The increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere observed in recent decades is causing the acidification of the oceans besides the global warming. The amount of carbon dioxide that crosses the air-sea interface is not well known because this amount depends upon the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and the gas transfer velocity. The gas transfer velocity is a variable based on Fick\'s Law of Diffusion and is normally parametrized as a function of wind velocity at the height of 10 meters. However, the result of this parametrization have errors greater than 100%. Newer parametrization include the effects of temperature, friction velocity and the presence of surface waves. Based on the simplest model of air-sea gas transfer model, the stagnant film theory, this study developed a methodology to improve the knowledge of the relation between the gas transfer velocity and the mean square slope. This variable accounts for the mean curvature of the waves in the surface. The data used was gathered within the scope of the DOGEE project in 2007. In that, a drifting buoy measured several parameters relative to the waves and the gas transfer velocity. The results show that the mean square slope calculated with waves whose wavenumber is between 40 and 50 radians per meter has the lowest root mean square errors of the regression between the mean square slope and the gas transfer velocity. This result showed to be very consistent when applied to the QuikSCAT scatterometer data and compared to a recent published study. / O aumento da concentração de dióxido de carbono na atmosfera observado nas últimas décadas é responsável por alterações climáticas e ambientais em escala global. Uma das consequências desse aumento da concentração de gás carbônico é o aquecimento global. Outra consequência é a acidificação dos oceanos. Isto ocorre devido ao dióxido de carbono atravessar a interface ar-mar e se dissolver no oceano. A quantidade de dióxido de carbono que atravessa a interface ar-mar é um dado não conhecido com precisão devido a esta quantidade depender de uma constante conhecida por velocidade de transferência do gás carbônico. Esta velocidade de transferência é normalmente uma parametrização do transporte turbulento do gás na interface oceano-atmosfera. Como o dado mais comum para essa parametrização é o vento à altura de 10 metros, muitos estudos foram desenvolvidos utilizando esta variável. No entanto, os resultados destas parametrizações possuem erros da ordem de 100%. Este estudo desenvolveu uma metodologia para obter uma melhor estimativa da velocidade de transferência. Para isto, optou-se por relacionar esta variável à inclinação quadrática média (MSS) das ondas. Segundo a literatura científica recente, o MSS é uma variável mais relacionada à transferência gasosa do que o vento a 10 metros de altura. Os resultados mostram que a inclinação quadrática média calculado com números de onda entre 40 e 50 radianos por metro possuem o menor erro no ajuste linear com os dados de velocidade de transferência. Este resultado indica uma mudança da dinâmica da interface nesse intervalo de número de onda. Com isso, um novo ajuste linear entre o MSS e a velocidade de transferência é sugerido como parametrização. A aplicação desta nova parametrização a dados de satélite do tipo escaterômetro mostrou-se consistente quando comparado a um estudo recente relacionando a velocidade de transferência do gás carbônico diretamente a dados do satélite oceanográfico QuikSCAT.

Les derniers scénarios du changement climatique, prévoient une élévation de température (Europe, +2 à +4°C en moyenne en 2099, IPCC, 2007) associée à des épisodes extrêmes, sécheresses sévères par exemple. Connaître les potentialités d'adaptation des espèces forestières s'avère crucial afin de comprendre leurs réponses et le devenir des écosystèmes forestiers, dans un futur proche. Dans ce cadre, nous nous sommes intéressés à un complexe d'espèces du genre Fraxinus, (frêne, Oléacées). En France F. excelsior L., et F. angustifolia, Vahl, sont des espèces autochtones présentant une plasticité phénotypique et écologique remarquable. L'hybridation, suspectée depuis longtemps a été prouvée en conditions contrôlées et naturelles. Les principales zones documentées sont la vallée de la Saône et de la Loire. Cette hybridation entre les deux espèces de frênes européens, pourrait favoriser l'apparition d'individus (génotypes) plus aptes que les espèces parentales à faire face à un environnement changeant. Notre objectif est de caractériser les potentialités d'adaptations de différentes populations de frêne (espèces parentales et de statut hybride) sous une contrainte abiotique (contrainte hydrique). Pour répondre à cet objectif, nous avons testé les réponses à la fois écophysiologiques et génétique de jeunes plants à une contrainte légère (-0,9 MPa). Une seconde expérimentation, centré sur l'écophysiologie a eu pour objet de mesurer la perte de conductivité hydraulique des frênes, sous une forte contrainte (-4 MPa). Le principal résultat de ces travaux est le comportement souvent intermédiaire et très variable des populations de frênes hybrides testés dans ces 2 expérimentations (A, gs, WUEi, PLC), que ce soit en conditions avec ou sans contrainte hydrique. Ce comportement intermédiaire est en lien avec le degré d'introgression respectif des hybrides de frênes (plus proche de F.excelsior ou de F.angustifolia). Ces arbres hybrides pourraient servir de ressources et d'assurance contre des évènements de dépérissement catastrophiques pour les forestiers pour un environnement climatique futur. / The latest climate change scenarios predict a rise in mean temperature in Europe of 2 to 4°C for 2099 (IPCC, 2007), associated with extreme climatic events such as severe droughts. Knowing adaptation capabilities of tree species is crucial for understanding their responses and forest ecosystem fate in the near future. Our study object is a species complex inside the Fraxinus genus (ash, Oleaceae). In France, F. excelsior and F. angustifolia are autochthonous, form natural hybrid populations and show remarkable phenotypic and ecological plasticity. This could promote the emergence of new individuals (genotypes) more able to deal with fluctuating environments. Our objective is to characterise the capability of adaptation of different Fraxinus populations, representing the three statuses (F.excelsior, F.angustifolia and hybrids) under abiotic constraints (water constraint). To solve this issue, we examine in a low water constraint experiment (-0.9 MPa) ecophysiological and genetic response, using saplings. A second and more severe water constraint experiment (-4 MPa) was used to investigate ash response to the loss of hydraulic conductivity. The most noticeable result was an intermediate and highly variable behaviour of hybrid ash populations in the two experiments (A, gs, WUEi, PLC) linked with they respective introgression degree (closer to F.excelsior or F.angustifolia). This hybrid trees could be used for foresters as a resource and insurance against catastrophic forest stand decline, for a future climate.

Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2017-06-14T11:55:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) tese_anderson_augusto_schock.pdf: 1520871 bytes, checksum: 3832517fddb50738dca235fa9b7cbf2e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-06-14T20:55:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) tese_anderson_augusto_schock.pdf: 1520871 bytes, checksum: 3832517fddb50738dca235fa9b7cbf2e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-14T20:55:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) tese_anderson_augusto_schock.pdf: 1520871 bytes, checksum: 3832517fddb50738dca235fa9b7cbf2e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-19 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - FAPERGS / A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em dois experimentos com o objetivo de verificar o efeito da aplicação de piraclostrobina na mitigação do estresse causado pelo alagamento em plantas jovens de Jatropha curcas L.. Ambos os experimentos foram desenvolvidos na Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Capão do Leão, Município de Capão do Leão, RS. Foram utilizadas sementes de Jatropha curcas L. (pinhão manso) oriundas do município de Janaúba- MG. A semeadura foi realizada em vasos plásticos com capacidade de 5 L, dispostos em espaçamento 50 x 50 cm, contendo uma mistura de solo com areia (proporção 2:1). O primeiro experimento consistiu em testar a influência da piraclostrobina sobre a fluorescência transiente da clorofila, trocas gasosas, curvas de resposta fotossintética, atividade da enzima redutase do nitrato e níveis de nitrogênio foliar. Para isso foram instalados quatro tratamentos com piraclostrobina com as seguintes quantidade de ingrediente ativo (i.a.) por litro de calda: T1 – 0 g i.a. L-1, T2 - 0,05 g i.a. L-1, T3 - 0,10 i.a. g L-1, T4 - 0,20 g i.a. L-1. Como fonte de piraclostrobina foi utilizado o fungicida Comet® (250 g i.a L-1). As plantas receberam duas aplicações nas referidas doses, a primeira aos 30 dias após a emergência e a segunda cinco dias após. Constatou-se que as diferentes concentrações de piraclostrobina ocasionaram respostas fisiológicas diferentes às plantas ao longo do experimento. Observou-se efeitos positivos nos índices de performance fotossintética nas plantas que receberam a piraclostrobina e as taxas assimilatórias líquidas aumentaram respectivamente com o aumento das concentrações. Por outro lado apenas concentração 0,1 g i.a. L-1 demonstrou correlação positiva nos índices de clorofila. O segundo experimento consistiu em testar a eficiência da aplicação de piraclostrobina na superação do estresse hipóxico causado pelo alagamento. Para tal foram avaliados os índices de fluorescência transiente da clorofila, trocas gasosas e parâmetros biométricos. Este ensaio foi constituído por quatro tratamentos nas seguintes condições: T1- normóxia sem piraclostrobina; T2- normóxia com piraclostrobina (0,1 g i.a. L-1); T3- hipóxia sem piraclostrobina e T4- hipóxia com piraclostrobina (0,1 g i.a. L-1). Os resultados demostram que a condição de hipóxia reduziu o crescimento das plantas, proporcionado também uma serie de outros efeitos fisiológicos negativos que prejudicaram o fluxo de elétrons na cadeia transportadora de elétrons cloroplastídica e também as trocas gasosas às plantas jovens de Jatropha curcas L.. Contudo, a aplicação de piraclostrobina causou menor redução dos índices de clorofila e biomassa e também proporcionou atraso dos efeitos negativos do estresse na cadeia transportadora de elétrons cloroplastídica. Diante do exposto pode-se dizer que os processos fisiológicos da Jatropha curcas L. respondem diferentemente as concentrações de piraclostrobina ao longo do tempo. Assim sendo, os resultados deste experimento podem fundamentar futuros estudos na utilização da piraclostrobina como uma alternativa a superação de estresses abióticos. / The research was conducted in two experiments in order to verify the application of pyraclostrobin effect in mitigating the stress caused by flooding in young plants of Jatropha curcas L. (physic nut ). Both experiments were conducted at Federal University of Pelotas, Campus Capão do Leão, City Capão do Leão, RS. Jatropha curcas L. seeds were used originated in the city of Janaúba- MG. The seeds were sown in plastic pots with 5 L capacity, arranged in spaced 50 x 50 cm, containing a soil mixture with sand (proportion 2: 1). The first experiment is to test the influence of pyraclostrobin on transient chlorophyll fluorescence, gas exchange, photosynthetic response curves reductase activity of the enzyme nitrate and leaf nitrogen levels. To this were four treatments with pyraclostrobin at the following amount of active ingredient (ai) per liter of water: T1 – 0 g i.a. L-1, T2 - 0,05 g i.a. L-1, T3 - 0,10 i.a. g L-1, T4 - 0,20 g i.a. L-1. As pyraclostrobin source was used COMET® fungicide (250 g ai L-1). Plants take two applications in these doses, the first at 30 days after emergence and the second five days. It was found that the different concentrations of pyraclostrobin caused different physiological responses to plants throughout the experiment. We observed positive effects on rates of photosynthetic performance on plants supplied pyraclostrobin and net assimilatory rates increased respectively with increasing concentrations. In contrast, only concentration 0.1 g ai L-1 showed a positive correlation chlorophyll indices. The second experiment is to test the pyraclostrobin application efficiency in overcoming the hypoxic stress caused by flooding. To this end we evaluated the transient fluorescence of chlorophyll indices, gas exchange and biometric parameters. This test consisted of four treatments as follows: T1 normoxia without pyraclostrobin; T2 normoxia with pyraclostrobin (0.1 g ai L-1); T3-T4 hypoxia without pyraclostrobin and hypoxia with pyraclostrobin (0.1 g ai L-1). The results demonstrate that hypoxia condition reduces plant growth, also provided a number of other negative physiological effects that hindered the flow of electrons in the electron transport chain cloroplastídica and also gas exchange in young plants of Jatropha curcas L .. However, the application of pyraclostrobin caused less reduction in chlorophyll contents and biomass and also caused a delay of the negative effects of stress on the conveyor chain cloroplastídica electrons. Given the above it can be said that the physiological processes of Jatropha curcas L. respond differently to pyraclostrobin concentrations over time. Therefore, the results of this experiment can support future studies on the use of pyraclostrobin as an alternative to overcome abiotic stresses.

Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-29T14:02:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FRANCISCO ALVES DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2017..pdf: 1819425 bytes, checksum: 4b220cab9b149dc8926955eef14030cc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-29T14:02:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FRANCISCO ALVES DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2017..pdf: 1819425 bytes, checksum: 4b220cab9b149dc8926955eef14030cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08 / A região semiárida é caracterizada por irregularidade das chuvas e baixo índice pluviométrico, que limita o desenvolvimento da agricultura em condições de sequeiro, remetendo a necessidade do uso sustentável da irrigação, sendo necessário, o uso de espécies com potencial econômico, a exemplo dos citros, e que possam ser cultivadas com menor uso de recursos hídricos, tornando a agricultura mais eficiente. Neste sentido, a identificação de genótipos com maior tolerância ao estresse hídrico torna-se essencial para atender esta demanda. Assim, objetivou-se estudar o crescimento, fisiológicos e adaptabilidade ao estresse hídrico de combinações copa/porta-enxertos de citros durante a prefloração sob lâminas de irrigação no semiárido paraibano. O experimento foi realizado no período de agosto de 2016 a abril de 2017, correspondendo a 270 dias, na Fazenda experimental do Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Agroalimentar da niversidade Federal de Campina Grande, em São Domingos -PB. No delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, foram estudadas 11 combinações copa/portaenxerto sob lâminas de irrigação, perfazendo um esquema fatorial (11x2), com 3 repetições, totalizando 66 parcelas experimentais compostas por uma planta útil, cada. As combinações copa/porta-enxerto foram relativas à combinação de genótipos de porta-enxertos: 1. LIMOEIRO CRAVO COMUM (LCR); 2. Tangerineira Sunki Comum (TSKC) x [LCR x Poncirus trifoliata TR] – 01; 3. TSKC x (LCR x TR) – 018; 4. TSKC x (LCR x TR) – 20; 5. TSKC x (LCR x TR) – 029; 6. TSKC x Citrumelo Swingle CTSW – 022; 7. Tangerina Sunki da Flórida TSKFL x (LCR x TR) – 038; 8. TSKFL x (LCR x TR) – 044; 9. TSKFL x (LCR x TR) – 049; 10. TSKFL x (TCR x TR) – 062 e 11. TSKFL x (LCR x TR) – 069, enxertados com a limeira ácida „Tahiti‟. Tais combinações foram submetidas a duas lâminas de água, correspondentes a 50 e 100% da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo). Avaliaram-se, bimestralmente, iniciando-se 15 dias após o transplantio (DAT), variáveis fisiológicas e o crescimento das plantas durante a prefloração. xii Os genótipos enxertados na limeira ácida „Tahiti‟ podem ser cultivados no semiárido da Paraíba, mesmo sob baixo sob lâminas de irrigação de 50% da evapotranspiração de referência diária durante o crescimento da prefloração, em virtude da manutenção da atividade fisiológica das plantas e não ocorrência de dano ao aparato fotossintético; A avaliação de trocas gasosas permite diferenciar genótipos resistente e suscetível ao estresse hídrico; Os híbridos de tangerineira Sunki da Flórida (TSKFL), quando enxertados com a limeira ácida „Tahiti‟, mantêm menor status hídrico e proporcionam, à variedade copa, maior crescimento, mesmo sob menor lâmina de irrigação; as combinações menos sensíveis a déficit hídrico foram compostas pelo „Tahiti‟ enxertado com o TSKFL x (LCR x TR) – 049, TSKFL x (LCR x TR) – 062, TSKFL x (LCR x TR) – 69. / The low annual rainfall and irregularity of seasons in semi-arid regions hamper the development of rainfed agriculture, which leads to the need of sustainable irrigation systems. Plants with little demand for water, such as the citrus ones, enhances the efficiency of agriculture. The identification of genotypes with high tolerance to water stress becomes essential to meet this demand. In this study, we investigated the growth, physiology, and adaptability to water stress of pre-flowering citrus plants at different combinations of canopy/rootstocks under different irrigation depths in the semi-arid region of Paraiba. The experiment was carried out during 270 days, from August 2016 to April 2017, at the Experimental Farm of the Center for Agrifood Science and Technology of the Federal University of Campina Grande, São Domingos, Paraíba, Brazil. We applied a randomized block design, with eleven canopy/rootstock combinations and two irrigation depths, each treatment had three replicates, totaling 66 experimental units. The following genotypes of rootstock were grafted with the „Tahiti‟ acid lime: 1. Rangpur (LCR); 2. Common Sunki Mandarin (TSKC) x [LCR x Poncirus trifoliata TR] – 01; 3. TSKC x (LCR x TR) – 018; 4. TSKC x (LCR x TR) – 020; 5. TSKC x (LCR x TR) – 029; 6. TSKC x Citrumelo Swingle CTSW – 022; 7. Florida Sunki Mandarin TSKFL x (LCR x TR) – 038; 8. TSKFL x (LCR x TR) – 044; 9. TSKFL x (LCR x TR) – 049; 10. TSKFL x (TCR x TR) – 062; and 11. TSKFL x (LCR x TR) – 069. These combinations were submitted to two irrigation depths, 50 and 100% of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo). After 15 days from the transplanting (DAT), we started to measure, bimonthly, the physiological variables and plant growth during the pre-flowering period. The genotypes grafted on the 'Tahiti' acid lime tree can be grown in the Paraíba semi-arid, even under low under irrigation mounth of 50% from the daily reference evapotranspiration during prefloration stage, due to the maintenance of the physiological activity of the plants and non-occurrence damage to the photosynthetic apparatus; the evaluation of gas exchange allows to differentiate genotypes resistant and susceptible to xiv water stress; hybrids from Florida Sunki mandarin (TSKFL), when grafted with the 'Tahiti' acid lime tree, maintain lower water status and provide the canopy variety a greater growth, even under a lower irrigation mounth and the combinations less sensitive to water deficit were composed of Tahiti grafted with TSKFL x (LCR x TR) - 049, TSKFL x (LCR x TR) - 062, TSKFL x (LCR x TR) - 69.

A videira \'Niágara Rosada\' é a principal cultivar de mesa produzida no estado de São Paulo. A videira por ser uma planta sarmentosa e de hábito trepador, necessita de um sistema de suporte para conduzir o crescimento dos ramos, permitir uma boa penetração de luz no dossel e atingir o equilíbrio entre a área foliar e fruto. No estado de São Paulo, os sistemas de condução mais utilizados são a latada, a espaldeira e o \'Y\'. O uso de diferentes sistemas de condução sugere uma resposta diferenciada das plantas em função da disposição das folhas e o microclima que se forma em torno do dossel, o qual muda a capacidade fotossintética e consequentemente o seu crescimento, produção e qualidade dos cachos. O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar as variáveis fisiológicas e produtivas da videira \'Niágara Rosada\' com diferentes idades e em três sistemas de condução: espaldeira, latada e \'Y\'. Desta forma, foram realizados dois experimentos nos ciclos produtivos de 2014 e 2015, no município de Piracicaba - SP. No primeiro experimento foram avaliadas videiras conduzidas nos sistemas em espaldeira e em \'Y\', no primeiro e segundo ano de produção. No segundo experimento foram avaliadas videiras conduzidas nos sistemas em latada e em espaldeira, no sétimo e oitavo ano de produção. Nos dois experimentos, a duração do ciclo em dias e graus-dia não foi afetada pelos sistemas de condução. Entre os sistemas de condução em espaldeira e em \'Y\' não há diferenças nas relações entre a área de superfície foliar e a produção, porém, a produtividade é superior no sistema em espaldeira em função do maior número de plantas por hectare. No experimento com os sistemas de condução em latada e em espaldeira, a latada apresenta melhores relações entre a área de superfície foliar e a produção. No sistema em espaldeira, as videiras produzem frutos de melhor qualidade, com maior concentração de sólidos solúveis totais, antocianinas e flavonóis. / The \'Niagara Rosada\' vine is the main cultivar of table grapes produced in São Paulo state. As a climbing plant, the vine needs a support system for growth that best allow light interception through the canopy in order to reach a balance between leaf area and fruit production. In Sao Paulo state, the most commonly training systems used are pergola, vertically shoot-positioned (VSP) and \'Y\' shaped training system. The use of different training systems suggests a different response of the plant due to the arrangement of leafs and the microclimate around the canopy, which changes the photosynthetic capacity and consequently their growth, yield and quality of grapes. The aim of this study was to characterize the physiological and productive variables of \'Niagara Rosada\' vine with different ages and three training systems: pergola, VSP and \'Y\' shaped training system. Thus, two experiments were performed during 2014 and 2015 seasons, in Piracicaba - SP. In the first experiment vines on VSP and \'Y\' shaped training system were evaluated in their first and second year of production. The second experiment evaluated vines conducted in pergola systems and VSP, in the seventh and eighth year of production. In both experiments, total of days and degree-days to complete the production cycle was not affected by training systems. Among VSP and \'Y\' shaped systems, there is no difference in leaf surface area and production ratio, however, yield is higher in VSP due to the higher number of plants per hectare. The seven-year-old plants in pergola system have a more efficient ratio between leaf surface area and production. In the VSP, vines produce fruit with better quality as it have the highest soluble solids, anthocyanins and flavonols contents.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:36:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_Diss_Adriano_Mitio_Inagaki.pdf: 1578705 bytes, checksum: fefbbbdade22e914fa0b6ff3629e6ef3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study was to determine the population of diazotrophic bacteria in the roots of corn plants, and soil cultivation of these plants, as well as evaluating the initial development as a function of seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and Herbaspirillum seropedicae and levels of acidic pH of the soil, no added nitrogen fertilizer. Experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in pots of 13 dm3 of soil, with the hybrid corn 30F53H. For the evaluation of the initial development we used a randomized block design in a 3x4 factorial design, with one factor levels of soil acidity [pH (CaCl2) of 4,5; 5,0 and 5,5] and another the seed inoculation : no inoculation; A. brasilense (Ab-V5), H. seropedicae (SmR1) and the association of strains Ab-V5+SmR1. To measure the population of diazotrophs expressed in colony forming units (CFU), using the design was randomized blocks in a factorial 12 x 2 x 2 and four blocks, totaling 48 experimental plots. The first factor was composed of twelve combinations using inoculation with A. brasilense and H. seropedicae and different levels of soil pH; The second factor, the time of sampling at 15 and 41 days after sowing (DAS). And the third factor, the culture media, and NFb Lactate and Malate used the growth of bacteria and enumeration of CFU. Inoculation was performed via seed 12 hours before sowing, with a volume of 4 mL concentration of 107 CFU mL-1 for a thousand seeds. The evaluations were done at 15 and 41 DAS, and used the method of the most probable number (MPN) for the estimation of bacterial population, in addition to evaluation of plant height, dry weight of root, stem, leaf and total area leaf, stem diameter, SPAD index, foliar N, P, and K, and measurements of gas exchange A, gs , E and EUA. Soil acidity negatively influenced plant height, root dry matter, stem diameter, SPAD index, leaf P concentration, rate of net CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, transpiration and water use efficiency. Maize plants grown in soil with pH 4,5 had higher leaf P content regardless of inoculation, indicating probable solubilization of phosphorus. Inoculation of growth promoting bacteria from plants (GPBPs) in maize (30F53H), showed higher accumulation of leaf N, regardless of soil pH, increase in leaf area, SPAD index and stem diameter, and did not influence the accumulation of matter dried plants. The population of bacteria found in soil and roots of maize, regardless of seed inoculation and soil pH levels, showed elevated levels. The inoculation with strains of A. brasilense and H. seropedicae showed no preference for colonization in the soil or in the roots of corn plants. Samples taken at 41 DAS resulted in greater population of diazotrophs when comparing the collection held at 15 DAS. The different levels of soil pH and isolated or in combination, GPBPs did not influence the population of colonies of bacteria detected in the media NFB Lactate and Malate used. The BPCPs proved promising when compared to the control treatment and subjected to stress conditions of soil acidity and nitrogen deficiency, indicating possible biological nitrogen fixation and solubilization of phosphorus. Although the number of CFU of bacteria present is higher in roots and soil, momentary gas exchange measurements recorded, showed no difference between treatments for both inoculation of seeds on the soil pH / O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a população de bactérias diazotróficas nas raízes de plantas de milho, bem como no solo de cultivo destas plantas, além de avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial das plantas em função da inoculação de sementes com Azospirillum brasilense e Herbaspirillum seropedicae e níveis de pH ácido do solo, sem adição fertilizante nitrogenado. Foi realizado experimento em casa de vegetação, em vasos de 13 dm3 de solo, com o híbrido de milho 30F53H. Para a avaliação do desenvolvimento inicial das plantas utilizou-se delineamento de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 3x4, sendo um fator os níveis de acidez do solo [pH (CaCl2) de 4,5; 5,0 e 5,5] e outro a inoculação das sementes: sem inoculação; A. brasilense (Ab-V5), H. seropedicae (SmR1) e associação das estirpes Ab-V5+SmR1. Para a mensuração da população de bactérias diazotróficas expressa em unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC), o delineamento utilizando foi de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 12 x 2 x 2 e quatro blocos, totalizando 48 parcelas experimentais. O primeiro fator foi formado por doze combinações utilizando inoculações com A. brasilense e H. seropedicae e diferentes níveis de pH do solo; O segundo fator, a época de coleta de amostras, aos 15 e 41 dias após a semeadura (DAS). E o terceiro fator, os meios de cultura, NFb Lactato e Malato utilizado o crescimento das bactérias e a contagem das UFC. A inoculação foi realizada via sementes, 12 horas antes da semeadura, com volume de 4 mL na concentração de 107 UFC mL-1 para mil sementes. As avaliações foram realizadas aos 15 e 41 DAS, e utilizou-se o método do número mais provável (NMP) para a estimativa da população bacteriana, além da avaliação de altura de plantas, massa seca de raiz, colmo, folha e total, área foliar, diâmetro de colmo, índice de SPAD, teor foliar de N, P, e K, e medidas de trocas gasosas A, gs, E e EUA. A acidez do solo influenciou negativamente a altura das plantas, matéria seca de raiz, diâmetro de colmo, índice SPAD, teor de P foliar, taxa de assimilação líquida de CO2, condutância estomática, transpiração e eficiência no uso da água. Plantas de milho cultivadas em solo com pH 4,5 apresentaram maior teor de P foliar independente da inoculação, indicando provável solubilização de fósforo. A inoculação das bactérias promotoras de crescimento de plantas (BPCPs) no milho (30F53H) promoveu maior o acúmulo de N foliar, independente do pH do solo, incremento em área foliar, índice SPAD e diâmetro de colmo, e não influenciaram no acúmulo de matéria seca das plantas. A população de bactérias encontradas no solo e nas raízes de milho, independente da inoculação das sementes e níveis de pH do solo, apresentaram valores elevados. A inoculação das estirpes de A. brasilense e H. seropedicae não apresentaram preferência de colonização no solo ou nas raízes de plantas de milho. Coletas realizadas aos 41 DAS resultaram em maior população de bactérias diazotróficas quando compara à coleta realizada aos 15 DAS. Os diferentes níveis de pH do solo e as BPCPs isoladas ou em associação, não influenciaram na população de colônias de bactérias detectadas nos meios NFb Lactato e Malato utilizados. As BPCPs se mostraram promissoras quando comparadas ao tratamento controle e submetidas em condições de estresse de acidez do solo e deficiência de nitrogênio, indicando possível fixação biológica de nitrogênio e solubilização de fósforo. Apesar do número de UFC de bactérias apresentarem-se elevados nas raízes e solo, as medidas momentâneas de trocas gasosas registradas, não demonstraram diferenças entre os tratamentos, tanto para inoculação de sementes quanto ao pH do solo

Objective This study aimed to identify potential metabolic mechanisms including (1) neuromuscular inefficiency, (2) cardiovascular recovery deficits, or (3) both, in individuals with complaints of vocal fatigue.

It is well known that methane (CH4) is emitted from soil, water and wetlands under anaerobic conditions through methanogenesis. CH4 is the final product of the anaerobic respiration of the microorganism methanogen. More recently, it has been shown that CH4 is also emitted by trees and if only the emissions from soil and water are measured the fluxes of CH4 in the ecosystem will be underestimated. Considering the emission from trees, the Amazon region greatly contributes to global emissions. To investigate if there is need for method development for measuring CH4 fluxes, the aim in this study was to statistically test the spatial and the short temporal variability of CH4 emissions from trees. This was done within and between two different seasons in three different plots in the Amazon basin during the year 2017. Samples of CH4 were collected using semi rigid chambers placed on tree stems. The samples were later analyzed in a laboratory environment using the Los Gatos Ultraportable Greenhouse Gas Analyzer (UGGA). For the statistical analysis non-parametric test were used, due to the non-parametric data. In this study, the result shows that the short temporal variability is not statistically significant in any of the three plots, but the short temporal variability is statistically significant between the two seasons. This tells us that it is of importance to collect samples during different seasons of the year when measuring CH4 emissions from trees. The spatial variability is statistically significant on all the three plots in both seasons. This tell us that it is important to collect samples from different heights of the tree stems when collecting CH4 samples regardless of the season. / The Global Methane Budget

The primary aim of this thesis was to develop a better understanding of the physiology and perceptual responses associated with the performance of continuous (CE) and intermittent exercise (IE) in patients with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A secondary aim was to examine factors that could potentially limit exercise tolerance in COPD patients, particularly in relation to the dynamics of the cardiovascular system and muscle metabolism. The results of the four studies conducted to achieve these aims are presented in this thesis. In Study 1, the physiological, metabolic and perceptual responses to an acute bout of IE and CE were examined in 10 individuals with moderate COPD. Each subject completed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer. Subjects then performed IE (1 min exercise: 1 min rest ratio) and CE tests at 70% of peak power in random order on separate days. Gas exchange, heart rate, plasma lactate concentration, ratings of breathlessness, inspiratory capacity and the total amount of work completed were measured during each exercise test. Subjects were able to complete a significantly greater amount of work during IE (71 ± 32 kJ) compared with CE (31 ± 24 kJ). Intermittent exercise was associated with significantly lower values for oxygen uptake, expired ventilation and plasma lactate concentration when compared with CE. Subjects also reported a significantly lower rating of breathlessness during IE compared to CE. The degree of dynamic lung hyperinflation (change in end-expiratory lung volume) was lower during IE (0.23 ± 0.07 L) than during CE (0.52 ± 0.13 L). The results suggest that IE may be superior to CE as a mode of training for patients with COPD. The greater amount of total work performed and the lower measured physiological responses attained with intermittent exercise could potentially allow greater training adaptations to be achieved in individuals with more limited lung function. The purpose of Study 2 was to compare the adaptations to 8 wk of supervised intermittent and continuous cycle ergometry training, performed at the same relative intensity and matched for total work completed, in patients with COPD. Nineteen subjects with moderate COPD were stratified according to age, gender, and pulmonary function, and then randomly assigned to either an IE (1 min exercise: 1 min rest ratio) or CE training group. Subjects trained 3 d per week for 8 wk and completed 30 min of exercise. Initial training intensity, i.e., the power output applied during the CE bouts and during the exercise interval of the IE bouts, was determined as 50% of the peak power output achieved during incremental exercise and was increased by 5% each week after 2 wk of training. The total amount of work performed was not significantly different (P=0.74) between the CE (750 ± 90 kJ) and IE (707 ± 92 kJ) groups. The subjects who performed IE (N=9) experienced significantly lower levels of perceived breathlessness and lower limb fatigue during the exercise-training bouts than the group who performed CE (N=10). However, exercise capacity (peak oxygen uptake) and exercise tolerance (peak power output and 6-min walk distance) improved to a similar extent in both training groups. During submaximal constant-load exercise, the improved (faster) phase II oxygen uptake kinetic response with training was independent of exercise mode. Furthermore, training-induced reductions in submaximal exercise heart rate, carbon dioxide output, expired ventilation and blood lactate concentrations were not different between the two training modes. Exercise training also resulted in an equivalent reduction for both training modes in the degree of dynamic hyperinflation observed during incremental exercise. Thus, when total work performed and relative intensity were the same for both training modes, 8 wk of CE or IE training resulted in similar functional improvements and physiological adaptations in patients with moderate COPD. Study 3 examined the relationship between exercise capacity (peak oxygen uptake) and lower limb vasodilatory capacity in 9 patients with moderate COPD and 9 healthy age-matched control subjects. While peak oxygen uptake was significantly lower in the COPD patients (15.8 ± 3.5 mL·min-1·kg-1) compared to the control subjects (25.2 ± 3.5 mL·kg-1·min-1), there were no significant differences between groups in peak calf blood flow or peak calf conductance measured 7 s post-ischemia. Peak oxygen uptake was significantly correlated with peak calf blood flow and peak conductance in the control group, whereas there was no significant relationship found between these variables in the COPD group. However, the rate of decay in blood flow following ischemia was significantly slower (p less than 0.05) for the COPD group (-0.036 ± 0.005 mL·100 mL-1·min-1·s-1) when compared to the control group (-0.048 ± 0.015 mL·100 mL-1·min-1·s-1). The results of this study suggest that the lower peak exercise capacity in patients with moderate COPD is not related to a loss in leg vasodilatory capacity. Study 4 examined the dynamics of oxygen uptake kinetics during high-intensity constant-load cycling performed at 70% of the peak power attained during an incremental exercise test in 7 patients with moderate COPD and 7 healthy age-matched controls. The time constant of the primary component (phase II) of oxygen uptake was significantly slower in the COPD patients (82 ± 8 s) when compared to healthy control subjects (44 ± 4 s). Moreover, the oxygen cost per unit increment in power output for the primary component and the overall response were significantly higher in patients with COPD than in healthy control subjects. A slow component was observed in 5 of the 7 patients with COPD (49 ± 11 mL·min-1), whereas all of the control subjects demonstrated a slow component of oxygen uptake (213 ± 35 mL·min-1). The slow component comprised a significantly greater proportion of the total oxygen uptake response in the healthy control group (18 ± 2%) than in the COPD group (10 ± 2%). In the COPD patients, the slow component amplitude was significantly correlated with the decrease in inspiratory capacity (r = -0.88, P less than 0.05; N=5), indicating that the magnitude of the slow component was larger in individuals who experienced a greater degree of dynamic hyperinflation. This study demonstrated that most patients with moderate COPD are able to exercise at intensities high enough to elicit a slow component of oxygen uptake during constant-load exercise. The significant correlation observed between the slow component amplitude and the degree of dynamic hyperinflation suggests that the work of breathing may contribute to the slow component in patients with COPD.

The forest product industry is keenly interested in extending the normal planting season, as well as in the comparative field performance of standard nursery bare-root seedlings and containerized rooted cuttings. The effect of seasonal planting dates on survival, above and belowground biomass allocation, water relations, gas exchange attributes and foliar carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of two stock types of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) were examined. Slash pine bare-root seedlings (BRS) and containerized rooted cuttings (CRC) were hand planted in September, November, January, March and April in three consecutive planting seasons (2000-2001, 2001-2002 and 2002-2003) on three sites with silt loam topsoils in southwestern Louisiana. First-year mean survival of CRC across all planting dates and sites was consistently high at 96 to 98%, whereas BRS survival was significantly (P < 0.0001) lower at 59 to 81% and highly variable among study sites and dates through three planting seasons. Generally, there was a negative relationship between soil moisture at the time of planting and first-year survival of BRS planted September through March in 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 planting seasons, whereas the opposite was observed only for BRS planted in April 2002 and 2003. Survival of CRC was affected very little by the variation in soil moisture. Containerized rooted cuttings had higher early above and belowground biomass, and height and diameter than did BRS. However, three years after planting the size differences between stock types disappeared or became negligible. Early size differences among trees planted September through March also decreased after three years, although September trees were tallest. Growth of the April-planted trees was poor compared to trees planted in other months. Late-planted April trees had higher δ13C values, and higher water-use efficiency in the first growing season compared to earlier planted trees. Differences in δ13C values among the planting dates disappeared in the second growing season. Net photosynthesis rates did not differ considerably between stock types or among planting dates in the second and third growing seasons. This study indicates that it is possible to extend the planting season to as early as September and as late as March by using CRC.