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L'objectif est d'analyser la jonction des principes généraux du droit au niveau européen. cette étude se limite aux principes généraux du droit à ces deux cultures juridiques, soit aux principes admis par la jurisprudence et s'imposant à l'administration et à ses rapports avec les particuliers. il s'agira ainsi de répondre à plusieurs questions dont : les principes généraux du droit tendent-ils réellement à converger ? faut-il déceler une uniformisation du droit sous l'influence des principes généraux de droits européens ou cela permet-il de mettre en avant que certains principes sont <<universels>> ? dans le cas contraire pourquoi certains principes restent-ils propres à certains systèmes juridiques ? ne faut-il pas voir dans les droits européens la possibilité de s'enrichir des principes généraux des droits d'origine extranationale ? mais également de partager les principes généraux du droit français ? /... / The aim is to analyze the junction of general principles of law at European level. this study is limited to the general principles of the right to these two legal cultures, to the principles accepted by the jurisprudence and imposing itself on the administration and its relations with individuals. it will thus be necessary to answer several questions, including: do general principles of law really tend to converge? Is it necessary to detect a uniformity of law under the influence of the general principles of European rights or does it make it possible to emphasize that certain principles are "universal"? if not, why do certain principles remain specific to certain legal systems? should we not see in European rights the possibility of enriched by the general principles of rights of extranational origin? but also to share the general principles of French law? / ...

The abundance of forgiveness research has advanced scientific knowledge of the construct. Its multifaceted nature, however, has created specialization and domain-dependent research (e.g., close-relationship vs. non-relationship forgiveness). The current paper argues that a comprehensive framework that could be applied across domains is needed. The general principles perspective (Higgins, 1990, 1999), which identifies mechanisms that explain both chronic and situational variance, was used as a framework for forgiveness, specifically the mechanisms of accessibility and need for closure. Two studies tested the principles, a two-part study (N = 244 and 78, respectively) and an online survey (N = 214). The two-part study tested chronic accessibility for forgiveness (Accessibility Study One) within the context of the religiosity-forgiveness relationship (an area that has previously produced complex and contradictory results) and both the chronic and situational influence of need for closure (Need for Closure Study). The online survey was designed to test both situational and chronic accessibility (Accessibility Study Two) by priming half of the participants with religious words. Students from a large, Mid-Atlantic university participated. For accessibility, it was proposed that religious individuals would have higher chronic accessibility for forgiveness, because of the emphasis religions place on it; similarly, it was proposed that increasing accessibility for religiosity would increase situational accessibility for forgiveness. Results supported a weak, positive relationship between religiosity and chronic accessibility for forgiveness; however, increased accessibility did not relate to likelihood to forgive future transgressions. For situational accessibility, the religious prime did not successfully influence accessibility for religiosity; thus, situational accessibility could not be tested. For need for closure, it was proposed that forgiveness requires some comfort with uncertainty in order to engage in the process. Therefore, chronic need for closure was expected to negatively relate to likelihood to forgive future transgressions. Results replicated this previously found relationship. For situational need for closure, manipulated through perceived time limitations, it was proposed that it would interact with chronic forgiveness to predict likelihood to forgive, because as need for closure increases so too does automaticity. Forgiveness is arguably an automatic response for someone high in chronic forgiveness. Results did not support the interaction effect. In general, the project supported the chronic influence of the principles but did not support the situational. The limitations of the current project necessitate further inquiry for clarification, though some conclusions are suggested. Results suggest that motivations may be more influential than cognitions in forgiveness, that forgiveness research may require more highly contextualized models, and thus that the potential advantages of a comprehensive framework will require more sophisticated theoretical and empirical work. / Ph. D.

The paper reflects on the importance of the general principles of public procurement in the application and interpretation of the law in this area. To this objective both the international law of administrative contracts, which has its main landmarks in the government procurement agreement of the World Trade Organization and the United Nations Model Law, as the regulation and case law of the European Union are analyzed, which has laid a very advanced teaching in this regard. Finally it is subject to review recent legislation compared to Latin America on public procurement, which attaches great importance to general principles. / En el trabajo se reflexiona acerca de la importancia de los principios generales de la contratación pública en la aplicación e interpretación del Derecho en la materia. A tal efecto se analizan tanto el Derecho Internacional de las contrataciones administrativas, que tiene sus principales hitos en el Acuerdo de compras públicas de la Organización Mundial del Comercio y en la Ley Modelo de Naciones Unidas, como la regulación y jurisprudencia de la Unión Europea, que ha sentado una doctrina muy avanzada al respecto. Finalmente es objeto de comentario la reciente legislación comparada de países de América latina sobre contratos públicos, que concede una gran importancia a los principios generales.

O Código Civil entrou em vigor trazendo uma inovação como parâmetro interpretativo: as normas com aspecto maleável, pois o legislador intencionou essa flexibilidade, sem que isso significasse qualquer comprometimento com a tão festejada segurança jurídica. Por esse motivo, faz-se importante o devido conhecimento do conteúdo e natureza das normas jurídicas. Com o escopo de compreender e encaminhar o assunto, buscou-se o conhecimento dos princípios gerais de Direito e dos standards jurídicos, sendo que o trabalho assume posicionamento em reconhecer um Direito natural, não fundamentado unicamente na razão, pois os homens não são meras fórmulas matemáticas ou um programa de computador, mas no Direito natural clássico, o mesmo que teve sua doutrina delineada por Aristóteles, que permite sua evolução, contudo possui como imutável sua referência ao ser humano. É nesse sentido que, para a correta interpretação dos textos jurídicos, deve-se encontrar no outro o que há em nós mesmos, passível de fazer respeitar as individualidades, entendido como uma identificação, em que o outro não é coisificado, mas continua tão humano como se reconhece a si próprio. Como método interpretativo que permita diferenciar os institutos, validando o processo de revelar o direito, optou-se pela corrente fenomenológica, porque o retorno das coisas a elas mesmas, não como se manifesta, pois se manifestar não é apenas o que aparenta e não algo em si mesmo, trazem à consciência de que a justiça é a intenção da interpretação, razão pela qual se deve revelar essa essencialidade. Na redução fenomenológica devem ser percebidas as essências do objeto interpretado, reconhecendo as influências externas ao objeto, mas internas ao sujeito que o interpreta em uma atitude compreensiva e não explicativa. Com efeito, buscou-se o retorno às coisas mesmas, na apreciação do fenômeno que Heidegger indica como o ser-com, em que a presunção da minha existência pressupõe a existência do outro, assim como a existência do outro para mim e a minha existência para o outro, pois pensar, dizer e ser tem o mesmo reconhecimento. / The Civil Code became effective bringing an innovation as interpretation parameter: rules with ductile aspect, as the legislator intended that flexibility, without that meaning any compromise with the so acclaimed legal security. For that reason, the due knowledge of the contents and nature of the legal rules is important. With the scope of understanding and approaching the subject, knowledge was searched from the general principles of Law and the legal standards, and the work takes a position for recognizing a natural Law, not solely based on reason, as men are not mere mathematical formulas or a computer program, but on the classic natural Law, the same one that had its doctrine outlined by Aristotle, that permits its evolution, however, has as unchangeable its reference to the human being. It is in that sense that, for the correct interpretation of the legal texts, one must find in the other what exists in ourselves, susceptible of having individualities respected, understood as an identification, in which the other one is not considered as a mere thing, but continues so human as one recognizes him/herself. As a method for interpretation that permits to distinguish the institutes, validating the process of disclosing law, it was opted for the phenomenological current, because the return of things to themselves, not as it manifests, because manifesting is not only about what it appears and not something in itself, they bring to the consciousness that justice is intention of the interpretation wherefore such essentiality must be disclosed. In the phenomenological reduction, the essences of the interpreted object must be perceived, recognizing the influences that are external to the object, but internal to the subject that interprets it in a comprehensive and not explanatory attitude. Accordingly, what was sought was the return to the same things, in the appreciation of the phenomena that Heidegger indicates as the being-with, in which the assumption of my existence assumes he existence of the other, as well as the existence of the other for me and my existence for the other, since thinking, saying and being has the same acknowledgement.

O Código Civil entrou em vigor trazendo uma inovação como parâmetro interpretativo: as normas com aspecto maleável, pois o legislador intencionou essa flexibilidade, sem que isso significasse qualquer comprometimento com a tão festejada segurança jurídica. Por esse motivo, faz-se importante o devido conhecimento do conteúdo e natureza das normas jurídicas. Com o escopo de compreender e encaminhar o assunto, buscou-se o conhecimento dos princípios gerais de Direito e dos standards jurídicos, sendo que o trabalho assume posicionamento em reconhecer um Direito natural, não fundamentado unicamente na razão, pois os homens não são meras fórmulas matemáticas ou um programa de computador, mas no Direito natural clássico, o mesmo que teve sua doutrina delineada por Aristóteles, que permite sua evolução, contudo possui como imutável sua referência ao ser humano. É nesse sentido que, para a correta interpretação dos textos jurídicos, deve-se encontrar no outro o que há em nós mesmos, passível de fazer respeitar as individualidades, entendido como uma identificação, em que o outro não é coisificado, mas continua tão humano como se reconhece a si próprio. Como método interpretativo que permita diferenciar os institutos, validando o processo de revelar o direito, optou-se pela corrente fenomenológica, porque o retorno das coisas a elas mesmas, não como se manifesta, pois se manifestar não é apenas o que aparenta e não algo em si mesmo, trazem à consciência de que a justiça é a intenção da interpretação, razão pela qual se deve revelar essa essencialidade. Na redução fenomenológica devem ser percebidas as essências do objeto interpretado, reconhecendo as influências externas ao objeto, mas internas ao sujeito que o interpreta em uma atitude compreensiva e não explicativa. Com efeito, buscou-se o retorno às coisas mesmas, na apreciação do fenômeno que Heidegger indica como o ser-com, em que a presunção da minha existência pressupõe a existência do outro, assim como a existência do outro para mim e a minha existência para o outro, pois pensar, dizer e ser tem o mesmo reconhecimento. / The Civil Code became effective bringing an innovation as interpretation parameter: rules with ductile aspect, as the legislator intended that flexibility, without that meaning any compromise with the so acclaimed legal security. For that reason, the due knowledge of the contents and nature of the legal rules is important. With the scope of understanding and approaching the subject, knowledge was searched from the general principles of Law and the legal standards, and the work takes a position for recognizing a natural Law, not solely based on reason, as men are not mere mathematical formulas or a computer program, but on the classic natural Law, the same one that had its doctrine outlined by Aristotle, that permits its evolution, however, has as unchangeable its reference to the human being. It is in that sense that, for the correct interpretation of the legal texts, one must find in the other what exists in ourselves, susceptible of having individualities respected, understood as an identification, in which the other one is not considered as a mere thing, but continues so human as one recognizes him/herself. As a method for interpretation that permits to distinguish the institutes, validating the process of disclosing law, it was opted for the phenomenological current, because the return of things to themselves, not as it manifests, because manifesting is not only about what it appears and not something in itself, they bring to the consciousness that justice is intention of the interpretation wherefore such essentiality must be disclosed. In the phenomenological reduction, the essences of the interpreted object must be perceived, recognizing the influences that are external to the object, but internal to the subject that interprets it in a comprehensive and not explanatory attitude. Accordingly, what was sought was the return to the same things, in the appreciation of the phenomena that Heidegger indicates as the being-with, in which the assumption of my existence assumes he existence of the other, as well as the existence of the other for me and my existence for the other, since thinking, saying and being has the same acknowledgement.

The overarching purpose of this doctoral thesis is to determine if the system of legal mechanisms in European Community law governing what procedural rules national courts shall apply to Community rights can be reformed to better balance involved interests. European Community law is often applied and enforced by ordinary national courts that, as a general rule, supplement substantive Community rules with national procedural rules. While the Community rights that individuals can rely upon before national courts are the same in all Member States, the procedural rules that national courts apply to those Community rights can and often does differ between the Member States. While this order is often acceptable, Community law contains a number of exceptions from the general rule that it is the Member States that decide what procedural rules national courts shall apply to Community rights. Such exceptions are primarily motivated by the need to ensure the effectiveness of Community. In order to determine what interests should be taken into account when deciding what procedural rules national courts shall apply to Community rights and how a more balanced system could be constructed, the European legal system is herein compared to that of the United States. American State courts apply Federal law much like national European courts apply European Community law and, also similar to Community law, a system of legal mechanism governing what procedural rules State courts shall apply to Federal rights has developed. While U.S. law and European Community law are in this respect similar, the two are not identical. A comparison between the two reveals that the European approach improperly overlooks several interests that are central in the American approach. Most importantly, the European approach emphasizes and promotes the effectiveness of union law at the expense of upholding a proper division of power between union and states. American law also provides European Community law with practical advices regarding how a better balanced approach can be constructed and points to solutions that should be avoided.

Magister Legum - LLM / The Rome Statute established the International Criminal Court (ICC). It provides that the Court is complementary to national jurisdictions. This entails that the primary jurisdiction over core crimes lies at the domestic level. However, in the absence of express provision for implementation, States have adopted different methods in the incorporating of the substantive and the procedural provisions of the Rome Statute. The German Code of Crimes against International Law and the South African Implementation of the Rome Statute Act considered under this study are indicative of the existing divergence. This paper argues that complementarity necessitates the divergence in approach. It further argues that the diversity is an issue of pluralism rather than fragmentation of international criminal law.

Tout d'abord, en ce qui concerne le premier chapitre, cette thèse vise à vérifier l'impact des normes des Traités, comme, par exemple, la liberté d'établissement et la libre prestation de services, par rapport aux activités économiques qui sont offerts sur les espaces domaniales. Ensuite, après avoir examiné la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice en matière de services, en ce qui concerne le deuxième chapitre, nous avons examiné aussi l'impact des principes généraux du droit européen et de l'art. 16 de la Charte des Droits Fondamentaux sur les services offerts sur le domaine public. En ce qui concerne le troisième chapitre, nous avons adressé un examen approfondi de la Directive « Services » : après avoir analysé sa genèse, plutôt problématique et difficile, nous en avons décrit les objectifs et la ratio. Le résultat qui a émergé est une fragmentation du marché commun de services, en particulier pour ce qui concerne les services qu’on prend en examen dans cette recherche. L'une des phases les plus critiques par rapport à la Directive « Services », c'est sa transposition. Ce qui semble clair, c'est une fragmentation générale qui entrave l’achèvement et le bon fonctionnement du marché commun. Une fois qu'on a examiné le rôle de la directive « Bolkestein », on a montré la nécessité d'évaluer l'impact de cette norme sur les services offerts sur le domaine public. Dans le quatrième chapitre, on a décidé d'examiner le rôle des directives sur les contrats publics. D'un point de vue juridique, les contrats publics et les concessions sont deux choses distinctes, même si la logique sous-jacente à l’article 12 de la Directive « Services » et le principe de concurrence établissent que les espaces (et, indirectement, par conséquence, les services qui sont intéressés) concernés doivent être attribués dans le cadre d'une procédure de sélection publique. Il convient de rappeler que, avant la présentation d'une proposition de directive de la Commission Européenne pour réglementer les concessions, les principes applicables à ces dernières ont été (et sont encore aujourd’hui) empruntés à la discipline des contrats publics. Nous avons décidé de mettre en évidence comment l'état actuel des contrats publics et les concessions sont interconnectés. On montre aussi que les directives sur les marchés publics jouent un rôle important dans la régulation des types de concessions examinées dans le présent document. On a décidé d'examiner l'impact potentiel de la Directive « concessions ». Dans le cinquième et le sixième chapitre, nous avons examiné et comparé les différents systèmes des États membres de l’Union Européenne. En particulier, nous avons vu comment les concessions des plages sont réglementées en Italie, où, par exemple, il y a un problème juridique qui est loin d’être adressé, en France, en Croatie, en Portugal, et, finalement, en Espagne. Dans le septième et le huitième chapitre, nous avons choisi de parler du risque éventuel de violation des normes en matière d'aides d’État. / With regard to the first chapter, this thesis aims at analysing the impact of the Freedom of Establishment and of the Free Movement of Services on those economic activities which are offered in areas belonging to the public domain. Thus, after examining the relevant case-law of the ECJ in the field of services, in the second chapter what has been analysed is the impact of the general principles and of Art. 16 of the Charter on the services provided in areas belonging to the public domain. In the third chapter, a deep analysis of the Services Directive has been conducted: after addressing its genesis, which was quite problematic, both its objectives and its rationale have been analysed. What has emerged is a fragmentation of the internal market of services, especially with regard to the activities that are examined in this research. One of the most problematic issues related to that Directive is its implementation. Again, what has emerged is a fragmentation of the market of services. Thus, what has been addressed is the impact of the Directive on the services provided in areas belonging to the public domain. In the fourth chapter, the impact of the Public Contracts Directives has been examined. Legally speaking, public procurement contracts and concessions are different, even if the rationale beyond Art. 12 of the Services Directive together with the general principle of competition require the services at issue to be awarded through a selection procedure. Indeed, even before the adoption of what is now the Concessions Directive, the principles applicable to concessions have always been the same as those applicable to public procurement contracts. What emerges is that the public procurement contracts and concessions are strongly interconnected. The potential impact of the Concessions Directive has been addressed as well. In the fifth and in the sixth chapter a comparison between the Italian status quo with regard to those services provided in areas belonging to the public domain and the situation in Portugal, Croatia, France and Spain has been drawn. In the seventh and in the eighth chapter all the implications regarding potential violations of the State Aid rules have been addressed.

The thesis describes the course and results of the research into the field of Harm Reduction (HR) through the internet websites in the Czech language. Nowadays the internet forms an inseparable part of most people's lives from all social classes. This fact is reflected in the interests of both service providers for drug users and laymen interested in drug issues. Unfortunately, according to current research we do not know much about what information and in which quality and range can people find about drug Harm reduction on the internet. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to identify and evaluate internet websites in the field of harm reduction intervention focused on the users of illegal drugs in the Czech Republic. Internet websites were evaluated not only with respect to the contents and range of the information provided but also with respect to topicality, functionality and objectivity. What was found were 13 Czech complex websites, 7 professional HR organisations and also 6 non-professional HR websites. The websites of professional organisations in most cases fulfilled the essential criteria of authority, objectivity and topicality. Among non-professional websites there were high-quality ones containing a wide range of information and correct approach to drug issues but there were also two...