Yes / Archaeological burial contexts may include a variety of white substances, but few analyses have been published. This study reports on the physico‐chemical characterization of such residues from seven archaeological sites. It is often assumed that white materials from burial contexts are lime. Our findings demonstrate that they can be gypsum, calcite (chalk), aragonite, brushite, degraded metal, natural (gum) resins or synthetic polymer–based products. These may be present as the result of diagenetic processes, funerary practices or modern contamination. This paper provides an analytical approach for the holistic investigation of white materials encountered in burial contexts. / Investments for the future’ (IdEx Bordeaux ANR‐10‐IDEX‐03‐02). Grant Number: ANR‐10‐IDEX‐03‐02; Collaborative Projects of the France‐Stanford Center for Interdisciplinary Studies; Collaborative Projects of the France–Stanford Center; French State. Grant Number: IdEx Bordeaux ANR‐10‐IDEX‐03‐02; Northern Archaeological Associates Ltd; PACEA; Wessex Archaeology; INRAP; Mersea Island Museum Trust; Vatican's Pontifical Commission for Sacred Archaeology; University of Reading; IRAMAT-CRP2A; University of Bradford; CEREGE

<p> Gypsum karst areas in British Columbia and Wood Buffalo National Park, Alta.-N.W.T. are described. Investigation of the geo-hydrology of these areas, particularly specifically the saturation states of rising waters, is demonstrated to be a valuable tool in defining the major geomorphic processes acting. The combination of thermo-dynamic equilibrium studies of the gypsum and limestone processes serves to define zones within which the dominant controls of rock solution can be inferred.</p> <p> The commonly accepted parameters of limestone solution equilibria (Picknett's curves) are examined and shown to be incorrect. Use of the parameters and indices presented in this thesis gives much better accordance with observed characteristics of karst waters. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

No description available.

Flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) is a crucial method to minimise the SO2 emissions from industrial processes. The FGD system utilise an alkaline sorbent to remove SO2 from the flue gases. Calcium in form of limestone is a commonly used sorbent where gypsum is produced asa by-product. However, the limestone reactivity, along with impurities within the sorbent, can significantly influence the effectiveness of SO2 removal and the quality of the by-products. At Heidelberg materials Cement Sverige an intermediate product, raw meal (RM) 8, is used assorbent in the FGD and gypsum is used as setting retarder in the cement. The aim with this project is to examine if raw meal 7 or A-sten is a better sorbent than raw meal 8 with respect to consumption rate, gypsum quality and its effect on the cement properties, and economic viability. To accomplish this a theoretical study was performed along with data analysis. RM 7 and A-sten are both purer than RM 8 but the raw material cost for RM 7 is about 1.24 times the raw material cost for RM 8 and the production costs and transportation costs are greater for RM 7 than for RM 8. The raw material cost for A-sten is about 0.45 times the cost for RM 8 but is not produced on site. All sorbents contain magnesium which can react with sulphur and precipitate as epsomite or hexahydrite, which also acts as retarders, where epsomite retard the cement setting time significantly compared to gypsum. To calculate the consumption rate of raw meal and A-sten into the scrubber three different methods were used. The difference between the methods lies in the consideration of how the calcium and magnesium species in the sorbent react with sulphur, with all calcium and magnesium reacting with sulphur in method 1, method 2 take the mass fraction of sulphurcontaining species into consideration, and method 3 incorporating mole fractions of calcium and magnesium species as well as sulphur from the sorbent. The pH and SO2 emissions were analysed for two different time periods where the first analysed period shows a correlation between low pH and high SO2 emissions, while the latter analysed period lacks a clear pH-SO2 correlation. A correlation between a lower pH and a lower percentage of MgSO4⸱6H2O and MgSO4⸱7H2O in the slurry could be made. The calculated rawmeal flow rate for RM 8 is between 520 and 554 kg/h, depending on the method used. To achieve the same desulphurisation efficiency with RM 7 the flow was calculated to 499-538kg/h and 427-464 kg/h for A-sten. Given the comparable mass flow rates of RM 8 and RM 7 it is advisable to retain RM 8 as asorbent in the scrubber regardless of the higher magnesium content due the higher cost associated with RM 7. However, the epsomite content in the slurry should be considered when optimising sulphur in cement production. Using A-sten as sorbent would minimise the rawmaterial costs and result in purer gypsum slurry with a lower epsomite content. Operating with a purer sorbent can also enhance the efficiency of the FGD process, leading to lower SO2 emissions. The calculations in the report assume that calcium and magnesium in the different sorbents react similarly, further analysis of their reactivity is recommended for more accurate results. / Rökgasavsvavling är en avgörande metod för att minimera SO2-utsläppen från industriella processer. Rökgasavsvaling använder en alkalisk sorbent för att avlägsna SO2 från rökgaserna. Kalcium i form av kalksten är en vanligt förekommande sorbent där gips produceras som en biprodukt. Kalkstensreaktiviteten, tillsammans med föroreningar i sorbenten kan emellertid avsevärt påverka avsvavlingseffektiviteten och biproduktens kvalitet. På Heidelberg materials Cement Sverige används en mellanprodukt, råmjöl (RM) 8, somsorbent i avsvavlingsprocessen och gipset används som härdningshämmare i cementet. Syftet med detta projekt är att undersöka om råmjöl 7 eller A-sten är en bättre sorbent än råmjöl 8 med avseende på konsumtionshastighet, gipskvalitet och dess effekt på cementens egenskapersamt ekonomisk bärkraft. För att uppnå syftet genomfördes en teoretisk studie tillsammans med dataanalys. RM 7 och A-sten är båda renare än RM 8 men råvarukostnaden för RM 7 är cirka 1,24 gånger råvarukostnaden för RM8. Dessutom är produktions- och transportkostnaderna högre för RM7 än för RM 8. Råvarukostnaden för A-sten är cirka 0,45 gånger råvarukostnaden för RM 8, dock mals inte A-sten på plats. Alla sorbenter innehåller magnesium som kan reagera med svavel och fälla ut som epsomit eller hexahydrit, vilka också har en härdningshämmande effekt, där epsomit fördröjer cementens härdning signifikant jämfört med gips. För att beräkna konsumtionshastigheten för råmjöl och A-sten i skrubbern användes tre olika metoder. Skillnaden mellan metoderna är hur kalcium- och magnesiumarterna i sorbenten reagerar med svavel, där allt kalcium och magnesium reagerar med svavel i metod 1. Metod 2 tar hänsyn till massfraktionen av svavelhaltiga ämnen och metod 3 innehåller molfraktioner av kalcium- och magnesiumarter samt svavel från sorbenten. pH och SO2-utsläppen analyserades under två olika tidsperioder där den första perioden visar ett samband mellan lågt pH och höga SO2-utsläpp, medan den senare analyserade perioden saknar ett tydligt pH-SO2-samband. En korrelation mellan ett lägre pH och en lägre andel MgSO4⸱6H2O och MgSO4⸱7H2O i gipsslurryn skulle kunna göras. Det beräknade flödet av råmjöl för RM 8 är mellan 520 och 554 kg/h, beroende på vilken metod som används. För att uppnå samma avsvavlingseffektivitet med RM 7 måste flödet vara 499–538 kg/h och 427–464 kg/h för A-sten. Med tanke på de jämförbara massflödena för RM 8 och RM 7 är det lämpligt att behålla RM 8 som sorbent i skrubbern, trots den högre magnesiumhalten, på grund av de högre kostnaderna för RM 7. Epsomithalten i slurryn bör dock tas i beakting vid optimering av svavel i cementproduktionen. Att använda A-sten som sorbent skulle minimera råvarukostnaderna och resultera i en renare gipsslurry med lägre epsomithalt. Att använda med en renare sorbent kan också förbättra avsvavlingseffektiviteten, vilket leder till lägre SO2-utsläpp. Beräkningarna i rapporten förutsätter att kalcium och magnesium i de olika sorbenterna reagerar lika, ytterligare analys av deras reaktivitet rekommenderas för mer exakta resultat.

<p>Validerat; 20111223 (anonymous)</p>

The racking performance of light-frame shear walls subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading is the focus of this thesis. The sheathing materials investigated are oriented strandboard (OSB), hardboard, fiberboard, and gypsum wallboard. The objectives of this study were to (1) obtain and compare performance characteristics of each sheathing material; (2) compare the effects of monotonic loading versus the cyclic loading response; (3) investigate the contribution of gypsum in walls with dissimilar sheathing materials on opposite sides of the wall; and (4) study the effects of using overturning anchors. The monotonic tests, which incorporated the use of hold-downs, were performed according to ASTM E564. Half of the cyclic tests were performed with hold-downs, and half were performed without hold-downs. The cyclic tests were performed according to the recently adopted cyclic testing procedure ASTM E2126. A total of forty-five walls were tested with various configurations. The size of the walls was 1.2 x 2.4m (4 x 8ft). Two tests were performed with each sheathing material subjected to each type of loading: monotonic, cyclic with hold-downs, and cyclic without hold-downs. Two tests were then performed with OSB, hardboard, or fiberboard on one side of the wall and gypsum on the other side of the wall to study the effects of using dissimilar sheathing materials on the shear walls. The OSB and hardboard exhibited similar performance, and were the strongest of the four sheathing materials. Fiberboard performed better than gypsum, but worse than OSB and hardboard. In general, the performance indicators decreased when the walls were subjected to cyclic loading. The contribution of gypsum to walls with hold-downs was significant, but was not linearly additive. The use of hold-downs had a large effect on the performance of the walls. All shear wall performance indicators decreased when hold-downs were not included, with an average reduction of 66% in the peak load. / Master of Science

A obtenção de estruturas pré-moldadas de gesso apresentando resistências mecânicas consideráveis em relação aos pré-moldados convencionais tem sido obtidas com auxílio de aditivos, mais especificamente a adição de fibras sintéticas ou naturais, à pasta de gesso. Recentes trabalhos têm utilizado a prensagem como forma de dar ao pré-moldado de gesso características mecânicas bem superiores à aditivação por incorporação de fibras. Por se tratar de assunto de grande interesse comercial, a revelação das formas mais recentes de aditivação por prensagem não revelam tais parâmetros operacionais. O presente trabalho revisa a literatura sobre o assunto e define estratégias para a otimização das condições ótimas de produção desse tipo de pré-moldado. Os experimentos foram orientados por um delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR) e analisado com auxílio da metodologia de superfície de resposta (MSR). A redução da água de empastamento e a compressão da pasta de gesso, de baixo desempenho mecânico, por prensagem, conferiram à microestrutura do pré-moldado características mecânicas especiais. Quando comparados com diferentes tipos de aditivação os resultados mostraram a validade do tipo de manuseio proposta para a confecção de pré-moldados / Obtaining structures precast gypsum having substantial mechanical resistance compared to conventional pre-molded has been obtained with the aid of additives, more specifically the addition of synthetic fibers or natural gypsum to the slurry. Recent studies have used as a way of pressing the pre-molded gypsum mechanical characteristics far superior to the additive by incorporation of fibers. Because it is matter of great commercial interest, the revelation of the newer forms to additive by pressing doesnt reveal such operational parameters. This paper reviews the literature on the subject and sets strategies for the optimization of the terms conditions for producing this type of precast. The experiments were guided by a central composite rotational design (CCRD) and analyzed with the aid of response surface methodology (RSM). The reduction of the water pasting and folder compression gypsum of poor mechanical properties by pressing conferred the pre-molded microstructure of special mechanical characteristics. When compared with different types of additives results showed the validity of the type of handling proposed for making precast

No description available.

One of the most common ways to produce heat and electricity in Europe today is by the incineration of waste or combustion of coal. These materials can be very sulfurous and during combustion sulfur dioxide is produced. This is an environmental and health related toxic substance which is why power plants have strict regulations on removing it from the flue gas. Sulfur dioxide is removed from the flue gas by adding a limestone reagent. The sulfur dioxide reacts with the limestone and the synthetic product obtained is “Flue Gas Desulfurization gypsum”. This byproduct, from combustion, provides an environmentally friendly solution when used in building material such as plasterboards. The FGD gypsum that is being used in different types of building materials does not derive from waste incinerated power plants. We have more than 30 of these in Sweden and some of them get FGD gypsum as a byproduct. The purpose of this thesis was to find out whether a particular waste incineration plant in Sweden can reuse their gypsum waste instead of disposing it at landfill.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:20:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_thaisa_avelar.pdf: 1573213 bytes, checksum: 8cd44544fe00dcf8a397b9812c22ff4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-23 / Obtaining structures precast gypsum having substantial mechanical resistance compared to conventional pre-molded has been obtained with the aid of additives, more specifically the addition of synthetic fibers or natural gypsum to the slurry. Recent studies have used as a way of pressing the pre-molded gypsum mechanical characteristics far superior to the additive by incorporation of fibers. Because it is matter of great commercial interest, the revelation of the newer forms to additive by pressing doesn t reveal such operational parameters. This paper reviews the literature on the subject and sets strategies for the optimization of the terms conditions for producing this type of precast. The experiments were guided by a central composite rotational design (CCRD) and analyzed with the aid of response surface methodology (RSM). The reduction of the water pasting and folder compression gypsum of poor mechanical properties by pressing conferred the pre-molded microstructure of special mechanical characteristics. When compared with different types of additives results showed the validity of the type of handling proposed for making precast / A obtenção de estruturas pré-moldadas de gesso apresentando resistências mecânicas consideráveis em relação aos pré-moldados convencionais tem sido obtidas com auxílio de aditivos, mais especificamente a adição de fibras sintéticas ou naturais, à pasta de gesso. Recentes trabalhos têm utilizado a prensagem como forma de dar ao pré-moldado de gesso características mecânicas bem superiores à aditivação por incorporação de fibras. Por se tratar de assunto de grande interesse comercial, a revelação das formas mais recentes de aditivação por prensagem não revelam tais parâmetros operacionais. O presente trabalho revisa a literatura sobre o assunto e define estratégias para a otimização das condições ótimas de produção desse tipo de pré-moldado. Os experimentos foram orientados por um delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR) e analisado com auxílio da metodologia de superfície de resposta (MSR). A redução da água de empastamento e a compressão da pasta de gesso, de baixo desempenho mecânico, por prensagem, conferiram à microestrutura do pré-moldado características mecânicas especiais. Quando comparados com diferentes tipos de aditivação os resultados mostraram a validade do tipo de manuseio proposta para a confecção de pré-moldados