This paper focuses on the subject of Simone de Beauvoir and how she creates her view of motherhood. With help from Toril Moi’s method – which she calls personal genealogy – as a standpoint I have read Beauvoir’s autobiography Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter with and against her essay about women, The Second Sex. The genealogy tries to understand the term ‘making’ and the idea of production or construction and the personal genealogy sees the subject – the person – as an extraordinarily complex effect of a whole network of different discourses or determinants. In order to be able to understand Beauvoir’s view on motherhood I have read her philosophy with and against the feminist philosopher Ulla M. Holm’s and the radical feminist Adrienne Richs’ theories about mothering and the institution of motherhood. In Beauvoir’s other works I have also found keys to the patriarchal motherhood she writes about in The Second Sex. A motherhood she in her individual life dissociates herself from, and through which she creates her own self, when she ten years after The second Sex publishes the first volume in her autobiography. With help from Julia Kristeva’s theory about the abject my study also shows that the ”motherhood as slavery” that she runs away from has made engraving marks in her own body.

The purpose of this study is to analyze how homosexuality is portrayed in young- adult novels. I use books published in Sweden from 1977- 2003. Three of the books have female main characters and the other three have male main characters. My purpose is therefore to compare the different results between the sexes. I will examine and discuss the homosexuality in the novels with focus on the homosexual identity of the young characters and how it is formed. I relate the results to a queer discussion about identity. My results show that there has been a development in how the homosexuality of the main characters is portrayed; the majority of the late works describe homosexuality as socially constructed and not biological.

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This essay examines Swedish education institutions and their ways of marketing gender studieson their websites to future students. The purpose was to analyze how the political and scientificambitions of the field are affected by the way it is presented to attract students. The materialcontains of the informative texts from all Swedish institutions that offer gender studies on ahigh education level and the method that was used was discourse analysis inspired by the ideasof Michel Foucault. The essay also describes how feminist activism has affected the genderstudies field historically and the study leans on scientific theories by Ruth Hubbard andThomas Kuhn. It also renders from political theories by Chantal Mouffe. The study shows thatthe way gender studies are presented is highly influenced by neoliberal ideas and the society’svaluing of education that will lead to concrete possibilities of employment for the student. Thisis in conflict with ideas within the gender studies field that lean on a critical perspectivetowards the society and how structural power relation’s work. The gender studies student isconstructed as a person with an interest in gender equality issues and an urge to learn moreabout the way power works in the society as a whole as well as within themselves.

<p> Our earth has begun its sixth extinction and our culture thrives in ideological third nature and the era of technology. Hardcore pornography demonstrates a fear-based split in the relationship between the Great Mother and Terrible Mother archetypes, and the consumption of violent sexual material is indicative of existential death-avoidance, or despair. The archetypes present in the Moms/Hot Mom/Mother/MILF, Youth/Teen, and 18 and Abused categories of porn evoke the fear of the feminine as related to Mother Earth, and elucidate the collective&rsquo;s split feminine archetypes. This research uses heuristic and alchemical hermeneutic research methods to discern how these archetypes within hardcore pornography explicate our cultural complex regarding Mother Nature. What results is a call to consciousness and a clinical aim toward shadow integration, the assimilation of masculine and feminine parts of self, and a cohesive relationship toward imagery and imagination, lest they be altogether replaced by pornography.</p>

<p> In this study gender stereotyping is defined as assigning a specific characteristic or trait to an individual based solely on gender. An individual is expected to exhibit behavior according to what is customarily expected of their gender. The perception of gender stereotypical beliefs was explored to determine if it is contributing to the underrepresentation of women in senior leadership within the securities brokerage industry in the United States. To examine the differences in stereotypical beliefs among men and women regarding women in leadership, participants were asked to complete the Women as Managers Scale (WAMS) consisting of 21 Likert-type survey statements. Statements 1-21 were intended to examine participants&rsquo; attitude towards women in leadership in support of Research Question 1: To what extent do male and female Financial Industry Regulatory Association (FINRA) registered representatives differ in perceived gender stereotypical beliefs regarding women in leadership? Survey statements 1-9 were considered ability constructs and were intended to examine participants&rsquo; perception of women&rsquo;s ability to serve in leadership in support of Research Question 2: To what extent do male and female FINRA registered representatives differ in perceiving that women have the ability to serve in senior leadership in United States securities brokerage firms? Survey statements 10-15 were intended to examine participants&rsquo; perceived acceptance of women in leadership in support of Research Question 3: To what extent do male and female FINRA registered representatives differ in perceived acceptance of women serving in senior leadership roles in United States securities brokerage firms? The responses of female participants and the responses of male participants were analyzed for similarities and differences using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to support or deny the hypotheses for the research questions. The results from the analysis indicated that gender was a significant factor related to stereotypical beliefs regarding women in leadership. Males exhibited a more prominent existence of stereotypical beliefs, with the null hypothesis being rejected in all three research questions. The results of this study should benefit females in the financial services industry by providing insight into the reasons women are underrepresented in leadership so that initiatives can be established to explicitly address the problem of gender stereotyping and more effectively promote women in leadership in the U.S. securities brokerage industry. In addition, the study will contribute to the academic knowledge in the area of corporate leadership by providing the data necessary for a better understanding of the impact gender imbalance in leadership has on organizational success.</p>

<p> Much recent writing on the Occupation of Japan has challenged the traditional picture of a well-disciplined American army laying the groundwork for Japan&rsquo;s transition to democracy by the example of its behavior. Instead it depicts the Occupation, especially its opening phase, as marred by the widespread rape of Japanese women by American servicemen. In addition, many writers claim the United States encouraged, requested or even ordered the Japanese government to establish brothels for its troops. Copious documentation of American behavior from both Japanese and American sources does not support such claims. Rather, it makes very clear that though there were a fair number of reported rapes of Japanese women by American and other Allied servicemen, stories of mass rape during any period of the Occupation, including its opening phase, are simply not credible. In addition the contemporary record suggests that American authorities regarded prostitution not as a benefit for their troops, but as an entrenched social problem which they tolerated reluctantly. This raises the question of how such stories became incorporated into the mainstream. Part of the reason for this was the psychic environment in which these stories were originally created. There is an innate and deep-seated association between rape and war in the human psyche. The Japanese understanding of war in the mid-twentieth century reinforced this association. Rape also served as a metaphor for the American conquest of Japan. GHQ robbed Japanese men of their control of women&rsquo;s sexuality. Many women then used their sexual autonomy to consort with American soldiers. To many this seemed like a hypocritical seizure of Japanese women, a rape of sorts. Shortly after the Occupation ended a leftist anti-American propaganda campaign and a boom in exploitation literature coincided to produce a great number of works purporting to be true exposes of American cruelties. Though these books are wholly unreliable, and contradict contemporary evidence, many have been incorporated into mainstream history. This is an error. Stories of mass rape and organized sexual exploitation during the Occupation are better understood as metaphoric expressions of the humiliation of defeat, occupation and continuing diplomatic subordination, than as history.</p>

<p> This thesis used group and individual interviews to collect and study discourse produced by both self-defined heterosexual and self-defined homosexual males, living in a socially progressive region of the United States, in order to evaluate how the male subjects appease male gender expectations, as is still socially expected today, while also abstaining from expressing homophobia, as is also expected today in such environments. While the analysis suggests that self-defined heterosexual subjects in this research indeed produced hegemonic, discriminatory utterances toward the homosexual and female community, a positive aspect of this discrimination is the fact that the same males who produce utterances in line with homophobia often do so in a way that is indirect and even seemingly unintentional due to a proposed lack of understanding. Implications and suggestions derived from this research thus include a need for more education and awareness in the areas of gender, sexual orientation, and particularly the subtleties of discursive forms of discrimination and dominance that maintain hegemony and victimization even in more progressive locations in space and time.</p>

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<p>Cirka fem procent av alla kvinnor i Sverige lider av någon form av ätstörning. Ett av få ställen dit de kan vända sig för att få hjälp är den offentliga sjukvården. Mitt syfte med denna uppsats har därmed varit att undersöka hur blivande sjuksköterskor tänker kring ätstörningar. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra sjuksköterskestudenter har jag utifrån teorier om diskurs, kvinnlighet och makt gjort en diskursanalys av sjuksköterskestudenters tankar om ätstörningar. I analysen har jag kunnat utröna att studenternas syn på ätstörningar präglas av två olika diskurser. I första hand kommer den medicinvetenskapliga och sjukdomsorienterade diskursen. Men där kunskaperna från denna tar slut, vilket de gör ganska snabbt på grund av bristfällig utbildning i ämnet, övergår de till en mer vardaglig diskurs som mer påminner om massmedias bild av ätstörningar. Genom min analys framkommer det även att kvinnlighet och ätstörningar ligger nära varandra definitionsmässigt. Detta medför att det är svårt att skilja på ett ”naturligt” kvinnligt beteende och en ätstörning.</p>