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This thesis explores the roles of gender, sexuality, and the body in the works of six Mozambican authors: poets José Craveirinha (1922-2003) and Noémia de Sousa (1926-2002), and prose fiction writers Lília Momplé (1935-), Paulina Chiziane (1955-), Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa (1955-), and Suleiman Cassamo (1962-). Building primarily on the critical precedents set by Hilary Owen, Phillip Rothwell, and Ana Margarida Martins, the study aims to make an original contribution to the field of Mozambican cultural studies by proposing that the gendered body has a unique capacity for reappropriation as a means of resistance to oppressive power mechanisms, thanks to its consistently central position in Portuguese imperial and Mozambican postindependence discourses of nationhood. In addition, the thesis seeks to illustrate the value of intergenerational, inter-gendered, and inter-aesthetic author comparison, and an eclectic ‘toolbox’ approach to critical theory, for the production of innovative new perspectives on Mozambican literary output. Following the contextual scene-setting laid out in the Introduction, Chapter 1 explores constructs of masculinity in a selection of poems from José Craveirinha’s first published collection, Xigubo (1964), and compares them with Paulina Chiziane’s third novel O Sétimo Juramento (2000), using Judith Butler’s theories of compulsory heterosexuality and gender subversion (1990 and 1993). While Craveirinha’s work is posited as a counternarrative to Portuguese imperial emasculation of the black male subject that ultimately reproduces colonial gender structures, Chiziane’s novel is shown to engage with strategies of parody and realism in order to challenge such reproductions. Chapter 2 makes use of the concept of ‘disidentification,’ developed in the late twentieth century by U.S. feminists and queer theorists of colour, to compare selected poems from Noémia de Sousa’s Sangue Negro (1948-51) with prose fiction by Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa (1987 and 1990). Despite the authors’ aesthetic dissimilarities, their work is shown to share a successful commitment to the rejection of imposed femininities. Whereas de Sousa articulates this refusal via a ludic use of language, Khosa roots his narratives of disidentification in grotesque gendered corporealities. Chapter 3 compares novellas and short stories by Lília Momplé (1988, 1995, and 1997) and Suleiman Cassamo (1989 and 2000), examining the authors’ uses of the (dis)embodied states of suicidality, hunger, and ghostliness. Making use of Achille Mbembe’s (2001 and 2003) postcolonial reworkings of Michel Foucault’s concept of biopolitics (1976), this final chapter seeks to understand the ways in which the authors exploit imperial and postindependence instrumentalisations of the Mozambican body as a means of reasserting subjectivity and selfhood in the face of massification. Throughout the study, emphasis is placed on the often concealed and latent nature of gendered resistance, which remains a persistent feature of Mozambican literary output despite the relative intransigence of sexual politics in the country. By centring the body in their aesthetically diverse works, writers from Mozambique demonstrate the value of gendered resistance not only as an end in itself, but also as a means of accessing wider subversive discourses and gestures.

This thesis employs the bodily wound as a metaphor for exploring HIV/AIDS in visual culture. In particular it connects issues of bodily penetration, sexuality and mortality with pre-existing anxieties around the integrity of the male body and identity. The thesis is structured around four case studies, none of which can be said to be ‘about’ HIV/AIDS in any straightforward way, and a theoretical and historical overview in the introduction. In doing so it demonstrates that our understanding of HIV/AIDS is always connected to highly entrenched ways of thinking, particularly around gender and embodiment. The introduction sets out the issues around HIV/AIDS particularly as they relate to visual culture and promotes the work of Georges Bataille and Jacques Derrida as philosophical antecedents of queer theory, a body of ideas that emerges alongside HIV/AIDS and is intimately connected with it. Chapter one continues to engage with Bataille through the work of Ron Athey. Athey’s work uses religious and sacrificial imagery, wounding and bodily penetration to explore living in the world as an HIV-positive man. The work of Mary Douglas, who argued that the individual body could stand in for the social body, along with Leo Bersani, who argues that male penetration is tantamount to subjective dissolution are instructive in this regard. The second chapter examines how Bataille’s work has been incorporated into the discourse of art history but subject to strategic exclusions that masked its engagement with sexuality, corporeality and politics at the height of the AIDS crisis in the western world. It argues that the work of David Wojnarowicz addresses similar concerns but in an embodied, activist form. The third chapter looks at a film by François Ozon from 2005 and argues that, through photography and trauma discourse, it returns viewers to a time when HIV infection was invariably terminal and fatal. The film, therefore, is an engagement with mortality on the part of a young man. The final chapter looks at the films of Pedro Almodóvar to argue that his films simultaneously undercut our expectations around gender and sexuality while promoting an understanding of sexual difference as the originary experience of loss in our lives. The work of Judith Butler is instructive in this regard and also draws out its connections and implications to HIV/AIDS. In conclusion the thesis argues that HIV/AIDS, understood as a wound to the idea of an integral, stable and sacrosanct body, has made such an understanding of the body untenable and that this has enabling and productive consequences for our understanding of gender and sexuality.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2017-01-26T17:02:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Maria do Carmo Gonçalo Santos_TESE__200920160948.pdf: 3697232 bytes, checksum: 05f89ecbeb14171d663b8d6f3597fd45 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-26T17:02:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Maria do Carmo Gonçalo Santos_TESE__200920160948.pdf: 3697232 bytes, checksum: 05f89ecbeb14171d663b8d6f3597fd45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-08 / capes / A pesquisa analisa as contribuições do currículo da formação de professoras e professores para a prática pedagógica com gênero e sexualidade na Educação Básica. Gênero e sexualidade como categorias relacionais (BENTO, 2014; BUTLER, 2013, LOURO, 1997), construídas material e discursivamente, tomam o multiculturalismo crítico (MCLAREN, 1997) como abordagem teórico-metodológica que situa as desigualdades materiais e linguísticas, apontando para as possibilidades de transformação. O currículo, com base nas teorias crítica e pós-crítica, sinaliza para as relações de poder e as tensões que envolvem o lugar e os sentidos de gênero e de sexualidade no campo da educação. O Curso de Pedagogia do CAA/UFPE e duas escolas de Educação Básica constituem o campo empírico da pesquisa; os sujeitos principais são as estudantes-professoras, por estabelecerem a relação entre formação e atuação profissional. Para tanto, a observação participante é o procedimento central de produção e coleta de dados, enquanto que a pesquisa documental, o questionário e as entrevistas são os procedimentos complementares. Através da Análise de Conteúdo, na perspectiva temática (BARDIN, 1977), os dados evidenciam que gênero e sexualidade estão presentes no currículo prescrito e vivido da formação, bem como na prática pedagógica docente da Educação Básica. A partir de abordagens programadas e contingentes, gênero e sexualidade perpassam o currículo vivido da formação, sinalizando para a importância da desconstrução dos padrões binários e heteronormativos na educação. Nas escolas, gênero e sexualidade se materializam nos agrupamentos mistos e nas práticas coeducativas, nas interações espontâneas e nos artefatos culturais, perpassados por silenciamentos e intervenções. O avanço das práticas pedagógicas docentes em relação aos agrupamentos e às práticas coeducativas, bem como os limites em relação ao trato à violência de gênero e à banalização da sexualidade, apontam que o currículo da formação contribui com fundamentos teóricos para o trabalho com essas diferenças. Por outro lado, há necessidade de ser intensificado na formação o trabalho com as experiências escolares e de ensino das professoras como conteúdo formativo, para sua ressignificação na prática, em vista da dificuldade da contribuição para a realização de sínteses do conhecimento. As tensões entre resistências e demandas no seio da sociedade referentes a gênero e sexualidade na educação perpassam os limites do trabalho docente, representando desafios que cobram articulações institucionais, formação continuada e relações entre as dimensões da prática pedagógica institucional (docente, discente, gestora e gnosiológica). / The research analyzes the contributions of the curriculum of the college/university training years of female and male teachers for the teaching practice with gender and sexuality in the Basic Education. Gender and sexuality as relational categories (BENEDICT, 2014; Butler, 2013 BAY, 1997), built material and discursively, take the critical multiculturalism (McLaren, 1997) as a theoretical and methodological approach which places the material and linguistic inequalities, pointing to the possibilities of transformation. The curriculum, based on critical and post-critical theories, signals to the power relations and tensions surrounding the site and the meanings of gender and sexuality in the field of education. The Pedagogy Course of CAA / UFPE and two schools of Basic Education constitute the empirical field of research; the main subjects are the female student-teachers, by setting the relationship between college/university training and professional performance. Therefore, participant observation is the central procedure of production and data collection, whereas the documentary research, questionnaire and interviews are complementary procedures. Through Content Analysis, in the thematic perspective (Bardin, 1977), the data foreground that gender and sexuality are present in the prescribed and experienced curriculum of training as well as in the teaching pedagogical practice of Basic Education. From programmed approaches and quotas, gender and sexuality pervade the experienced education curriculum in the years of training, signaling to the importance of deconstruction of binary and heteronormative standards in education. In schools, gender and sexuality materialize in mixed groups and in co-educational practices, in spontaneous interactions and cultural artifacts, permeated by silencings and interventions. The advancement of teaching pedagogical practices in relation to groupings and co-educational practices, as well as the limits in relation to the dealing with gender violence and the trivialization of sexuality, point out that the training curriculum contributes with theoretical foundations for the work with these differences. On the other hand, there is the need to be intensified in the training the work with the school experiences and teaching of the female teachers as formative content to its resignification in the practice, given the difficulty of the contribution to the attainment of knowledge syntheses. Tensions between resistance and demands in the heart of society regarding gender and sexuality in education, run through the boundaries of teaching work, accounting for challenges which demand institutional linkages, continuing development and relations between the dimensions of institutional pedagogical practice (teaching-targeted, student-oriented, managerial and gnosiological).