optimization.
230

Desenvolvimento de um método para medição de cargas em moinhos tubulares. / Development of a method to measure tumbling mills charges.

Araujo, Eduardo Nozawa Caetano de 07 February 2012 (has links)
Moinhos tubulares frequentemente são tomados como objetos de estudos de otimização, pois são equipamentos que consomem grande quantidade de energia. Dentre os recursos disponíveis para realizar tais estudos, a modelagem matemática se mostra bastante eficiente por apresentar baixo custo, rapidez e confiabilidade. O volume da carga total e de corpos moedores são variáveis importantes para realizar os exercícios de modelagem que objetivam a previsão do consumo de potencia e distribuição de tamanhos de produtos. Contudo os métodos tradicionais para a medição de cargas requerem o ingresso de pessoas no interior dos equipamentos, o que traz consigo uma serie de condições adversas, relacionadas a espaços confinados. Neste contexto, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um método e de um dispositivo capaz de medir cargas de moinhos tubulares de forma rápida, precisa, com baixo custo e, sobretudo, segura. O resultado do trabalho aqui apresentado e, portanto, um método com precisão igual ou superior aos existentes, porem o principal aspecto e eliminar a necessidade de entrada de pessoas em um ambiente altamente perigoso, como a câmara de moagem de moinhos tubulares de carga cadente. / Tumbling mills are often taken as object of optimization studies because they are equipment that consume large amounts of energy. Among the current available resources to conduct such studies, mathematic modelling presents great efficiency due to its low cost, fastness and reliability. The total charge and grinding media charge are very important variables to conduct modelling exercises that aims power draw and product size distribution forecasting. However, the traditional measurement methods require people entering into equipment, which carries a number of adversities related to confined spaces. In this regard, this thesis presents the development of a method and the prototype of a device able to measure tumbling mill charges, quickly, precisely, with low cost and, above all, ensuring safety. The result of this work is a method that allows equivalent or superior precision in comparison to the existing methods, which main aspect is to eliminate the requirement of people entering into dangerous environments such as tumbling mills.

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