No SE do domínio oriental do Cinturão Dom Feliciano (CDF) o Granito Capão do Leão (GCL) ocorre como dois corpos, norte e sul, encaixados em rochas Pré-Cambrianas do Complexo Pinheiro Machado (CPM) e nos granitos Chasqueiro (GCH) e Arroio Grande (GAG). Os corpos do GCL, tanto o norte quanto o sul, possuem formas elípticas e ocupam áreas de, respectivamente, 200 km2 e 100 km2, apresentando orientação ENE-WSW, sendo dominantemente uma rocha maciça, a qual preserva suas características magmáticas. Zonas centimétricas a métricas de deformação dúctil, principalmente no corpo sul, são observadas gerando rochas miloníticas subverticais, apresentando plano de foliação com mergulho maior que 70° e direção NE-SW que podem refletir reativações da Zona de Cisalhamento Arroio Grande (ZCAG). Petrograficamente é um granito equigranular, médio a grosso, com textura hipidiomórfica predominante, de composição sieno a monzogranítica, apresentando, por vezes, cavidades miarolíticas centimétricas, as quais sugerem um posicionamento final em condições rasas (epizonal) e indicam a presença de fluidos até os estágios finais da cristalização, além de raros enclaves máficos, de composição micácea, os quais podem representar um material de origem mantélica fonte do granito, uma rocha encaixante fundida e assimilada pelo magma ou a ocorrência de uma mistura de magmas. Apresenta injeções centimétricas de veios ou bolsões tardios de aplitos. A assembleia mineral do GCL é constituída de quartzo, feldspato alcalino e plagioclásio do tipo albita. Como varietais ocorrem biotitas, dos tipos siderofilita e anita, granadas, com predomínio de membros finais em almandina e espessartina, e, subordinadamente, anfibólio cálcico do tipo ferro-pargasita. Seus minerais acessórios são apatita, titanita, zircão e opacos. O GCL é uma rocha de composição ácida, tem afinidade geoquímica subalcalina, metaluminosa a fracamente peraluminosa, com tendência cálcio-alcalina alto-K, apresentando elevados teores de SiO2, entre 71,60 e 75,95 %, teores de Al2O3 entre 11,00 e 15,00 %, teores em álcalis elevados, com valores de Na2O oscilando entre 1,76 à 4,61 % e 3,8 até 7,36 % para o K2O, baixos teores em CaO, MgO e MnO, menores que 1% e teores extremamente baixos de P2O5, menores que 0,03 %. A ocorrência de granada sugere um caráter altamente diferenciado, decorrente de longa cristalização fracionada. Os diagramas multielementares mostram enriquecimento em Rb, Pb, Th, U e K, e depleção nos elementos Ba, Nb, Sr, P, Eu e Ti , assim como enriquecimento de ETR leves em relação aos ETR pesados e acentuada anomalia negativa em Ba, Sr, Ti e Eu. O GCL apresenta características de magmatismo tipo-I, com alto fracionamento, de ambiente pós-colisional, apresentando padrões geoquímicos semelhantes ao GCH, os quais permitem correlacioná-los como líquidos segregados de uma mesma fonte, diferenciados por mecanismos petrológicos, tais como assimilação de material encaixante e cristalização fracionada. O líquido magmático dos granitos Capão do Leão, Chasqueiro e Arroio Grande, podem ter sua gênese relacionada a eventos de movimentação da Zona de Cisalhamento Arroio Grande, a qual pode ter causado a fusão da base da crosta, por adição de material mantélico, sendo, portanto, a responsável tanto pelo processo de extração, colocação e da referida segregação dos líquidos do GCL e do GCH, como pela geração e emplaçamento do líquido do GAG. / In the SE of the eastern domain of Dom Feliciano Belt (CDF) the Capão do Leão Granite (GCL) forms two bodies, northern and southern, embedded in Precambrian rocks of the Pinheiro Machado Complex (CPM), Chasqueiro Granite (GCH) and Arroio Grande Granite (GAG). The GCL bodies are elliptically shaped predominantly massive rocks, which preserve their magmatic features, and cover areas of respectively 200 km2 and 100 km2, with ENE-WSW orientation. Centimetric to metric ductile deformation zones, mainly in the south body, are observed causing sub-vertical mylonitic rocks, with foliation plan whose dip is greater than 70° and orientation is NE-SW, which may reflect reactivation of Arroio Grande Shear Zone (ZCAG). Petrographically it is an equigranular medium to large granite, predominantly hypidiomorphic consisting of sieno to monzogranitic, sometimes presenting miarolitic centimetric cavities, which suggest a final positioning in shallow conditions (epizonal) and indicate the presence of fluids to the final stages of crystallization, in addition to rare mafic micaceous enclaves, which may represent a mantle-originated and source of granite material, a molten host rock assimilated by magma or the occurrence of a mixture of magmas. The GCL presents centimetric injections of veins or late albite pockets. The mineral assembly of GCL consists of quartz, alkali feldspar and albite-rich plagioclase. Varieties also occur such as siderophyllite and annite types of biotites, garnets with a prevalence of end-members in almandine and spessartine and subordinate calcic type Fe-pargasite amphibole. Its accessory minerals are apatite, titanite, zircon and opaques. GCL is a rock with acid composition, has metaluminous to weakly peraluminous subalkaline geochemical affinity, with calc-alkaline high-K trend, with high SiO2 level, between 71.60 and 75.95 %, Al2O3 level between 11.00 and 15.00 %, high contents of alkalis, with Na2O values ranging from 1.76 to 4.61 % and 3.8 to 7.36 % and of K2O, low contents of CaO, MgO and MnO, below 1 % and extremely low levels of P2O5, lower than 0.03 %. The occurrence of garnet suggests a highly distinctive character as a result of long fractional crystallization. The multi-element diagrams show enrichment in Rb, Pb, Th, U and K, and depletion in Ba, Nb, Sr, P, Eu and Ti, as well as enrichment of light REE in comparison to heavy REE and a pronounced anomaly in Ba, Sr, Ti and Eu. GCL has I-type highly fractionated magmatism characteristics, from a post-collisional environment, presenting geochemical patterns similar to those of GCH, which allows a correlation between them as segregated liquids from the same source, differentiated by petrological mechanisms such as host rock material assimilation, and fractional crystallization. The magmatic liquid of Capão do Leão, Chasqueiro and Arroio Grande granites, may have its genesis related to the movement of Arroio Grande Shear Zone, which may have caused the lower crust to melt, by adding mantle material and, therefore, being responsible for both the extraction and placing processes and for the referred GCL and GCH's liquids segregation, as for the petrogenesis and emplacement of GAG's liquid.

The subject of this thesis are channel waveguide lasers in epitaxial garnet films grown by liquid phase epitaxy. Results of this thesis include: The feasibility of a waveguide laser with erbium-doped YIG as the active material is discussed. Nonlinear rate equations that describe the behavior of this laser are formulated and solved numerically. The material parameters that are needed as the input are taken from literature. The simulations reveal that the performance of the laser depends critically on the magnitude of the upconversion parameter W22. A thorough analysis shows, however, that the values of W22 that are found in literature are most likely too small. The other parameter of importance is the background loss of the waveguide. Our results indicate that, unless the absorption losses of the LPE grown iron garnet films can be significantly reduced, the chances to realize such a device are only minimal. The mechanisms behind the absorption losses in LPE grown YIG films are investigated. During the LPE growth process, lead, platinum and other non-trivalent impurities are incorporated into the films in high concentrations. While platinum is tetravalent only, lead can be both di- and tetravalent. Depending on the ratio of the lead and the platinum concentrations, the near infrared absorption can be caused by three entirely different mechanisms. In case the tetravalent impurities are the majority, charge compensation is achieved by the formation of Fe2+ and the absorption is caused by crystal field transitions between the 5E and the 5T2 states of the Fe2+-ion. If the divalent impurities are in the majority, the absorption is due to crystal field transitions between the 5T2 and the 5E states of the Fe4-ion. In LPE-grown iron garnets, however, the impurity with the highest concentration is usually lead. We prove that lead performs self-compensation as it is incorporated in Pb2+/4+ pairs on neighboring lattice sites, and that the optical absorption is caused entirely by a charge transfer transition between the two neighboring lead ions. The electrical conductivity is measured in a temperature range from 300 to 800 K. It is demonstrated that in this temperature range the so-called impurity conduction is the predominant conduction mechanism in all types of films. Around room temperature, the conductivity shows an abnormal temperature behavior as the measured Bohr radius of the impurity ions almost doubles between 295 and 370 K. This can be explained by the fact that film and substrate have different temperature expansion coefficients. As the temperature increases, the stress in the film changes from tensile to compressive. When that happens, the {Pb2+} and the [Pb4+] ions counteract the strain in that they interchange their lattice sites. Also, Fe4+, if present, switches from the tetrahedral to the octahedral site which reduces the lattice constant of the film. This interpretation finds support in the results on the optical absorption, in the lattice mismatch, and in MCD spectra that were previously measured by Milani and Paroli. Based on the above findings, an easy way to eliminate the growth induced absorption in LPE iron garnet films is presented. By co-doping the films with other di- and tetravalent ions like Mg and Ge in high concentrations, the concentration of absorbing Pb2+/Pb4+ centers is greatly reduced due to the formation of non-absorbing Pb2+/Ge4+ and Ca2+/Pb4+ centers. As a result, absorption losses as low as 0.05 cm-1 at 1.3 µm wavelength have been achieved. In the second part of this thesis the fabrication of a channel waveguide laser in epitaxial Nd:GGG films is described. The films are grown by LPE on [111] oriented GGG substrates from a PbO/B2O3 flux. To increase the index contrast between film and substrate, Bi is added to the melt. Initially, the films showed strong brown discoloration and a high defect density. Luminescence lifetime measurements revealed severe quenching problems. The chemical analysis of the films by EPMA shows that platinum from the crucible enters the films but no lead from the flux. It is found that the platinum in GGG, similar to the lead in YIG, forms Pt2+/Pt4+ centers in order to achieve charge compensation. The quenching is caused by the charge transfer transition between the two platinum ions. To eliminate the quenching, MgO is added to the melt. As a result, the brown discoloration, the quenching and the growth defects disappear. From the planar film rib waveguides are fabricated using ion beam etching. The unclad waveguides are cut and the endfaces are polished to couple light in and out. Both endfaces are perpendicular to the waveguide within 0.1°. The losses are derived from the Fabry-Perot interferences. Losses as low as 0.2 dB/cm are achieved for both TE and TM modes. Laser oscillation starts at a launched pump power of 5 mW. The resonator is formed by the polished endfaces of the waveguide, no dielectric mirrors have been applied. Thus, the facet reflectivity is only about 10%. The launched pump power is measured precisely using a novel technique at which the luminescence intensity emitted through the surface is spatially resolved with a beam profile analyzer. Coupling efficiencies of over 90% are measured. The slope efficiency is found to be 48%.

El presente proyecto tiene como principal objetivo permitir desarrollar de manera correcta un modelo de negocio escalable y competitivo. El proyecto trata de la comercialización de una crema facial hidratante a base de granada, la cual está dirigida a dos segmentos: mujeres que consumen productos eco-amigables, las cuales tienen hábitos saludables y consumen productos orgánicos; y mujeres con problemas en la piel, las cuales buscan eliminar o reducir problemas de piel a base de productos naturales, con rango de edad de 18 a 40 años. Consideramos qué gracias a los beneficios de la granada como insumo principal, este producto natural tendrá una gran acogida en el mercado debido a que no se encuentran competidores directos qué fabriquen este tipo de crema de manera artesanal. Además, se marcará diferencias de la competencia tradicional gracias a nuestros planes de marketing, operaciones y responsabilidad social. También, es válido agregar, qué gracias a los resultados positivos obtenidos en el presente trabajo de investigación, se tiene planeado realizar crecimientos en el negocio como colocar nuestro propio taller de elaboración o sembrar nuestra propia materia prima, todo esto gracias a qué se estima un buen desarrollo del proyecto. / The main objective of this project is to allow the scalable and competitive business model to develop correctly. The project deals with the commercialization of a garnet-based moisturizing body cream, aimed at the segments: women who consume organic products, those who have healthy habits and organic consumer products; and women with skin problems, as they seek to eliminate the reduction of skin problems based on natural products, with ages ranging from 18 to 40 years. We consider that the benefits of pomegranate are the main inputs, this natural product will have a great presence in the market because there are no direct competitors that manufacture this type of artisan cream. In addition, the differentiation from traditional competition will be marked thanks to the different brand plans, operations and social responsibility. Furthermore, it is valid to add, what use are the positive results obtained in this research work, if you have planned to carry out business on how to make our production higher or even on our own raw material, all of which are estimated unlike Good development of the project. / Trabajo de investigación

Ultramafic rocks are abundant in the Earth’s mantle but rare on the surface. Since no in-situ samples from the mantle can be collected, mantle rocks provide knowledge of mechanisms operating in the mantle and large-scale processes that brought them up to the surface. The mantle is considered chemically homogeneous and is dominated by the ultramafic, olivine-dominated rock - peridotite. Peridotites consist of olivine, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, and an Al-bearing phase. Increasing PT conditions alter the Al-bearing phase in peridotites, from plagioclase, through spinel to garnet. The Caledonian Orogeny occurred during the Ordovician to the Devonian period after the collision of the paleocontinents Laurentia and Baltica and shaped what is now the Scandinavian Caledonides. During the orogeny, a large scale of orogenic peridotites was tectonically emplaced on the surface. Scandinavian Caledonides are divided into Allochthons and further subdivided into Nappe Complexes. The Seve Nappe Complex (SNC) in the Middle Allochthon is interpreted as a record of Baltica’s outermost margin and exhibits evidence of ultramafic rocks that have gone under high- and ultra-high-grade metamorphism. From a locality in the SNC, near Lejarfjället, Ankarede in Jämtland, samples of an ultramafic rock were collected during field studies. To analyze the minerals’ chemical composition and thereby distinguish the petrographic properties of the rock, the samples were cut into thin sections. This study aims to characterize the aggregates occurring within the Lejarfjället peridotite and establish their possible origins. Thin sections of 30 μm thickness were analyzed in an optical petrographic microscope under plane-polarized light and cross-polarized light. Thin sections of 120 μm were analyzed with electron microprobe analysis. Through analysis, the rock type was identified to be the ultramafic rock peridotite, and more specific dunite, consisting of the mineral olivine, spinel, amphibole, serpentine, chlorite, and orthopyroxene. Further analyses of chemical composition allowed full identification of end members of olivine, orthopyroxene, and spinel. Obtained data indicate that the rock is an orogenic peridotite, and has previously been garnet-bearing, formed at a high pressure of at least 15 kilobars. The remnant of garnet is present as kelyphites, with pressure shadows surrounding the reaction corona and the garnet has been completely replaced with spinel and amphibole which constitutes the groundmass of the aggregates. Visible brittle deformation of the rock indicates that the rock was possibly exposed to seismic activity. The amphibole and chlorite indicate fluid interaction with the rock, pointing to the fact that some sort of metasomatic event has occurred. Serpentine present in the rock indicates hydrothermal reaction at low pressure and temperature conditions while the rock went through exhumation. The rock is interpreted to originate from exhumation in a lithosphere-scale extensional shear zone, similarly to examples described in the literature. / Ultramafiska bergarter dominerar jordens mantel men är sällsynta på ytan. Manteln är kemiskt homogen och domineras av den ultramafiska bergarten peridotit. Peridotiter består av mineralen olivin, klinopyroxen, ortopyroxen samt en aluminium bärande fas. Ökade tryck- och temperaturförhållanden ändrar den aluminium-bärande fasen i peridotit, från plagioklas till spinel till granat. Eftersom det inte går att ta ett bergprov direkt från manteln, ger stuffer av ultramafiska bergarter kunskap om både mekanismer i manteln och vilka storskaliga tektoniska event som tog dem upp till ytan. Den kaledoniska orogenesen inträffade mellan Ordovicium till Devon efter kollisionen av paleokontinenterna Laurentia och Baltica, och formade det som nu är de skandinaviska kaledoniderna. Under orogenesen pressades peridotiter upp från manteln, och är därmed utbredda längs den svenska fjällkedjan. De skandinaviska kaledoniderna är uppdelade i alloktoner och vidare i skollkomplex. Seveskollkomplexet i den mellersta alloktonen visar på ultramafiska bergarter som har utsatts för hög- och ultrahöggrads metamorfos. Ett ultramafiskt bergprov togs från Seveskollan vid Lejarfjället, Ankarede i Jämtland, under fältstudier. Syftet med denna studie är att identifiera aggregat i en peridotit från Lejarfjället och att försöka identifiera dess ursprung. För att analysera bergartens kemiska komposition och därmed urskilja de petrografiska egenskaperna gjordes tunnslip av provet. Tunnslip på 30 μm analyserades i ett optiskt petrografiskt mikroskop under plan polariserat och kors polariserat ljus. Tunnslip på 120 μm analyserades med hjälp av elektronmikrosond analys. Genom analys kunde bergarten identifieras att vara den ultramafiska bergarten peridotit, och mer specifikt en dunit. Provet består av mineralen olivin, serpentin, amfibol, spinel, orthopyroxen, och klorit. Vidare analys av kemisk komposition möjliggjorde fullständig identifikation av subgrupper av olivin, orthopyroxen, och spinel. Analys av data indikerar att bergarten är en orogen peridotit som tidigare varit granat-bärande, och har därmed formats vid minst 15 kilobar tryck. Granat saknas helt i bergarten men den typiska isometriska formen av kristallerna är intakta med tryckskuggor runtom. Avsaknaden av granat gör att kristallerna är kelyfiter av granat med en grundmassa bestående av spinel och amfibol. Synlig spröd deformation av bergartsprovet indikerar att stenen vid någon tidpunkt utsattes för seismisk aktivitet. Amfibol och klorit indikerar att en fluid har reagerat med stenen och orsakat metasomatism. Serpentin visar på hydrotermal reaktion vid låga tryck- och temperaturförhållanden på vägen upp från manteln. Deformationen av peridotiten tyder på att den formades i en litosfärisk skjuvningszon i jämförelse med liknande exempel beskrivna i litteraturen.

No description available.

No description available.

The Tibetan plateau is a vast, elevated region located in central Asia, which is underlain by the thickest crust known on Earth (up to 90 km). An outstanding question of importance to many fields within geology is how and why did the Tibetan plateau form? Models attribute the growth of the plateau to a consequence of the ongoing India-Asia continental collision, but differ in the details of how the crustal thickening was accommodated: was it by underplating of Indian lower crust or by homogeneous shortening? High-grade metamorphic rocks sampled from the region potentially hold the key to answering this question, as they contain a record of past tectonic events that can discriminate between the various proposed models. This record can be decoded by integrating field, thermobarometric and geochronological techniques, to elucidate a detailed thermotectonic understanding of a region. This methodology was applied to three case studies, each of which targeted rare tectonic windows into the mid-crust of the plateau. These regions comprise Danba in eastern Tibet, Basong Tso in south-eastern Tibet and the Western Nyainqentanglha in southern Tibet. Each case study documents previously unreported metamorphic events that have allowed original interpretations to be made regarding tectonic evolution: in Danba, all metamorphism is shown to be early Jurassic; in Basong Tso, two metamorphic belts are documented that reveal a late Triassic--early Jurassic orogenic event; and in the Western Nyainqengtanglha, Cretaceous--Neogene magmatism is shown to overprint late Triassic metamorphism. Integration of the results has enabled commentary on the large scale evolution of the Tibetan plateau from the Permian until the present day, and even hinted at its future. The results indicate that the closure of the Paleotethys played an important role in the construction of the Tibetan plateau, and suggest that homogeneous crustal thickening is not a viable model for the documented exposure levels.

The Tjeliken Mountain in northern Jämtland, central Scandinavian Caledonides is by most authors considered to belong to the Lower Seve Nappe Complex (SNC). However, recently P-T conditions similar to the Middle Seve have been constrained for the eclogite at the top of the mountain, revitalizing the tectonic debate about Tjeliken. Also the timing of high-pressure metamorphism is debated. Two earlier studies of the eclogite yield ages between 464 Ma and 446 Ma. This study focuses on the garnet-phengite gneiss hosting the eclogite. By construction of P-T conditions and dating the two discrepancies above are investigated. U/Pb zircon dating by secondary ion mass spectrometry technique (SIMS) targeted on metamorphic rims yield a concordia age of 460.2 ± 2.7 Ma corresponding well to earlier c. 463.7 ± 8.9 Ma Sm/Nd dating of the eclogite. The inferred peak mineral assemblage of the gneiss is garnet + phengite + quartz + K-feldspar + titanite ± H2O. Thermodynamic modelling reveal that garnet cores equilibrated within 1.9 - 2.6 GPa and 600 - 700 oC. Fe2+-Mg garnet-phengite thermometry involving garnet rims yields temperatures of c. 650 - 715 oC revealing relatively similar temperatures during growth of garnet core and rim, respectively. Garnet chemistry is characterised by oscillatory zoning with an antithetic pattern of Ca and Fe. The former decreases from core to rim, whereas the latter increases. The opposite trend is observed in epidote-group minerals suggesting exchange between the two minerals during garnet growth. Skeletal textures and atoll textures together with observed chemical pattern may indicate multiple garnet growth episodes. The results of the study points toward similar P-T history of the Tjeliken eclogite and gneiss in favour of the interpretation of considering the whole Tjeliken to belong to the Lower Seve. The obtained U/Pb age support other age constraints in the area suggesting high-pressure metamorphism at c. 460 Ma related to a subduction event affecting the central Scandinavian Caledonides at c. 460 - 450 Ma. / Den skandinaviska fjällkedjan, vetenskapligt benämnd de skandinaviska Kaledoniderna, har bildats på samma sätt som Himalaya och har därför liknande uppbyggnad. Från början tros fjällen ha varit av samma storlek som Himalayas berg. Deras ålder på cirka 400 miljoner år gör dock att miljontals års påverkan från vatten och vind har eroderat ner dem till dagens betydligt lägre fjäll. Den bergsyta vi ser idag utgör därför vad som från början var fjällkedjans kärna. Därför utgör de skandinaviska Kaledoniderna en unik möjlighet att studera en bergskedjas inre, vilket kan ge viktig information om bergkedjebildande processer.Forskning har visat att fjällkedjan bildades då Japetushavet mellan kontinenterna Baltika och Laurentia stängdes. Detta resulterade till slut i en kollision mellan de två kontinenterna där stora flak (skollor) av mellanliggande havsbotten och kontinentalskorpa transporterades hundratals kilometer upp på Baltika. Skollorna utgör idag våra fjäll. Känt är också att innan kontinentalkollisionen så kolliderade Baltika med öar i havet, varvid dess kontinentalkant pressades djupt ner under jordskorpan, ända ner i manteln. Bevis för detta återfinns idag i Sevesskollan ibland annat de jämtländska fjällen i form av högtrycksbergarter. Dessa har bildats under de höga tryck och temperaturer som råder på stora djup i jordens inre. Genom att studera högtrycksbergarter kan man förstå fjällkedjans bildande. Fjället Tjeliken i norra Jämtland är en av de idag kända fyndplatserna av högtrycksbergarter. Dess topp består av bergarten eklogit och dess lägre delar av gnejs, samt kvarts. Tidigare studier av eklogiten visar att den har bildats vid tryck och temperatur på cirka 2.6 GPa och 700 °C, vilket motsvarar att den varit nedpressad cirka 80 km under jordytan. Den exakta tidpunkten då detta skedde har inte kunnat fastställas då olika dateringsmetoder gett olika resultat mellan cirka 464 till 446 miljoner år sedan. I denna studie studeras tryck- och temperaturförhållanden för gnejsen som jämförelse till eklogiten, för att kunna fastställa om de båda bergarterna har genomgått samma bildningsprocesser. En ny datering genomförs också för att bättre kunna fastställa tidpunkten för högtrycksfasen.Datering baserat på radioaktivt sönderfall av uran till bly i mineralet zirkon visar att högtrycksfasen inträffade för cirka 460 miljoner år sedan. Modellering baserat på termodynamiska principer visar att kärnorna i mineralet granat bildades inom tryck- och temperaturområdet 1.9–2.6 GPa och c. 680-700 °C. En komplex kemisk zonering av granaterna indikerar att de möjligen bildades under flera tillväxtfaser, vilka inom ramen för denna studie inte kunnat modelleras, då mer avancerade metoder krävs. Denna studie visar dock att eklogiten och gnejsen sannolikt delar en gemensam tryck- och temperaturhistoria, vilken är relaterad till den djupa nedpressningen av Baltikas kontinentalkant under sen ordovicium. Dateringen stödjer även övriga åldersdateringar i området av högtrycksfasen.

Cette thèse explore la relation entre les littératures autochtones et multiculturelles du Canada. Même si les critiques littéraires examinent les littératures dites mineures de plus en plus, ces dernières sont rarement étudiées sans la présence médiatrice de la littérature canadienne considérée comme étant dominante. Afin de produire une telle analyse, cette thèse mobilise le concept d’hybridité en tant que catégorie d’analyse de texte qui, en plus de son histoire raciale et coloniale, décrit convenablement les formes d’expérimentations stylistiques que les écrivains autochtones et multiculturels emploient afin de représenter et questionner leur marginalisation. Ne voulant pas reproduire les interprétations fétichistes qui réduisent les littératures autochtones et multiculturelles à leurs représentations de concepts d’altérité, j’examine ces textes dans leurs relations avec différents discours et débats ayant marqué les études littéraires canadiennes, notamment, le long poème canadien, l’écriture des prairies canadiennes, la littérature urbaine, le multiculturalisme, et les premières nations. Ma méthode d’analyse repose sur la façon dont chaque texte étudié alimente ces catégories d’analyse littéraire tout en les modifiant radicalement. De plus, je développe un cadre conceptuel et théorique permettant l’étude de la relation entre les textes autochtones et multiculturels sans toutefois confondre ou réduire les contextes d’où proviennent ces littératures. Ma thèse et ma méthode d’analyse se concrétise par l’interprétation des textes écrits par Armand Garnet Ruffo, Suzette Mayr, Rawi Hage, et Jeannette Armstrong. Le chapitre d’introduction détaille la façon dont la relation entre les textes autochtones et multiculturels a été appréhendée jusqu’à présent. J’y élabore mon cadre théorique qui joint et réinterprète de manière critique diverses théories, dont celle du postcolonialisme, de l’hybridité, et de la mondialisation, et la façon dont ces théories se rapportent aux études littéraires canadiennes. Dans mon deuxième chapitre, j’analyse le long poème d’Armand Garnet Ruffo, Grey Owl: The Mystery of Archie Belaney, en m’attardant particulièrement aux stratégies d’expérimentations stylistiques et génériques que Ruffo développe afin de rendre le genre du long poème canadien autochtone et de questionner l’identité de Grey Owl. Mon troisième chapitre examine Venous Hum, un roman de Suzette Mayr. Ce texte remet en question la tradition de « prairie writing », le multiculturalisme canadien, et le conservatisme albertain à travers son style expérimental, son usage des métaphores et du réalisme magique. Mon quatrième chapitre interprète le roman montréalais Cockroach, de Rawi Hage, en examinant la façon dont ses unités locales, nationales, et globales rencontrent le colonialisme et contestent les discours nationaux une fois que sa critique de la mondialisation se trouve réarticulée dans une approbation des discours d’interventions humanitaires de l’occident. Mon dernier chapitre explore le roman de Jeannette Armstrong, Whispering in Shadows, afin de démontrer les limites de ma méthode d’analyse. Puisque l’hybridité sous-entend inévitablement la notion d’assimilation, son application dans le contexte de l’œuvre d’Armstrong s’avèrerait réductrice. Pour cette raison, ce chapitre utilise des concepts autochtones définis par Armstrong afin de développer une méthode de lecture non-hégémonique. Ma thèse examine donc la façon dont chaque texte déploie le concept d’hybridité pour à la fois contester et enrichir les discours critiques qui tentent de contenir ces textes. Elle contribue aux études postcoloniales de la littérature canadienne en élargissant leur champ habituel pour inclure les complexités des théories de la mondialisation, et en examinant quelles stratégies littéraires les textes autochtones et multiculturels partagent, mais mobilisent à des fins différentes. / This dissertation explores the relationship between indigenous and multicultural writing in Canada. While critics have paid increasing attention to minoritized literatures, indigenous and multicultural literary strategies are seldom examined together without the mediating presence of settler or dominant Canadian literatures. In order to perform such an analysis, this dissertation deploys the concept of hybridity as a category of literary analysis that comes from a history of colonial violence, but which adequately describes the forms of stylistic experimentation which indigenous and multicultural writers use to dramatize and subvert their marginalization. In order to avoid fetishizing indigenous and multicultural texts as markers of reified “otherness,” I examine them in relation to specific discourses and debates in Canadian literary studies, such as the Canadian long poem, prairie writing, city writing, multiculturalism, and indigeneity. Methodologically, my dissertation examines how each text under discussion contributes, yet radically reconfigures and particularizes, each of these literary categories. In addition, I develop a conceptual framework through which the relationship between multicultural and indigenous texts can be approached without rehearsing the conflations that have marked Canadian literary criticism. To this end, I provide close-readings of texts by Armand Garnet Ruffo, Suzette Mayr, Rawi Hage, and Jeannette Armstrong. My introductory chapter details the manner in which the relationship between indigenous and multicultural writing has been approached in Canadian literary studies so far, and elaborates my conceptual framework through critical re-interpretations of postcolonial, globalization, and hybridity theory as they relate to the field of Canadian literary studies. In my second chapter, I analyze Armand Garnet Ruffo’s long poem Grey Owl: The Mystery of Archie Belaney. I focus on the generic and stylistic strategies Ruffo develops in order to indigenize the genre of the Canadian long poem and question Grey Owl’s identity. My third chapter examines Suzette Mayr’s Venous Hum as a text which challenges prairie writing, Canadian multiculturalism, and Albertan conservatism through stylistic experimentation, metaphor usage, and use of magic realism. In my fourth chapter, I interpret Hage’s Montreal novel Cockroach as a text whose local, national, and global scales intersect with colonialism and contest national narratives as the novel ultimately replicates Western humanitarian intervention. My final chapter explores Jeannette Armstrong’s Whispering in Shadows in order to illustrate the conceptual limits of this dissertation. Since hybridity always assumes (partial) assimilation, its application in the context of Armstrong’s work would bear coercive results. For that reason, this chapter draws on Armstrong’s definition of indigenous concepts in order to develop a non-hegemonic method of analysis. My dissertation then examines the manner in which each text mobilizes hybridity in order to challenge and supplement the critical discourses that seek to contain them. It contributes to postcolonial Canadian literary studies by opening up the field to the complexities which competing definitions of the global generate, and by examining what literary strategies indigenous and multicultural texts share, yet deploy to different ends.

À l'interface entre l'optique, le magnétisme et la supraconductivité, nous cherchons à dévelop-per de nouveaux concepts pour la manipulation optique, la génération et l'étude des vortex d'Abrikosov individuels dans des systèmes supraconducteurs. D'une part, nous démontrons l'efficacité d'une méthode optique de génération spontanée d'une paire de vortex/anti-vortex par effet Kibble Zurek basée sur l'utilisation d'une impulsion laser focalisée à la surface d'un film supraconducteur. C'est une technique en champ lointain, rapide qui permet de créer et piéger une paire dans le condensat supraconducteur à une position stable et reproductible. Cette expérience est également adaptée à l'étude du scénario Kibble-Zurek, relatif à la nucléation spontanée de défauts topologiques, tels que les vortex d'Abrikosov, lors de transitions de phase rapides du second ordre. D'autre part, nous présentons les résultats d'une expérience pompe-sonde visant à étudier l'effet Faraday inverse dans le grenat de BiLuIG servant à l'imagerie magnéto-optique des vortex. Nous montrons qu'il est possible de générer un champ magnétique femtoseconde de plusieurs Tesla localisé dans le grenat grâce à une impulsion laser ultra-courte de polarisation circulaire. Ces résultats nous permettent d'étudier les conditions expérimentales pour une génération de paires de vortex/anti-vortex par méthode magnéto-optique, basée sur l'application d'un fort champ magnétique à la surface du supraconducteur. La possibilité de manipuler et générer les vortex, véritables nano-objets de l'état supraconducteur, offre des perspectives prometteuses quant au développement du contrôle optique de micro-circuits supraconducteurs tels que les jonctions Josephson. / At the interface between optics, magnetism and superconductivity, we want to develop new concepts for the optical manipulation, the generation and the study of individual Abrikosov vortices in superconducting systems. On one hand, we demonstrate the efficiency of an optical method to perform spontaneous generation of a single vortex/anti-vortex pair by Kibble Zurek effect, based on a laser pulse focused at the superconductor film surface. It is a fast far field method to create and trap a pair into the superconducting condensate at a reproducible and stable position. This experiment is also adapted to the study of the Kibble Zurek mechanism, describing nucleation of topological defects such as Abrikosov vortices during a fast second order phase transition. On the other hand, we present the results of a pomp-probe experiment to the study the inverse Faraday effect into a BiLuIG garnet used for magneto-optical imaging of vortices. We show the possibility to produce a strong femtosecond magnetic field of a few Tesla localized into the garnet with a circularly polarized ultra-short laser pulse. Those results lead to the determination of the experimental conditions necessary to generate a vortex/anti-vortex pair with a magneto-optical method based on the application of a strong magnetic field close to the superconductor surface. Fast optical manipulation and generation of vortices, which are intrinsic nano-objects of the superconducting state, should enable the development of optically driven superconducting micro-circuits such as Josephson junctions.