CYCLOIDEA (CYC) and DICHOTOMA (DICH) of the CYC2 clade of the TCP gene family have been shown to play a significant role in regulating the identity of the dorsal petals and abortion of the single dorsal stamen in Antirrhinum majus. It is believed that CYC2-like genes are responsible for the convergent evolution of floral zygomorphy, but their role in the development of actinomorphic flowers is still unknown. In Solanaceae, previous analysis has identified two paralogs of CYC2-like genes, CYC2A and CYC2B, resulting from a gene duplication that predates the origin the family. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a technique to study the gene function by silencing specific target genes of interest, which is shown to be useful in diverse plant species. Here, we report on the role of CYC2-like genes during floral development in Solanaceae based on the results of VIGS using tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based vector in Solanum lycopersicum having completely actinomorphic flowers and Nicotiana obtusifolia having slightly zygomorphic flowers. Our VIGS experiments in So. lycopersicum show that downregulation of both CYC2A and CYC2B leads to misshaped petals, the unequal growth of the petals, and most frequently increased number of petals, stamens and sepals, while the carpel and ovule morphology remain the same as the wild type. On the contrary, downregulation of CYC2A and CYC2B in N. obtusifolia results in reduced number of flower organs in sepals, stamens, and petals, however carpels remained the same. For both solanaceous species, silencing CYC2A and CYC2B changes the property of cytoplasm and retards the rate of pollen germination. Our findings suggest that the CYC2-like genes are likely involved in the floral development, mainly regulating the number of floral organs and pollen development in Solanaceae.

Obesity is the top risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans. Obese adipose tissue, particularly visceral depots, exhibits an increase in macrophage accumulation and is described as being in a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. It is characterized by the increased expression and secretion of inflammatory cytokines produced by both macrophages and adipocytes, and is associated with the development of insulin resistance. Based on these observations, we investigated the potential role of macrophage infiltration on whole body metabolism, using genetic and diet-induced mouse models of obesity. Using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence imaging we found that a significant percentage of macrophages proliferate locally in adipose tissue of obese mice. Importantly, we identified monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) as the stimulating factor. We also found that ATMs can be targeted for specific gene silencing using glucan encapsulated siRNA particles (GeRPs). Knockdown of the cytokine osteopontin improved regulation of systemic glucose levels as well as insulin signaling in adipocytes. Conversely, targeting lipoprotein lipase (LPL) abrogated the buffering of lipid spillover from adipose tissue, resulting in increased hepatic glucose output. Finally, silencing of the master regulator of inflammation NF-κB in resident liver macrophages called Kupffer cells significantly improved hepatic insulin signaling. Thus this work demonstrates that macrophages can regulate whole body metabolism.

No description available.

La neurofibromatose type1 (maladie de Von-Rechlinghausen) est une affection autosomique dominante, causée par des mutations polymorphes du gène NF1, dont la protéine, la Neurofibromine, agit comme un suppresseur de tumeur en opérant une contrôle négatif des protéines de RAS. D’un point de vue embryologique, cette maladie affecte les dérivés de la crête neurale (CN), une structure embryonnaire pluripotente, capable de générer des dérivés variés tels que des neurones, des cellules gliales, périvascullaires, squelettiques et pigmentaires. Les cellules de la CN subsistent aussi chez l’adulte, à l’état de cellule souches, pouvant être impliqués dans des processus régénératifs. Toutefois, lorsque leur programme morphogénétique est altéré, elles peuvent générer des processus tumoraux, à l’origine de tumeurs multiples dans la peau, les nerfs (tumeurs bénignes et malignes des gaines nerveuses, neurofibromes,) et le cerveau (50% des cas de tumeurs cérébrales avec un tiers de gliomes des voies optique sont cancéreuses). La compréhension des mécanismes de cette maladie est limitée par la faible corrélation qui existe entre génotypes et phénotypes, à savoir l’adéquation entre la nature hautement polymorphe des anomalies génétiques et la diversité des manifestations cliniques. L’objectif de l’étude est d’analyser les conséquences de l’invalidation du gène NF1 sur le comportement des cellules de la CN (CCN), leur prolifération, leur capacité de migration et leur potentiel de différenciation, chez un modèle expérimental. De plus, nous tentons d’élucider l’impact des modulations épigénétiques de l‘activité du NF1.Nous avons développé un système qui permet l’inactivation totale du gène NF1 dans les cellules de la CN spécifiquement en utilisant des molécules d’ARN interférent (silencing) transfectées par éléctroporation bilatérale dans les CCN, au stade précoce de la neurulation, en utilisant l’embryon de poulet comme modèle expérimental. Suite à l’invalidation du gène NF1, nous avons obtenus des déficits multi-systémiques qui consistent principalement en des altérations de la gangliogénèse céphalique, avec des phénotypes gliomateux, mais aussi des défauts périvasculaires qui affectent tant les parois adventitielles des artères branchiales, que les péricytes des capillaire faciaux et cérébraux, associés des asymétries faciales et des formations néoplasiques intra-cérébrales. Précocement, nous montrons que ces déficits peuvent être corrélés aux altérations du comportement migratoire, prolifératif et apoptotiques des cellules de la CN.Parallèlement, nous avons cherché à déterminer l’implication des régulations épigénétiques sur l’activité de NF1. Nous nous sommes focalisé sur l’activité des Histones Désacétylases (HDAC), qui contrôlent la configuration chromatinienne. Il s’avère que les transcrits de la classe I de famille des HDACs, les HDAC1, 2 et 8, normalement accumulés dans les CCN au cours de leur migration et selon un patron d’expression spatial et temporal similaire à celui de NF1, présentent des variations significatives suite au silencing de NF1. Nous avons testé l’inactivation sélective de ces gènes; Ainsi, nous montrons que l’invalidation de HDAC8 seule, permet de reproduire les altérations des phénotypes vasculaires observés chez les embryons hypomorphes pour NF1. Qui suggère un rôle prépondérant de HDAC8 dans la régulation de la vasculogenèse et de la différentiation des CCN en péricytes. Qui pourrait être par l’activation ectopique des gènes Sox9 soutenant la transdifférenciaton pathologique des péricytes en processus gliomateux ou en calcifications intracérébrales. / The neurofibromatosis-type 1 (NF1) (Von Recklinghausen disease) is an autosomal disorder, which stems from misrgulation of Neurofibromin (NF1), a gene encoding a tumour-suppressor protein which acts as a negative regulator of RAS proteins. Mutations of NF1 are causally linked to many types of tumours located in skin, nerves, but also in the brain (intra- cerebral tumours and gliomas). NF1 patients have a high risk of developing both benign and malignant tumours. The diversity of deficits and the nature of cellular lineages attribute all these tumoral manifestations to deregulation of neural crest cell (NC) derivatives. The NC is a multipotent stem cell population that contributes to a variety of cell types in vertebrate embryo, which include skeletogenic, glial, pigment cells as well as pericytes. In order to understand the pathologic process of this disease, it is essential to analyze the molecular mechanisms involved in the survival, proliferation and differentiation of NC.Our objectives are therefore to gain insights into the molecular cascade responsible for the diversity of NC derivatives at cephalic level. We opt for a drastic approach consisting in eradicating NF1 activity from NC at the beginning of their migration. In our experimental model, we can analyze developmental interactions of NC and the epigenetic regulation of the NF1 gene, at their level. Espically class1 Histone deacetylases (HDAC) family of molecules. So we have developed a system which allows complete inactivation of the NF1 gene in NC specifically using interfering RNA molecules (silencing) transfected by electroporation in the bilateral NC, during the early stage of neurulation, using the chick embryo as an experimental model.We show that HDAC8 inactivation can reproduce the alterations of vascular phenotypes observed in NF1 hypomorphic embryos. Suggesting an important role of HDAC8 in regulating vasculogenesis and differentiation of pericytes NC. That could be by ectopic activation of Sox9 gene supporting the pathological transdifférenciaton pericytes in gliomateux process or intracerebral calcifications.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(農学) / 乙第13017号 / 論農博第2827号 / 新制||農||1042(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H28||N4964(農学部図書室) / 32945 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科農学専攻 / (主査)教授 土井 元章, 教授 裏出 令子, 教授 奥本 裕 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Weeds and soil-borne diseases can cause large yield losses in field-grown tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production. Techniques have been developed to reduce soil-based problems. In this study, we evaluated the impacts of cover crops, soil steaming, and plastic mulch to reduce weed and disease pressure in field-grown tomatoes. Four cover crop treatments were grown in the fall and winter before spring planting. Soils were steamed to a target temperature of 71.1 °C for 0, 5, or 20 minutes. Plastic mulch was also used on half of the rows. Yield, weed densities, and disease incidence were recorded. Reduced flowering time and stringent flowering requirements may reduce the ability to conduct crosses in many plants. Many factors control flowering. Terminal Flowering Locus 1 (TFL1) inhibits flower development. In this study, we attempted to transiently downregulate TFL1 via virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in Antirrhinum, Penstemon, Petunia, Rosa, and Rudbeckia.

No description available.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9 (CDK9) as part of the PTEFb complex promotes transcriptional elongation by promoting RNAPII pause release. We now report that, paradoxically, CDK9 is also essential for maintaining gene silencing at heterochromatic loci. Through a live cell screen, we discovered that CDK9 inhibition reactivates epigenetically silenced genes in cancer, leading to restored tumor suppressor gene expression and cell differentiation, along with activation of endogenous retrovirus (ERV) genes. CDK9 inhibition results in dephorphorylation of the SWI/SNF protein SMARCA4 and represses HP1α expression, both of which contribute to gene reactivation. Based on gene activation, we developed the highly selective and potent CDK9 inhibitor MC180295 (IC50 =5nM) that has broad anti-cancer activity in-vitro and is effective in in-vivo cancer models. Additionally, CDK9 inhibition sensitizes with the immune checkpoint inhibitor α-PD-1 in vivo, making it an excellent target for epigenetic therapy of cancer. / Molecular Biology and Genetics

No / Skin development, postnatal growth and regeneration are governed by complex and well-balanced programs of gene activation and silencing. The crosstalk between small non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNAs is highly important for steadiness of signal transduction and transcriptional activities as well as for maintenance of homeostasis in many organs, including the skin. Recent data demonstrated that the expression of many genes, including cell type-specific master transcription regulators implicated in the control of skin development and homeostasis, is regulated by miRNAs. In addition, individual miRNAs could mediate the effects of these signaling pathways through being their downstream components. In turn, the expression of a major constituent of the miRNA processing machinery, Dicer, can be controlled by cell type-specific transcription factors, which form negative feedback loop mechanisms essential for the proper execution of cell differentiation- associated gene expression programs and cell-cell communications during normal skin development and regeneration. This review summarizes the available data on how miRNA/mRNA regulatory networks are involved in the control of skin development, epidermal homeostasis, hair cycle-associated tissue remodeling and pigmentation. Understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that govern skin development and regeneration will contribute to the development of new therapeutic approaches for many pathological skin conditions by using miRNA-based interventions.

No / Eczema is widely considered to be an exacerbation of alkaline stress to the skin. Epidermal barrier dysfunction is a feature of eczema pathology, which predisposes affected individuals to distressing morbid symptoms. At least two serine proteases, stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme (kallikrein 7 [KLK7]) and stratum corneum tryptic enzyme (kallikrien 5 [KLK5]), have increased activity levels in eczematous lesions and both have been implicated in the destruction of corneodesomosomes, which are crucial to epidermal integrity. The present in vitro study investigated whether transcriptional gene silencing after siRNA transfection could influence the activity of these signature enzymes in an in vitro model of eczema induced by alkaline shock. HaCaT epithelial cells were subjected to alkaline stress by the addition of 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl guanidine “superbase” (TMG) to the culture media. The culture media were subsequently tested for chymotryspin, trypsin, plasmin, and urokinase activity using colorimetric peptide assays and for reactive oxygen species using WST1 cell viability reagent. Cells that had been transfected with small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) against KLK5 and KLK7 for 24 h before alkaline shock did not exhibit the increase in serine protease levels observed in untreated controls. Moreover, an endpoint MTT assay (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) confirmed that detachment of cells from the culture substrate observed in alkaline-stressed cells did not occur in siRNA-treated cells. This in vitro study has established the proof-of-principle that siRNA therapy appears to mitigate the consequences of alkaline shock to the serine protease-associated fragility of epithelial cells that is characteristic of eczema.