6 Abstract Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease, which belongs to the top health problems because it is endemic in 98 countries in Asia, Africa, the Americas and the Mediterranean region, and is gradually expanding to new areas, including Central Europe and USA. Clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis include a diverse range of forms, ranging from non-lethal cutaneous leishmaniasis to potentially lethal visceral leishmaniasis. Asymptomatic cases are known to exist in endemic areas. Different species of Leishmania induce distinct symptoms, but even the patients infected by the same species develop different symptoms and may respond differently to the treatment. Thus, one of the challenges is to explain the observed variability of leishmaniasis that cannot be attributed to the currently known factors. To find novel regulatory factors of the disease we tested molecules that were shown to play role in other infections and mapped loci controlling parasite load after L. major infection. We also determined genetic control of survival after infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in order to establish whether there are common elements in response to L. major and TBEV. Interferon-induced GTPases (guanylate-binding proteins, GBPs) play an important role in inflammasome activation and mediate...

Aujourd'hui, le format « Quadrature Phase Shift Keying » avec multiplexage de polarisation (DP-QPSK) opérant à 100 Gbps est devenue un standard pour la transmission WDM longue distance. Une alternative au format DP-QPSK permettant d’atteindre des débits de 100 Gbps et plus (400 G & 1Tbps) est l’ « Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing » (OFDM). Mais, des interrogations subsistent quant à sa robustesse aux effets non linéaires. Dans cette thèse nous avons étudié le potentiel de la technologie OFDM pour la transmission WDM longue distance à 100 Gbps. Le traitement du signal est détaillé ainsi que la mise en œuvre du transmetteur et récepteur OFDM cohérent. Nous présentons aussi les résultats expérimentaux de la transmission obtenus dans plusieurs configurations. Dans l’une de ces configurations, le canal modulé avec le format DP-OFDM coherent (Co-DP-OFDM) est multiplexé avec 40 canaux modulés en DP-QPSK à 100 Gbps. Les canaux ont ensuite été transmis sur 1000 km de fibre G.652 sans gestion de dispersion chromatique. Dans une autre configuration, les canaux Co-DP-OFDM et Co-DP-QPSK sont combinés avec 78 canaux 10 Gbps NRZ-OOK et transmis sur 1000 km de fibre G.652 avec gestion de dispersion. Nous avons montré que le Co-DP-OFDM et Co-DP-QPSK ont des performances similaires après une transmission de 1000 km sur une ligne sans gestion de dispersion, et nous avons aussi montré que la transmission de ces formats sur une infrastructure de fibre deployée est possible à condition de réduire de 5 dB la puissance des canaux 10 Gbps NRZ-OOK par rapport aux canaux à100 Gbps. Ces résultats sont précieux pour la prochaine génération de systèmes WDM à 400 Gbps ou 1 Tbps. / Today the 100 Gbps coherent dual polarization quadrature phase shift keying (Co-DP-QPSK) is standardized as the industrial solution for long-haul WDM transmission. Another alternative format to DP-QPSK that permits also to reach a data rate of 100 Gbps and beyond is the coherent orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) format. However a doubt exists over the ability of OFDM to be as efficient as QPSK for long-haul WDM transmission due to its supposed higher sensitivity to nonlinear effects . In this thesis, we have investigated the potential of Co-DP-OFDM for 100 Gbps WDM transport. The digital signal processing algorithms are detailed as well as the various experimental set-ups required to carry out and validate the 100 Gbps transceiver. We also present the transmission results obtained with several configurations. In one of these configurations, the 100 Gbps Co-DP-OFDM channel is multiplexed with forty 100 Gbps DP-QPSK channels and all these channels are transmitted over 1000 km of DCF-free G.652 fiber, while in another configuration, the Co-DP-OFDM and Co-DP-QPSK channels are combined with seventy eight 10 Gbps NRZ-OOK channels and transmitted over 1000 km of dispersion managed G.652 fiber line. We have demonstrated that OFDM and QPSK have nearly the same performance after a transmission over 1000 km, and also we have demonstrated that the transmission of these two formats over legacy fiber infrastructure is possible under the condition of decreasing by 5 dB the 10 Gbps NRZ-OOK channel power with respect to the 100 Gbps channels. The results presented in this thesis are very valuable when considering the next generation of 400 Gbps or 1 Tbps for WDM systems.

Network functions (NFs) hold a key role in networks, offering in-network services, such as enhanced performance, policy enforcement, and security. Traditionally, NFs have been implemented in specialized, thus expensive hardware. To lower the costs of deploying NFs, network operators have adopted network functions virtualization (NFV), by migrating NFs from hardware to software running in commodity servers. Several approaches to NFV have shown that commodity network stacks and drivers (e.g., Linux-based) struggle to keep up with increasing hardware speed. Despite this, popular networking services still rely on these commodity components. Moreover, chaining NFs (also known as service chaining) is challenging due to redundancy in the elements of the chain. This licentiate thesis addresses the performance problems of NFV service chains.The first contribution is a framework that (i) profiles NFV service chains to uncover performance degradation reasons and (ii) leverages the profiler’s data to accelerate these chains, by combining multiplexing of system calls with scheduling strategies. These accelerations improve the cache utilization and thereby the end-to-end latency of chained NFs is reduced by a factor of three. Moreover, the same chains experience a multi-fold latency variance reduction; this result improves the quality of highly-interactive services.The second contribution of this thesis substantially revises the way NFV service chains are realized. NFV service chains are synthesized while eliminating redundant input/output and repeated elements, providing consolidated stateful cross layer packet operations across the chain. This software-based synthesis achieves line-rate 40 Gbps throughput for stateful and long service chains. This performance is 8.5x higher than the performance achieved by the software-based state of the art FastClick framework. Experiments with three example Internet Service Provider-level service chains show that this synthesis approach operates at 40 Gbps, when the classification of these chains is offloaded to an OpenFlow switch. / Nätverksfunktioner (NF) har en nyckelroll i nätverk. De erbjuder tjänster i nätverken som förbättrad prestanda, policy övervakning och säkerhetsfunktioner. Vanligtvis så har NF implementerats med hjälp av specialiserad, och därmed kostsam, hårdvara. Detta har lett till att nätverksoperatörer har börjat använda nätverksfunktionsvirtualisering (NFV) för att minska kostnaden. NFV implementeras genom att NF flyttas från specialiserad hårdvara till mjukvara som kör på vanliga servrar. Flera försök med NFV har visat att vanliga nätverksstackar och drivrutiner (exempelvis Linux baserade) har svårt att erbjuda samma prestanda som hårdvaran gör. Trots detta bygger flera populära nätverkstjänster på NFV. Dessutom är det en utmaning att koppla samman NFV i kedjor, då redundanta operationer utförs. I den här avhandlingen försöker vi lösa prestanda problem kopplade till kedjor av NFV. Det första bidraget i den här avhandlingen är ett ramverk som (i) profilerar NFV kedjor för att hitta orsaker till prestanda problem samt (ii) använder profileringsdata för att förbättra prestandan i kedjorna. Detta görs genom att kombinera multiplexing av systemanrop med planläggningsstrategier. Tillsammans förbättrar dessa lösningar cache användningen och minskar därmed end-to-end latensen i kedjade NFV med en faktor tre. Dessutom minskar vår metod variansen i latens, något som är viktigt för tjänstekvalitén i interaktiva tjänster.Det andra bidraget i den här avhandlingen är en omarbetning av hur kedjade NFV konstrueras. Vi syntetiserar NFV service kedjor genom att ta bort redundanta element och konsoliderar paketoperationer som sträcker sig över flera lager i nätverksstacken. Vår mjukvarubaserade lösning klarar av 40 Gbps genomströmning i en lång kedja. Detta är 8.5 ggr mer än vad som uppnåtts med den tidigare standard lösningen för mjukvara, ramverket FastClick. Vi presenterar experiment med tre servicekedjor för nätverksleverantörer där vår syntetiserade lösning klarar 40 Gbps, när klassificeringen av kedjan görs med hjälp av en OpenFlow switch. / <p>QC 20161103</p> / European Union Horizon 2020 BEhavioural BAsed forwarding (BEBA) / European Research Council (ERC) PROPHET

Trabalho realizado na empresa Synopsys, orientado pelo Engº Luís Moreira / Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores - Major Telecomunicações. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2013

Next generation communication systems are reaching 110Gbps rates. At these frequencies, the skin effect and dielectric loss of copper cables cause inter-symbol interference (ISI) and frequency dependent loss, severely limiting the channel bandwidth. In this thesis, different methods for alleviating ISI are explored. The design of the critical blocks of an adaptive channel equalizer with up to two times oversampling are presented. The circuits were fabricated in a 0.13μm SiGe BiCMOS technology. The linear, adaptive equalizer operates up to 70Gbps and its measured S-parameters exhibit a single-ended peak gain of 12.2dB at 52GHz, allowing for 31dB of peaking between DC and 52GHz. Equalization is demonstrated experimentally at 59Gbps for a cable loss of 17.9dB. These results make it the fastest receive equalizer published to date. A retiming flip-flop operating between 72 and 118 GHz, the highest reported in silicon, is also designed and characterized, showing less than 500-fs jitter.

Next generation communication systems are reaching 110Gbps rates. At these frequencies, the skin effect and dielectric loss of copper cables cause inter-symbol interference (ISI) and frequency dependent loss, severely limiting the channel bandwidth. In this thesis, different methods for alleviating ISI are explored. The design of the critical blocks of an adaptive channel equalizer with up to two times oversampling are presented. The circuits were fabricated in a 0.13μm SiGe BiCMOS technology. The linear, adaptive equalizer operates up to 70Gbps and its measured S-parameters exhibit a single-ended peak gain of 12.2dB at 52GHz, allowing for 31dB of peaking between DC and 52GHz. Equalization is demonstrated experimentally at 59Gbps for a cable loss of 17.9dB. These results make it the fastest receive equalizer published to date. A retiming flip-flop operating between 72 and 118 GHz, the highest reported in silicon, is also designed and characterized, showing less than 500-fs jitter.

Component design for a proposed 60 GHz short-range low-power high-data-rate On-Off Keying receiver in a 90 nm CMOS process is presented. The advances in RFCMOS and the commercial need for high data-rate wireless links are discussed as the enabling technology and motivation for research into the development of 60 GHz CMOS radios for wireless personal area networks. System level calculations are presented validating the feasibility of the proposed receiver topology for its target application. The design and simulation results of a 60 GHz low noise amplifier, 60 GHz direct-conversion demodulator (which has generated an invention disclosure), and a baseband amplifier are discussed in detail. Also presented is a discussion of device modeling techniques for millimeter-wave designs. Measured results are presented for the demodulator. Finally, recommendations for future work are presented.

Tato práce se zabývá problematikou přechodu mezi IP protokolem verze 4 a IP protokolem verze 6. Přechod je možné řešit více mechanismy a tato práce je zaměřená na přechodový mechanismus Stateful NAT64. Cílem práce je otestovat různé implementace NAT64 a najít vhodnou implementaci pro router NETX. Za cíl bylo stanoveno najít implementaci, která bude dosahovat propustnosti 10 Gbps. Několik NAT64 implementací bylo zkoumáno v testovacím prostředí. Měření probíhalo pomocí nástrojů Iperf a PF_Ring. Bylo změřeno několik různých druhů síťového provozu tak, aby bylo z výsledku patrné, jaký výkonnostní dopad má každá z testovaných implementací. Z naměřených výsledků Jool vyšlo jako nejvhodnější NAT64 řešení. Jool splnil požadovanou propustnost a zároveň kromě stále aktivního vývoje nabízí i další pokročilé vlastnosti. Jool byl integrován do routeru NETX. Byla navrhnuta struktura příkazové řádky pro manipulaci s Jool instancí, která byla posléze implementována jako rozšíření NETX příkazové řádky. Dále byl vytvořen postup distribuce potřebných balíčku skrze balíčkovácí systém RPM, tak aby zapadl do automatizovaného systému platformy NETX.Výsledkem práce je plná podpora přechodového mechanismu NAT64 na platformě NETX dosahující propustnosti blízké 10 Gbps.

Tato diplomová práce se věnuje problematice VLSI návrhu a implementaci vrstvy RS-FEC pro 400 Gb/s Ethernet do FPGA Intel® Stratix® 10 DX 2100. V práci je charakterizován současný stav rychlostí Ethernetu, význam a kontext samoopravných kódů v rámci protokolu Ethernet. Dále je popsána výroba PLD čipů i matematická podstata RS sa moopravných kódů. V části praktické je představen návrh řešení systému RS-FEC, který byl realizován genericky pomocí jazyka VHDL. Zároveň byly jeho komponenty implementovány a v závěrečné diskusi je popsáno jeho řešení, dosažené výsledky včetně jeho budoucího rozšíření.

This master's thesis deals with the design and implementation of an algorithm for high-speed network packet filtering. The main goal was to provide hardware architecture, which would support large rule sets and could be used in 100 Gbps networks. The system has been designed with respect to the implementation on an FPGA card and time-space complexity trade-off. Properties of the system have been evaluated using various available rule sets. Due to the highly optimized and deep pipelined architecture it was possible to reach high working frequency (above 220 MHz) together with considerable memory reduction (on average about 72% for compared algorithms). It is also possible to efficiently store up to five thousands of filtering rules on an FPGA with only 8% of on-chip memory utilization. The architecture allows high-speed network packet filtering at wire-speed of 100 Gbps.