Glucosyltransferases, or GTs, are enzymes which perform glucosylation reactions. These glucosylation reactions involve attaching a UDP-activated glucose molecule to acceptor molecules specific to the enzyme. The products of these reactions are observed to have a myriad of effects on metabolic processes, including stabilization of structures, solubility modification, and regulation of compound bioavailability. The enzyme which our lab focuses its research on is a flavonol-specific 3-O-GT found in Citrus paradisi, or grapefruit. This enzyme is part of the class of enzymes known as flavonoid GTs, which are responsible for, among other things, the formation of compounds which can affect the taste of citrus. Our lab focuses its research on performing site-directed mutagenesis on Citrus paradisi 3-O-GT in an attempt to modify its substrate specificity and regiospecificity. In this poster, we report our findings thus far concerning the addition of specific residues to the 3-O-GT's amino acid sequence based on an alignment with the sequence of a putative flavonoid GT found in Citrus sinensis.

Glucosyltransferases (GTs) are enzymes which perform glucosylation reactions, which involve attaching a UDP-activated glucose molecule to acceptor molecules specifi c to the enzyme. The enzyme which our lab focuses its research on is a fl avonol-specifi c 3-OGT found in Citrus paradisi, or grapefruit (Cp3GT). This enzyme is part of the class of enzymes known as fl avonoid GTs, which are responsible for, among other things, the formation of compounds which can affect the taste of citrus. Our lab focuses its research on performing site-directed mutagenesis on Cp3GT in an attempt to discover the residues important for substrate and regiospecifi city. In this study, we are testing the basis of substrate septicity of Cp3GT. We hypothesize that incorporation of fi ve amino acids specifi c to Citrus sinensis GT (CsGT) into Cp3GT at 308th position may facilitate mCp3GT to use anthocyanidins as one of the substrates. We report our fi ndings thus far concerning the addition of specifi c residues to the Cp3GT’s amino acid sequence based on an alignment with the sequence of a putative fl avonoid GT found in Citrus sinensis.

Real-world large-scale complex networks such as the Internet, social networks and biological networks have increasingly attracted the interest of researchers from many areas. Accurate modelling of the statistical regularities of these large-scale networks is critical to understand their global evolving structures and local dynamical patterns. Traditionally, the Erdos and Renyi random graph model has helped the investigation of various homogeneous networks. During the past decade, a special computational methodology has emerged to study complex networks, the outcome of which is identified by two models: the Watts and Strogatz small-world model and the Barabasi-Albert scale-free model. At the core of the complex network modelling process is the extraction of characteristics of real-world networks. I have developed computer simulation algorithms for study of the properties of current theoretical models as well as for the measurement of two real-world complex networks, which lead to the isolation of three complex network modelling essentials. The main contribution of the thesis is the introduction and study of a new General Two-Stage growth model (GTS Model), which aims to describe and analyze many common-featured real-world complex networks. The tools we use to create the model and later perform many measurements on it consist of computer simulations, numerical analysis and mathematical derivations. In particular, two major cases of this GTS model have been studied. One is named the U-P model, which employs a new functional form of the network growth rule: a linear combination of preferential attachment and uniform attachment. The degree distribution of the model is first studied by computer simulation, while the exact solution is also obtained analytically. Two other important properties of complex networks: the characteristic path length and the clustering coefficient are also extensively investigated, obtaining either analytically derived solutions or numerical results by computer simulations. Furthermore, I demonstrate that the hub-hub interaction behaves in effect as the link between a network's topology and resilience property. The other is called the Hybrid model, which incorporates two stages of growth and studies the transition behaviour between the Erdos and Renyi random graph model and the Barabasi-Albert scale-free model. The Hybrid model is measured by extensive numerical simulations focusing on its degree distribution, characteristic path length and clustering coefficient. Although either of the two cases serves as a new approach to modelling real-world large-scale complex networks, perhaps more importantly, the general two-stage model provides a new theoretical framework for complex network modelling, which can be extended in many ways besides the two studied in this thesis.

El ácido salicílico (SA) juega un papel fundamental en la respuesta defensiva de las plantas. Este compuesto se acumula en las mismas como consecuencia de infecciones patogénicas de tipo incompatible, y su aplicación exógena induce resistencia. Asimismo, plantas transgénicas incapaces de acumularlo presentan una mayor susceptibilidad a patógenos de distinta naturaleza. Por otra parte, el ácido gentísico (GA, ácido 2,5-dihidroxibenzoico) se acumula en plantas en infecciones compatibles no necrotizantes. La aplicación exógena de GA induce un conjunto de proteínas de defensa PR (Pathogenesis related) distintas a las que induce el SA, por lo que podría tener un papel complementario en la señalización frente a patógenos en plantas. Ambos compuestos se acumulan en plantas en forma de glicósidos, es decir, conjugados a una o más moléculas de azúcar. Estas reacciones de conjugación son catalizadas por proteínas denominadas glicosiltransferasas. En plantas de tomate el SA se acumula como SA 2-O-ß-glucósido, unido a una molécula de glucosa, mientras el GA lo hace en forma de GA 5-O-ß-xilósido, unido a xilosa. GAGT (Gentisic Acid Glycosyl Transferase) ha sido descrita como la proteína que conjuga GA en tomate. Dado que la glicosilación de metabolitos es una forma rápida de inactivarlos, la existencia de esta proteína con actividad conjugadora de GA refuerza la idea del ácido gentísico (GA) como molécula señal complementaria al SA en la interacción planta-patógeno. Por otra parte, la proteína Twi1 (Tomato wound inducible), descrita en tomate como una posible glicosiltransferasa debido a sus características comunes con este grupo de proteínas, presenta inducción por SA y otros compuestos de naturaleza fenólica, además de herida e interacciones de tipo incompatible. Trabajos en los que se ha llevado a cabo la sobreexpresión o el silenciamiento de una GT han puesto de manifiesto cómo ello conlleva la aparición de resistencia o susceptibilidad frente a una infección patogénica. Por tanto, las GTs tienen un papel fundamental en la respuesta defensiva de la planta, modulando los niveles de moléculas que intervienen en dicha respuesta. Por otra parte, se han realizado estudios dirigidos a elucidar la implicación de compuestos del metabolismo secundario en la interacción de plantas de tomate con distintos patógenos. Ello ha permitido detectar cambios concretos de los niveles de un número determinado de metabolitos a lo largo de las infecciones, como son cuatro amidas derivadas del ácido hidroxicinámico (HCAAs) que se acumulan en plantas de tomate infectadas con la bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Las HCAAs son un conjunto de metabolitos, pertenecientes al grupo de los fenilpropanoides, de bajo peso molecular y que se caracterizan por la presencia de nitrógeno en su estructura. En su ruta de biosíntesis participan diversos enzimas tales como la fenilalanina amonio liasa (PAL), la tirosina descarboxilasa (TYDC) o la tiramina hidroxicinamoil transferasa (THT). La acumulación en tomate de las cuatro amidas como consecuencia de la infección bacteriana va acompañada de la inducción del isoenzima THT1-3. La obtención de plantas transgénicas que sobreexpresen o silencien las proteínas GAGT, Twi1 y THT1-3 permitirá llevar a cabo ensayos de resistencia frente a infecciones patogénicas que contribuyan al conocimiento del sistema defensivo de las plantas, tanto en sus aspectos de señalización como en los referidos a componentes de la respuesta final de la planta. Al mismo tiempo, esta estrategia puede constituir, en sí misma, un medio de obtención de plantas más resistentes frente a ataques patogénicos de diversa naturaleza. / Campos Beneyto, L. (2014). Metabolitos secundarios de naturaleza fenólica: papel en la respuesta defensiva de plantas de tomate [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/44236 / TESIS