Neste trabalho foi investigado o efeito da administração crônica de prolina sobre o conteúdo total de gangliosídios, fosfolipídios e de colesterol, assim como, sobre o perfil de gangliosídios no córtex, no hipocampo, no hipotálamo e no cerebelo de ratos. Também, foi avaliado o conteúdo e o perfil de gangliosídios nas frações solúvel e resistente a detergente obtidas de membranas sinápticas de córtex. Ratos Wistar foram divididos em dois grupos: 1) injetados subcutaneamente com solução 0,9% de NaCl (animais controle) e 2) injetados subcutaneamente com solução de prolina, em concentrações adequadas ao peso corporal (animais hiperprolinêmicos). Tanto a solução de prolina quanto a salina foram administradas do 6° ao 28° dia pós-natal. Doze horas após a última administração, os animais foram sacrificados mediante decapitação sem anestesia. As estruturas cerebrais foram dissecadas e em seguida homogeneizadas em clorofórmio:metanol na proporção 1:1 vpara a extração lipídica. As membranas sinápticas foram obtidas através de centrifugação diferencial e as frações solúvel e resistente a detergente foram isoladas através de tratamento das membranas com Triton X-100 a 4°C para investigação de microdomínios de membrana. Após a realização das análises, os resultados mostraram que os animais submetidos ao tratamento crônico com prolina apresentaram um marcado aumento no conteúdo de gangliosídios no córtex cerebral e no hipocampo, enquanto os conteúdos de fosfolipídios e de colesterol aumentaram somente no hipocampo. Além disso, os conteúdos destes compostos não foram alterados no hipotálamo e no cerebelo de animais hiperprolinêmicos. Por outro lado, o conteúdo de gangliosídios diminuiu nas frações solúvel e resistente a detergente obtidas de membranas sinápticas de córtex de animais hiperprolinêmicos. Embora os perfis de gangliosídios não tenham sido aparentemente modificados, as quantidades absolutas das espécies foram alteradas tanto no extrato total, como nos microdomínios de membrana obtidos do córtex. Estes dados revelam que o tratamento crônico com prolina afeta de forma distinta as diferentes regiões cerebrais quanto à composição lipídica das membranas celulares, refletindo-se sobre a distribuição de lipídios nos microdomínios de membrana do córtex. Entre as conseqüências destes fenômenos poderiam ser sugeridas modulações diferentes nas transmissões sinápticas que contribuiriam para o déficit cognitivo e/ou outras disfunções neurológicas presentes em pacientes com hiperprolinemia tipo II. / In the present work we investigated the effects of chronic proline administration on ganglioside, cholesterol and phospholipid total contents, as well as on ganglioside profile in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus and cerebellum of rats. We also evaluated the ganglioside content and profile in detergent- soluble and resistant fractions isolated from synaptic membranes obtained from cerebral cortex. Wistar rats were divided into two groups: 1) saline (control) and 2) proline injected (hyperprolinemic). Proline solution or saline were administered from 6th to 28th postnatal day, according to body weight. Twelve hours after the last injection, the animals were sacrificed by decapitation without anesthesia. Brain structures were homogenized with chlorophorm:methanol 1:1 for lipid extraction. Synaptic membrane was extracted by differential centrifugation and detergent- soluble and resistant fractions were isolated by cold Triton X-100 treatment. Results showed that rats subjected to chronic proline treatment presented a significant increase of ganglioside content on cortex and hippocampus, while phospholipid and cholesterol contents only increased in hippocampus. However, the content of these components were not altered in hypothalamus and cerebellum of hyperprolinemic rats. On the other hand, ganglioside content decreased in detergent- soluble and resistant fractions isolated from synaptic membrane obtained from hyperprolinemic cortex. Although ganglioside profiles were apparently not modified, the individual absolute quantities were altered in cortex total lipid extract and membrane microdomains obtained from cerebral cortex. Our findings suggest that chronic proline treatment affects, in a distinct manner, different cerebral regions concerning the lipid composition of the cell membranes, reflecting on its distribution in the cortex membrane microdomains. Among these phenomena consequences, different modulations in synaptic transmission may be suggested which may contribute to the impairment in cognition and/or other neurological disfunctions found in hyperprolinemia type II patients.

This thesis is focused on the study of glycosphingolipids in the rat liver in different types of cholestasis and the effect of oxidative stress on changes in the composition and localization of gangliosides. First, it was necessary to optimize the immunochemical detection of glycosphingolipids. GM1 ganglioside was selected as a representative of a large glycolipid family. We found that minimum water content in the fixing solution was a key condition for fixation of histological sections. Optimized method of GM1 detection was subsequently used in in vivo experiments. We have demonstrated that estrogen-induced cholestasis characterized by high concentrations of bile acids and increased oxidative stress caused changes in the synthesis and distribution of liver gangliosides. HMOX induction is associated with a reduction in oxidative stress level and accompanied by normalization in GSL content. In experiments with obstructive cholestasis, we found that changes in the distribution and synthesis of gangliosides were not strictly specific to a particular type of cholestasis. We assume that it represents a general mechanism of hepatoprotection. We also confirmed the important role of bilirubin, product of HMOX reaction, in protection of hepatocytes against oxidative damage caused by high concentrations of...

Neste trabalho foi investigado o efeito da administração crônica de prolina sobre o conteúdo total de gangliosídios, fosfolipídios e de colesterol, assim como, sobre o perfil de gangliosídios no córtex, no hipocampo, no hipotálamo e no cerebelo de ratos. Também, foi avaliado o conteúdo e o perfil de gangliosídios nas frações solúvel e resistente a detergente obtidas de membranas sinápticas de córtex. Ratos Wistar foram divididos em dois grupos: 1) injetados subcutaneamente com solução 0,9% de NaCl (animais controle) e 2) injetados subcutaneamente com solução de prolina, em concentrações adequadas ao peso corporal (animais hiperprolinêmicos). Tanto a solução de prolina quanto a salina foram administradas do 6° ao 28° dia pós-natal. Doze horas após a última administração, os animais foram sacrificados mediante decapitação sem anestesia. As estruturas cerebrais foram dissecadas e em seguida homogeneizadas em clorofórmio:metanol na proporção 1:1 vpara a extração lipídica. As membranas sinápticas foram obtidas através de centrifugação diferencial e as frações solúvel e resistente a detergente foram isoladas através de tratamento das membranas com Triton X-100 a 4°C para investigação de microdomínios de membrana. Após a realização das análises, os resultados mostraram que os animais submetidos ao tratamento crônico com prolina apresentaram um marcado aumento no conteúdo de gangliosídios no córtex cerebral e no hipocampo, enquanto os conteúdos de fosfolipídios e de colesterol aumentaram somente no hipocampo. Além disso, os conteúdos destes compostos não foram alterados no hipotálamo e no cerebelo de animais hiperprolinêmicos. Por outro lado, o conteúdo de gangliosídios diminuiu nas frações solúvel e resistente a detergente obtidas de membranas sinápticas de córtex de animais hiperprolinêmicos. Embora os perfis de gangliosídios não tenham sido aparentemente modificados, as quantidades absolutas das espécies foram alteradas tanto no extrato total, como nos microdomínios de membrana obtidos do córtex. Estes dados revelam que o tratamento crônico com prolina afeta de forma distinta as diferentes regiões cerebrais quanto à composição lipídica das membranas celulares, refletindo-se sobre a distribuição de lipídios nos microdomínios de membrana do córtex. Entre as conseqüências destes fenômenos poderiam ser sugeridas modulações diferentes nas transmissões sinápticas que contribuiriam para o déficit cognitivo e/ou outras disfunções neurológicas presentes em pacientes com hiperprolinemia tipo II. / In the present work we investigated the effects of chronic proline administration on ganglioside, cholesterol and phospholipid total contents, as well as on ganglioside profile in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus and cerebellum of rats. We also evaluated the ganglioside content and profile in detergent- soluble and resistant fractions isolated from synaptic membranes obtained from cerebral cortex. Wistar rats were divided into two groups: 1) saline (control) and 2) proline injected (hyperprolinemic). Proline solution or saline were administered from 6th to 28th postnatal day, according to body weight. Twelve hours after the last injection, the animals were sacrificed by decapitation without anesthesia. Brain structures were homogenized with chlorophorm:methanol 1:1 for lipid extraction. Synaptic membrane was extracted by differential centrifugation and detergent- soluble and resistant fractions were isolated by cold Triton X-100 treatment. Results showed that rats subjected to chronic proline treatment presented a significant increase of ganglioside content on cortex and hippocampus, while phospholipid and cholesterol contents only increased in hippocampus. However, the content of these components were not altered in hypothalamus and cerebellum of hyperprolinemic rats. On the other hand, ganglioside content decreased in detergent- soluble and resistant fractions isolated from synaptic membrane obtained from hyperprolinemic cortex. Although ganglioside profiles were apparently not modified, the individual absolute quantities were altered in cortex total lipid extract and membrane microdomains obtained from cerebral cortex. Our findings suggest that chronic proline treatment affects, in a distinct manner, different cerebral regions concerning the lipid composition of the cell membranes, reflecting on its distribution in the cortex membrane microdomains. Among these phenomena consequences, different modulations in synaptic transmission may be suggested which may contribute to the impairment in cognition and/or other neurological disfunctions found in hyperprolinemia type II patients.

This thesis is focused on the study of glycosphingolipids in the rat liver in different types of cholestasis and the effect of oxidative stress on changes in the composition and localization of gangliosides. First, it was necessary to optimize the immunochemical detection of glycosphingolipids. GM1 ganglioside was selected as a representative of a large glycolipid family. We found that minimum water content in the fixing solution was a key condition for fixation of histological sections. Optimized method of GM1 detection was subsequently used in in vivo experiments. We have demonstrated that estrogen-induced cholestasis characterized by high concentrations of bile acids and increased oxidative stress caused changes in the synthesis and distribution of liver gangliosides. HMOX induction is associated with a reduction in oxidative stress level and accompanied by normalization in GSL content. In experiments with obstructive cholestasis, we found that changes in the distribution and synthesis of gangliosides were not strictly specific to a particular type of cholestasis. We assume that it represents a general mechanism of hepatoprotection. We also confirmed the important role of bilirubin, product of HMOX reaction, in protection of hepatocytes against oxidative damage caused by high concentrations of...

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do monossialogangliosídio (GM1), da câmara de oxigenoterapia hiperbárica e de ambos no tratamento da lesão medular experimental em ratos. Trinta e dois ratos Wistar com lesão medular foram divididos em 4 grupos: um grupo recebeu o monossialogangliosídio (GM1), um segundo foi submetido à oxigenoterapia hiperbárica, um terceiro recebeu os dois tratamentos e um quarto não recebeu tratamento (controle). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos na análise histológica, em todas as variáveis (necrose, hemorragia, hiperemia e degeneração cística, p>0,06). Também não houve nenhuma diferença na comparação entre os lados direito e esquerdo nos testes funcionais (p>0,06 para todos). Não foram encontradas diferenças nos testes motores, na comparação entre os grupos após 2, 7 21 e 28 dias de lesão medular. Mas, na avaliação após 14 dias, o Grupo 3, o qual recebeu a terapia combinada, mostrou um escore BBB significantemente maior que os outros grupos (p=0,015). Na avaliação de 28 dias, houve uma tendência dos Grupos 1 (GM1) e 3 (terapia combinada) apresentarem um escore BBB maior que o do Grupo 4 (controle), embora sem significância estatística (p=0,057). Concluiu-se que, quanto aos índices motores, a utilização do GM-1 tem efeito benéfico, embora sem diferença estatisticamente significante e que o efeito benéfico do GM-1 é antecipado através da utilização concomitante da oxigênio terapia hiperbárica. / The objectives were to evaluate the effect of GM1 ganglioside, hyperbaric oxygen, and both in combination, in the treatment of experimental spinal cord lesions in rats. Thirty-two Wistar rats with spinal cord lesions were divided into four groups: one group received GM1 ganglioside, one was submitted to hyperbaric oxygen therapy, the third received both treatments, and the fourth received no treatment (control). There were no significant differences between the groups in the histological analysis, for any of the variables (necrosis, hemorrhage, hyperemia, cystic degeneration, p > 0.06). Neither were there any significant differences in the comparison of left and right sides in the functional tests (p > 0.06 for all). No significant differences were found in the locomotor ratings, in the comparison of groups at 2 days, 7 days, 21 days and 28 days after the surgical procedure. However, in the evaluation on day 14, Group 3, which received the combined therapy, showed a significantly higher BBB score than the other groups (p = 0.015). In the evaluation on day 28, there was a trend to Group 1 (GM1) and 3 (combined therapy) showed a higher BBB score than the group 4 (control), but with no significance (p=0,057). In conclusion, the is a benefit in the use of GM1 ganglioside, but with no significance and the therapeutic effect of GM1 in locomotor evaluation of rats submitted to spinal cord lesion is anticipated by hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

This Thesis is a characterization study on substances having potency as drugs as well as on a lipid based drug-delivery matrix. The optical properties of newly synthesized molecules with proven pilicide properties have been characterized with several spectroscopic methods. These methods include optical absorption and fluorescence as well as time-resolved fluorescence. Upon covalently linking compounds with high quantum yields of fluorescence to specific parts of the pilicide, the biological impact was found to increase for some of the derivatives. Furthermore, by expanding the aromatic part of the pilicide molecule, a significant increase in the inherent fluorescence was obtained. The S0-S1 absorption band for these molecules was found to originate from an impure electronic transition, vibronically promoted by intensity borrowing from higher electronic states. Included in this Thesis is the measurement of how deeply some in this class of newly synthesized molecules become situated when placed inside ganglioside GM1 micelles, and how the molecules’ reorientation is affected. By means of radiation-less energy transfer, it was shown that the molecules place themselves close to the hydrophobic-hydrophilic interface inside the GM1 micelles. As a consequence they are exposed to a densely packed environment, which inhibits the free tumbling of the molecule. This restricted tumbling could be measured by means of time-resolved depolarization experiments. The release of drug-like fluorescent molecules is investigated from a lipid mixture, which upon equilibrium with water forms a mixture of inverted hexagonal and cubic phases. The lipid matrix displayed an extended release over the course of weeks, in vitro, for molecules having a large variation in hydrophobicity.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do monossialogangliosídio (GM1), da câmara de oxigenoterapia hiperbárica e de ambos no tratamento da lesão medular experimental em ratos. Trinta e dois ratos Wistar com lesão medular foram divididos em 4 grupos: um grupo recebeu o monossialogangliosídio (GM1), um segundo foi submetido à oxigenoterapia hiperbárica, um terceiro recebeu os dois tratamentos e um quarto não recebeu tratamento (controle). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos na análise histológica, em todas as variáveis (necrose, hemorragia, hiperemia e degeneração cística, p>0,06). Também não houve nenhuma diferença na comparação entre os lados direito e esquerdo nos testes funcionais (p>0,06 para todos). Não foram encontradas diferenças nos testes motores, na comparação entre os grupos após 2, 7 21 e 28 dias de lesão medular. Mas, na avaliação após 14 dias, o Grupo 3, o qual recebeu a terapia combinada, mostrou um escore BBB significantemente maior que os outros grupos (p=0,015). Na avaliação de 28 dias, houve uma tendência dos Grupos 1 (GM1) e 3 (terapia combinada) apresentarem um escore BBB maior que o do Grupo 4 (controle), embora sem significância estatística (p=0,057). Concluiu-se que, quanto aos índices motores, a utilização do GM-1 tem efeito benéfico, embora sem diferença estatisticamente significante e que o efeito benéfico do GM-1 é antecipado através da utilização concomitante da oxigênio terapia hiperbárica. / The objectives were to evaluate the effect of GM1 ganglioside, hyperbaric oxygen, and both in combination, in the treatment of experimental spinal cord lesions in rats. Thirty-two Wistar rats with spinal cord lesions were divided into four groups: one group received GM1 ganglioside, one was submitted to hyperbaric oxygen therapy, the third received both treatments, and the fourth received no treatment (control). There were no significant differences between the groups in the histological analysis, for any of the variables (necrosis, hemorrhage, hyperemia, cystic degeneration, p > 0.06). Neither were there any significant differences in the comparison of left and right sides in the functional tests (p > 0.06 for all). No significant differences were found in the locomotor ratings, in the comparison of groups at 2 days, 7 days, 21 days and 28 days after the surgical procedure. However, in the evaluation on day 14, Group 3, which received the combined therapy, showed a significantly higher BBB score than the other groups (p = 0.015). In the evaluation on day 28, there was a trend to Group 1 (GM1) and 3 (combined therapy) showed a higher BBB score than the group 4 (control), but with no significance (p=0,057). In conclusion, the is a benefit in the use of GM1 ganglioside, but with no significance and the therapeutic effect of GM1 in locomotor evaluation of rats submitted to spinal cord lesion is anticipated by hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

Objetivo: avaliar os efeitos do monossialogangliosídeo (GM1) administrado pela via de transdérmica por laser a baixa temperatura, após lesão medular experimental em ratos. Métodos: o estudo incluiu 40 ratos Wistar, machos, com idade entre 20 e 21 semanas, submetidos à lesão medular contusa pelo equipamento NYU Impactor, a altura de 25 mm, de acordo com o protocolo MASCIS. Foram formados 4 grupos de 10 animais. No grupo 1, os ratos receberam diariamente 0,2 ml de soro fisiológico, via intraperitoneal; no grupo 2, GM1 via intraperitoneal, na concentração 30 mg/kg por dia; no grupo 3, sessão diária de laser a baixa temperatura na topografia da lesão; no grupo 4 sessão diária de laser contendo GM1 na concentração de 30 mg/kg pela via transcutânea por Laser Ice. Todos os animais foram tratados por 42 dias. Foram avaliados por meio da escala de avaliação funcional Basso, Baettie e Bresnahan (BBB) em 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias após a lesão, pelo exame histopatológico e por potencial evocado motor após 42 dias da lesão. Resultados: os animais do grupo 4 apresentaram os escores da escala BBB superiores aos demais grupos até a quarta semana, sendo equiparado aos demais na sexta semana. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos e as semanas. A avaliação histológica não demonstrou resultados com significância estatística. Os exames de potencial evocado motor demonstraram maior latência média no grupo 1, sem significância estatística. Conclusão: o emprego de GM1 associado a laser em baixa temperatura demonstra resultados funcionais superiores nas primeiras semanas, mas sem evidenciar diferença estatisticamente significante / Objective: To evaluate the effects of monossialoganglioside (GM1) administered transdermally, and laser at low temperature, in the functional and histological recovery of spinal cord injury in rats. Methods: Forty male Wistar rats, aged between 20 and 21 weeks, underwent spinal cord contusion at NYU Impactor, according to the MASCIS protocol. They were divided into four groups: in Group 1, rats received 0.2 ml of saline intraperitoneally daily; in Group 2, GM1 was administered intraperitoneally at a concentration 30 mg/kg per day; in Group 3, rats were treated with laser at low temperature on the skin, daily and in Group 4, the daily laser session also contained GM1. All the groups were treated for 42 days. The animals were evaluated by the Basso, Baettie and Bresnahan (BBB) functional scale on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 after injury, and by histopathology and motor evoked potentials after 42 days of injury. Results: The animals in Group 4 had higher BBB scores compared to the other groups, until the 4th week. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups, or in the comparisons over time, i.e. from one week to the next. Histological evaluation showed no statistically significant results, and no significant differences were found in the motor evoked potential tests either. Conclusion: GM1 associated with the use of low-temperature laser shows no superior functional, neurological or histological results in the treatment of spinal cord lesions in rats