faculty of Science School of Molecular and Cell Biology 9605145v vhaakuria@yahoo.co.uk / Cassava is a food crop planted in many countries in Africa. Its tubers are a major source of food and are processed to produce a variety of food products, one of which is the fermented product called gari. This research report aimed to evaluate the performance of three lactic acid bacteria for several properties with regard to the fermentation of cassava to produce gari. Three organisms were used for the evaluation, namely Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The organisms were evaluated for viability, biomass formation and glucose utilisation in static flasks, biomass formation and glucose utilisation in 2 L fermenters, cell viability after dehydration processes and pH and cyanide reduction in cassava substrate. In static flasks, the organisms were found to retain above 80% cell viability after cryopreservation. Maximum biomass of 108 cells/ml was formed within the first 12 hours by all the organisms. While L. fermentum, depleted glucose within 24 hours, L. plantarum formed the highest biomass of 4 x 108 cells/ml. In 2 L Braunstat B fermenters, a cell count of 109 cells/ml was obtained by L. fermentum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides within 12-15 hours. Biomass formation for L. plantarum during the same period was 1010 cells/ml. Glucose was depleted within 12 - 15 hours. The viability of cells between the dehydration processes of centrifugation, glycerol and maltodextrin addition and lyophilisation, was above 80% for all the organisms. However, this high cell viability was influenced by concentration of cells during the centrifugation step. In cassava substrate, L. fermentum, though heterofermentative, was found to be particularly acid tolerant and reduced pH to 3.98. All the organisms were able to retain good viability after lyophilisation. However, the results of cyanide reduction were inconclusive. These results show that while cultures show promise for pilot scale studies of starter culture development, further cyanide experiments need to be conducted, and synergy between the organisms investigated.

Le procédé de transformation des racines de manioc en gari reste la plupart du temps artisanal et dépendant du savoir-faire des opératrices. Étant constitué d’une suite d’opérations unitaires (râpage, fermentation/pressage, tamisage et cuisson), il est nécessaire de déterminer les opérations-clefs déterminantes de la qualité du produit. Ainsi, dans ce travail, le procédé a été analysé dans sa continuité au travers du suivi de réponses biochimiques, granulométriques et hydro-texturales du produit durant sa transformation. L’objectif du travail de thèse a été dans un premier temps de développer des outils et méthodes permettant le suivi des états physiques et biochimiques du produit tout au long de sa transformation à l’échelle laboratoire. Cette démarche a permis de dégager certains mécanismes contribuant à la transformation du produit. Il a été mis en évidence le drainage d’une partie du liquide intra-cellulaire lors du pressage ainsi que deux mécanismes d’agglomérations successifs lors de l’élaboration du gari. Les résultats et les mécanismes déduits des observations réalisées à l’échelle laboratoire ont par la suite été confrontés à ceux obtenus sur le terrain (Bénin) dans des conditions moins maîtrisées et sous l’effet d’un changement d’échelle. L’opération de cuisson, à la fois très contraignante et ressortant comme une opération unitaire clef a été, par la suite, plus particulièrement étudiée. Pour cela, le comportement (choix et gestes) de deux opératrices a été enregistré de façon à mettre en évidence le rôle de l’opératrice lors de la cuisson. L’ensemble des résultats montrent que la qualité des garis repose en grande partie sur le savoir faire de l’opératrice. Il ressort cependant que les critères de qualité du gari qui guide l’opératrice lors de la cuisson et la conduisent à ajuster son comportement sont, bien sûr, ceux qui lui sont accessibles (couleur, taille, …), mais ne sont pas suffisants pour atteindre teneurs en composés cyanogénique résiduels recommandées par le Codex Alimentarius de la FAO. / The cassava process of converting cassava roots into gari remains mostly artisanal and depends on the know-how of the operators. As it consists of a series of unit operations (grating, fermentation/pressing, sieving and cooking), it is necessary to determine the key operations that determine the quality of the product. Thus, in this work, the process was analyzed in its continuity through the monitoring of biochemical, granule size and hydro-textural responses of the product during processing. The objective of the thesis work was initially to develop tools and methods to monitor the physical and biochemical states of the product throughout its processing on a laboratory scale. This approach has made it possible to identify some of the mechanisms that contribute to the elaboration of the product. It was found that part of the intracellular liquid drained during pressing and two successive agglomeration mechanisms were identified during the preparation of the gari. The results and mechanisms derived from laboratory scale observations were then compared with those obtained in the field (Benin) under less controlled conditions and scaling effect. The cooking operation, which is both very constraining and emerging as a key unitary operation, was then more particularly studied. For this purpose, the performance (choice and gestures) of two operators was recorded in order to highlight the role of the operator during the cooking process. All the results show that the gari quality is largely based on the operator's know-how. However, it appears that the product quality criteria that guide the operator during cooking lead her to adjust her practices are, of course, those that are accessible to her (colour, granule size, ...), but are not enough to reach the levels of residual cyanogenic compounds recommended by the FAO Codex Alimentarius.

Le gari, une semoule de manioc (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) fermentée, gélifiée et déshydratée, représente le produit alimentaire le plus populaire de lAfrique de lOuest. Les bactéries lactiques constituent lun des plus importants groupes de micro-organismes impliqués dans létape de la fermentation du manioc, principalement en raison de leurs rôles établis dans le développement de la saveur et la préservation des aliments obtenus. Dans le but de fournir au consommateur un produit sain, de qualité organoleptique constante et acceptable, des efforts damélioration et de contrôle de la fermentation du manioc ont été entrepris. Seize souches de bactéries lactiques ayant des caractéristiques technologiques appropriées, ont été précédemment isolées et sélectionnées au cours de la fermentation du manioc en vue de leur utilisation comme culture starter pour la production de gari. Lobjectif de ce travail est de contribuer à un meilleur contrôle de la fermentation du manioc à travers la production dun starter de bactéries lactiques lyophilisées pour la production de gari. A lissue de la première partie du travail, les souches Lactobacillus plantarum VE36, G2/25, L. fermentum G2/10 et Weissella paramesenteroides LC11 ont été sélectionnées sur base de : (i) leur capacité à survivre après un test de déshydratation dans une solution de glycérol de concentration croissante suivi dun marquage par des marqueurs fluorescents, (ii) leur taux de survie après la lyophilisation, (iii) leur capacité dutilisation dune source de carbone après la lyophilisation, (iv) leur stabilité au cours du stockage sous forme lyophilisée. Nous avons cependant noté que la plupart des souches lyophilisées perdaient plus de 50% de leur viabilité après 60 jours de stockage à basse température. Dans la seconde partie du travail, nous avons essayé de comprendre lun des mécanismes à lorigine de la perte de viabilité au cours du stockage des souches lyophilisées : loxydation des lipides membranaires. Pour ce faire, limpact de la dégradation des acides gras polyinsaturés sur la survie cellulaire ou le pouvoir dacidification de la souche lyophilisée W. paramesenteroides LC11 a été évalué pendant 90 jours de stockage dans différentes conditions de stockage (différentes températures, présence ou absence dair et dhumidité). Un dosage des produits primaires de dégradation des acides gras polyinsaturés a aussi été effectué pour les échantillons stockés dans des conditions daération. A lissue de cette étude, une corrélation a été établie entre la perte de viabilité cellulaire et/ou du pouvoir dacidification et la dégradation des acides gras polyinsaturés. Dans loptique de confirmer ces résultats, leffet de composés protecteurs tels que les cryoprotecteurs et/ou des antioxydants (acide ascorbique et/ou butyle hydroxytoluene) sur la viabilité cellulaire, lintégrité membranaire et loxydation des lipides de la souche lyophilisée W. paramesenteroides LC11, ont été évalués pendant 90 jours de stockage dans des conditions daération et en présence dhumidité. Après le 90ième jour de stockage, les acides gras membranaires totaux ainsi que ceux de la fraction polaire ont également été analysés. La présence des cryoprotecteurs et du butyle hydroxytoluene avait considérablement réduit la perte de viabilité et dintégrité membranaire, ainsi que la dégradation des lipides de la fraction polaire. Une possible relation entre loxydation des acides gras polyinsaturés, plus précisément ceux de la fraction polaire des lipides, et la perte de viabilité cellulaire au cours du stockage des souches lyophilisées, a été confirmée. Des corrélations entre loxydation des acides gras polyinsaturés de la fraction polaire des lipides et la perte dintégrité cellulaire et, dautre part, entre la perte dintégrité cellulaire et la perte de viabilité cellulaire, ont été établies. Alors que les phénomènes doxydation des lipides se déroulaient au cours du temps, la perte de viabilité cellulaire survenait dès les premières heures du stockage. Les changements dans la perméabilité membranaire de la souche W. paramesenteroides LC11 ont ainsi été évalués 20h après la lyophilisation, à travers les déterminations du nombre de cellules viables et de la conductivité dune solution de réhydratation dont nous avons fait varier la température, la concentration en sels (NaCl), protons et composés protecteurs (glycérol, saccharose, maltodextrine, glutamate monosodique). Une augmentation de la température et de la concentration en sels (NaCl) ou en glutamate monosodique, ainsi quune baisse de la concentration en protons entraînaient une augmentation de la concentration en substances ioniques dissoutes et une baisse du nombre de cellules viables. Cependant, une augmentation de la concentration en glycérol, sucrose ou maltodextrine entraînait une diminution de la concentration en substances ioniques dissoutes et un maintien de la viabilité cellulaire. Ces résultats nous suggèrent quil pourrait se produire une rupture cellulaire durant la déshydratation et que cette situation pourrait influencer la stabilité de la souche lyophilisée dès les premières heures du stockage.

Étudier la mise en œuvre de la décentralisation forestière au Cameroun est l’objet de cette recherche dont la question principale est de savoir si le transfert de la gestion des forêts aux communes et communautés villageoises conduit à de nouvelles formes de gouvernance concourant au développement socio-économique local et à la conservation des forêts dans la région Est. Les résultats de cette étude, basée sur une méthodologie pluridisciplinaire et utilisant la gouvernance comme cadre d’analyse, indiquent des relations complexes d’interdépendances inégales entre les communes et les communautés villageoises vis-à-vis des exploitants forestiers. Ils montrent également des rapports de dépendance de ces trois catégories d’acteurs vis-à-vis de l’État dont le pouvoir autoritaire reste fort et prégnant. Quant au développement socio-économique et à la conservation des forêts escomptés, les résultats obtenus sont en-deçà des espérances dans les communes de Gari Gombo et de Yokadouma. Certes l’on note quelques retombées socio-économiques pour les populations locales mais de nombreuses faiblesses limitantes pour une gouvernance efficace sont mises en lumière. Des perspectives pour une gouvernance efficace, au Cameroun en général et dans la zone d’étude en particulier, suggèrent l’organisation d’une action collective autour d’un objectif partagé, relatif au développement socio-économique et/ou à la conservation des forêts, entre les différents acteurs stratégiques pertinents. Il est également important que les bénéficiaires des forêts communales et communautaires en tirent des revenus suffisants pour réaliser des projets de développement local et assurer la régénération forestière. / Study the implementation of forest decentralization in Cameroon is the subject of this research that the main issue is whether the transfer of forest management to councils and local communities led to new forms of governance contributing to the socio-economic local development and the conservation of forests in the Eastern region. The results of this study, based on multidisciplinary methodological approach and using governance as a framework for analysis, indicate unequal interdependence relationship between the councils and logging companies on the one hand and between village communities and loggers in the other. They also indicate the dependency of these three categories of actors toward state institutions whose authoritarian power remains strong and meaningful. With regard to the local development and the conservation of forests expected, the analysis shows results below expectations in the councils of Gari Gombo and Yokadouma. Although we note some socio-economic benefits for local people, but overall many weaknesses limiting for effective governance are highlighted. The prospects for the effectiveness of governance in Cameroon in general, and in the study area in particular, suggest an organisation of collective action around a shared goal, for the local development and the forest biodiversity conservation, between relevant strategic actors. In addition, it is also necessary that the council and community forests generate sufficient incomes to their beneficiaries, to achieve local development projects and to ensure forest regeneration.

A luta de Judô tem uma característica dual, em que os lutadores tentam derrubar um ao outro mutuamente, de forma que o ambiente se encontra em constante mudança. Os golpes de projeção do Judô são constituídos de três partes, o kuzushi (desequilíbrio), o tsukuri (preparação) e o kake (finalização), que devem ser executados em sequência. A execução de cada parte influencia a execução da parte subsequente, de maneira que para o sucesso do golpe, colocar o oponente em desequilíbrio (kuzushi) é primordial, visto que é condição para a execução bem-sucedida das partes seguintes. Durante a luta, para desequilibrar o oponente, é comum ocorrer deslocamentos mútuos de empurrar e puxar, que podem ser denominados de deslocamentos pré-kuzushi. Considerando que o kuzushi é fundamental para o sucesso do golpe, e que os deslocamentos pré-kuzushi favorecem a ocorrência efetiva do kuzushi, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito da organização de prática na aprendizagem dos deslocamentos pré-kuzushi. Inicialmente foram realizados dois experimentos utilizando o golpe o soto gari: o primeiro experimento com iniciantes e o segundo com participantes não iniciantes (experiência entre três e seis meses de prática). Em cada experimento foram formados três grupos experimentais: o grupo de prática constante (Co), que praticou o golpe o soto gari com somente uma possibilidade de deslocamento pré-kuzushi; o grupo de prática variada por blocos (Bl), que praticou três possibilidades de deslocamentos pré-kuzushi variando-as a cada dez tentativas; e o grupo de prática variada aleatória (Al), que praticou três possibilidades de deslocamentos pré-kuzushi de forma aleatória. O delineamento experimental constou de três fases: pré-teste (3 tentativas), aquisição (250 tentativas) e teste de retenção (3 tentativas, uma semana após o último dia de aquisição). Mediante o uso de vídeo foram analisados os padrões de movimento com relação à configuração total do golpe, aos deslocamentos pré-kuzushi e ao kuzushi no tocante a ação motora e o efeito. No Experimento 1 (iniciantes) o Co apresentou superioridade aos grupos com variabilidade (Bl e Al) nos deslocamentos pré-kuzushi que foi o objeto manipulado na organização da prática, e foi o único grupo a apresentar evolução no efeito do kuzushi. No Experimento 2 (não iniciantes) os grupos com maior variabilidade (Al e Bl) apresentaram superioridade em relação ao grupo Co nos deslocamentos pré-kuzushi; já na ação motora do kuzushi o grupo Al foi superior ao grupo Co e somente os grupos com variabilidade apresentaram melhora no efeito do kuzushi. A partir dos resultados dos Experimentos 1 e 2 foi realizado um terceiro experimento, em que foi adicionado um novo grupo experimental aos três grupos do Experimento 1, Co-Al (grupo constante-aleatória), que praticou 50% iniciais da aquisição de forma constante e os 50% restantes de forma variada aleatória. Os resultados apresentaram superioridade do grupo Co-Al em relação a todos os outros grupos (Co, Bl e Al) no teste de retenção para configuração total do golpe. Concluiu-se que a prática constante ou experiência anterior antes da prática variada é importante na aprendizagem dos deslocamentos pré-kuzushi que influencia a configuração total do golpe. Provavelmente se beneficiando do que foi adquirido no aprendizado do deslocamento pré-kuzushi, os grupos Co e Co-Al nos iniciantes e o grupo Al nos não iniciantes apresentaram melhora no item efeito do kuzushi, posicionando o oponente desequilibrado / The judo contest has a dual feature, when the fighters try to throw each other, so that the environment is constantly changing. The Judo throwing techniques are consisted of three parts, the kuzushi (unbalance), the tsukuri (preparation) and kake (finishing), which must be performed in that sequence. The execution of each part influences the execution of the subsequent part. Thus, to let the opponent unbalanced (kuzushi) is essential for the successful implementation of the next parts. During the fight, to unbalance the opponent, it is common mutual displacements of push and pull movements, which can be called pre-kuzushi displacements. Considering that the kuzushi is crucial to the success of the throwing technique, and that pre-kuzushi displacements facilitate the effective occurrence of kuzushi, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the practice organization in learning pre-kuzushi displacements. Initially two experiments were carried out using the o soto gari technique: the first experiment with beginners and the second with participants not beginners (experience between three and six months of practice). Each experiment was composed by three groups: the constant practice group (Co), which performed the o soto gari technique with only one pre-kuzushi displacement; the blocked varied practice group (Bl), which practiced three possible pre-kuzushi displacements varying every ten trials; and random varied practice group (Al), which practiced three possible pre-kuzushi displacements at random. The experimental design consisted of three phases: Pre-test (3 tries), Acquisition (250 attempts) and Retention Test (3 tries, a week after the last day of Acquisition). The movement patterns were analyzed using recorded videos, considering the total configuration of the throwing technique, the pre-kuzushi displacements and the kuzushi concerning motor action and effect. In the Experiment 1 (beginners) Co showed superior results to the groups with practice variability (Bl and Al) in the pre-kuzushi displacements that was the aspect manipulated in the practice organization, and it was the only group to present progress in the effect of kuzushi. In the Experiment 2 (not beginners) the groups with practice variability (Al and Bl) were superior to Co in pre-kuzushi displacement; Al was superior to Co in relation to the motor action of kuzushi and only the variability of practice groups (AI and BI) showed improvement in the effect of kuzushi. Based on the results of Experiments 1 and 2 it was conducted a third experiment, adding a new experimental group to the three groups of Experiment 1 - Co-Al (constant-random group) that practiced 50% initial acquisition trials constantly and the remaining 50% randomly. The results showed superiority of Co-Al compared to all other groups (Co, Al and Bl) in the retention test for total configuration of the throwing technique. It was concluded that the constant practice or previous experience before the variable practice is important in learning pre-kuzushi displacements that influences the total configuration of the throwing technique. Probably by benefiting from what was acquired in learning pre-kuzushi displacement, Co and Co-Al in beginners and Al in the non-beginners showed improvement relative to the effect of kuzushi, positioning the opponent unbalanced

A luta de Judô tem uma característica dual, em que os lutadores tentam derrubar um ao outro mutuamente, de forma que o ambiente se encontra em constante mudança. Os golpes de projeção do Judô são constituídos de três partes, o kuzushi (desequilíbrio), o tsukuri (preparação) e o kake (finalização), que devem ser executados em sequência. A execução de cada parte influencia a execução da parte subsequente, de maneira que para o sucesso do golpe, colocar o oponente em desequilíbrio (kuzushi) é primordial, visto que é condição para a execução bem-sucedida das partes seguintes. Durante a luta, para desequilibrar o oponente, é comum ocorrer deslocamentos mútuos de empurrar e puxar, que podem ser denominados de deslocamentos pré-kuzushi. Considerando que o kuzushi é fundamental para o sucesso do golpe, e que os deslocamentos pré-kuzushi favorecem a ocorrência efetiva do kuzushi, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito da organização de prática na aprendizagem dos deslocamentos pré-kuzushi. Inicialmente foram realizados dois experimentos utilizando o golpe o soto gari: o primeiro experimento com iniciantes e o segundo com participantes não iniciantes (experiência entre três e seis meses de prática). Em cada experimento foram formados três grupos experimentais: o grupo de prática constante (Co), que praticou o golpe o soto gari com somente uma possibilidade de deslocamento pré-kuzushi; o grupo de prática variada por blocos (Bl), que praticou três possibilidades de deslocamentos pré-kuzushi variando-as a cada dez tentativas; e o grupo de prática variada aleatória (Al), que praticou três possibilidades de deslocamentos pré-kuzushi de forma aleatória. O delineamento experimental constou de três fases: pré-teste (3 tentativas), aquisição (250 tentativas) e teste de retenção (3 tentativas, uma semana após o último dia de aquisição). Mediante o uso de vídeo foram analisados os padrões de movimento com relação à configuração total do golpe, aos deslocamentos pré-kuzushi e ao kuzushi no tocante a ação motora e o efeito. No Experimento 1 (iniciantes) o Co apresentou superioridade aos grupos com variabilidade (Bl e Al) nos deslocamentos pré-kuzushi que foi o objeto manipulado na organização da prática, e foi o único grupo a apresentar evolução no efeito do kuzushi. No Experimento 2 (não iniciantes) os grupos com maior variabilidade (Al e Bl) apresentaram superioridade em relação ao grupo Co nos deslocamentos pré-kuzushi; já na ação motora do kuzushi o grupo Al foi superior ao grupo Co e somente os grupos com variabilidade apresentaram melhora no efeito do kuzushi. A partir dos resultados dos Experimentos 1 e 2 foi realizado um terceiro experimento, em que foi adicionado um novo grupo experimental aos três grupos do Experimento 1, Co-Al (grupo constante-aleatória), que praticou 50% iniciais da aquisição de forma constante e os 50% restantes de forma variada aleatória. Os resultados apresentaram superioridade do grupo Co-Al em relação a todos os outros grupos (Co, Bl e Al) no teste de retenção para configuração total do golpe. Concluiu-se que a prática constante ou experiência anterior antes da prática variada é importante na aprendizagem dos deslocamentos pré-kuzushi que influencia a configuração total do golpe. Provavelmente se beneficiando do que foi adquirido no aprendizado do deslocamento pré-kuzushi, os grupos Co e Co-Al nos iniciantes e o grupo Al nos não iniciantes apresentaram melhora no item efeito do kuzushi, posicionando o oponente desequilibrado / The judo contest has a dual feature, when the fighters try to throw each other, so that the environment is constantly changing. The Judo throwing techniques are consisted of three parts, the kuzushi (unbalance), the tsukuri (preparation) and kake (finishing), which must be performed in that sequence. The execution of each part influences the execution of the subsequent part. Thus, to let the opponent unbalanced (kuzushi) is essential for the successful implementation of the next parts. During the fight, to unbalance the opponent, it is common mutual displacements of push and pull movements, which can be called pre-kuzushi displacements. Considering that the kuzushi is crucial to the success of the throwing technique, and that pre-kuzushi displacements facilitate the effective occurrence of kuzushi, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the practice organization in learning pre-kuzushi displacements. Initially two experiments were carried out using the o soto gari technique: the first experiment with beginners and the second with participants not beginners (experience between three and six months of practice). Each experiment was composed by three groups: the constant practice group (Co), which performed the o soto gari technique with only one pre-kuzushi displacement; the blocked varied practice group (Bl), which practiced three possible pre-kuzushi displacements varying every ten trials; and random varied practice group (Al), which practiced three possible pre-kuzushi displacements at random. The experimental design consisted of three phases: Pre-test (3 tries), Acquisition (250 attempts) and Retention Test (3 tries, a week after the last day of Acquisition). The movement patterns were analyzed using recorded videos, considering the total configuration of the throwing technique, the pre-kuzushi displacements and the kuzushi concerning motor action and effect. In the Experiment 1 (beginners) Co showed superior results to the groups with practice variability (Bl and Al) in the pre-kuzushi displacements that was the aspect manipulated in the practice organization, and it was the only group to present progress in the effect of kuzushi. In the Experiment 2 (not beginners) the groups with practice variability (Al and Bl) were superior to Co in pre-kuzushi displacement; Al was superior to Co in relation to the motor action of kuzushi and only the variability of practice groups (AI and BI) showed improvement in the effect of kuzushi. Based on the results of Experiments 1 and 2 it was conducted a third experiment, adding a new experimental group to the three groups of Experiment 1 - Co-Al (constant-random group) that practiced 50% initial acquisition trials constantly and the remaining 50% randomly. The results showed superiority of Co-Al compared to all other groups (Co, Al and Bl) in the retention test for total configuration of the throwing technique. It was concluded that the constant practice or previous experience before the variable practice is important in learning pre-kuzushi displacements that influences the total configuration of the throwing technique. Probably by benefiting from what was acquired in learning pre-kuzushi displacement, Co and Co-Al in beginners and Al in the non-beginners showed improvement relative to the effect of kuzushi, positioning the opponent unbalanced

Étudier la mise en œuvre de la décentralisation forestière au Cameroun est l'objet de cette recherche dont la question principale est de savoir si le transfert de la gestion des forêts aux communes et communautés villageoises conduit à de nouvelles formes de gouvernance concourant au développement socio-économique local et à la conservation des forêts dans la région Est. Les résultats de cette étude, basée sur une méthodologie pluridisciplinaire et utilisant la gouvernance comme cadre d'analyse, indiquent des relations complexes d'interdépendances inégales entre les communes et les communautés villageoises vis-à-vis des exploitants forestiers. Ils montrent également des rapports de dépendance de ces trois catégories d'acteurs vis-à-vis de l'État dont le pouvoir autoritaire reste fort et prégnant. Quant au développement socio-économique et à la conservation des forêts escomptés, les résultats obtenus sont en-deçà des espérances dans les communes de Gari Gombo et de Yokadouma. Certes l'on note quelques retombées socio-économiques pour les populations locales mais de nombreuses faiblesses limitantes pour une gouvernance efficace sont mises en lumière. Des perspectives pour une gouvernance efficace, au Cameroun en général et dans la zone d'étude en particulier, suggèrent l'organisation d'une action collective autour d'un objectif partagé, relatif au développement socio-économique et/ou à la conservation des forêts, entre les différents acteurs stratégiques pertinents. Il est également important que les bénéficiaires des forêts communales et communautaires en tirent des revenus suffisants pour réaliser des projets de développement local et assurer la régénération forestière.