In this thesis, we consider multiobjective combinatorial optimization problems. We address two main topics. We first address the polynomially solvable cases of the Traveling Salesperson Problem and the Bottleneck Traveling Salesperson Problem. We consider multiobjective versions of these problems with different combinations of objective functions, analyze their computational complexities and develop exact algorithms where possible. We next consider generating extreme supported nondominated points of multiobjective integer programming problems for any number of objective functions. We develop two algorithms for this purpose. The first one is an exact algorithm and finds all such points. The second algorithm finds only a subset of extreme supported nondominated points providing a worst case approximation for the remaining points.

In this study a recent dam type, concrete face rockfill dam (CFRD), its design and behaviour is overviewed. The design features of G&ouml / k&ccedil / eler Dam are introduced as a case study. Selection of concrete face rockfill type for G&ouml / k&ccedil / eler Dam Project is discussed together with the other two alternatives, namely earth core rockfill (ECRD) and roller compacted concrete (RCC) dam. G&ouml / k&ccedil / eler Dam type selection as concrete face rockfill dam is also verified by an economic analysis conducted calculating internal rate of return for all alternative types. In cost analysis a currency independent defined unit cost (DUC) is specified to verify the time independent validity of the economic analysis.

Filtration of grape juice was investigated. Effects of process parameters of filtration were examined. The usage of precoating material and filter aid were found to be necessary to prolong the filter life. Filter cake was found to be incompressible with the effect of increasing pressure. Increase in temperature caused increase in flow rate due to the reduction in viscosity. The influences of depectinization and clarification on filtration process were also examined. Depectinization and clarification decreased the resistance and increased the flow rate. Improvement in the quality of the grape juice was observed when these pretreatments were employed. The effects of temperature and soluble solid concentration on physical properties of clarified fruit juices were investigated. High temperature and soluble solid content dependencies of density, viscosity and heat capacity were detected. Experimental data were fitted as a function of temperature and soluble solid content. Models being valid for studied clarified fruit juices were achieved for density and viscosity with the regression coefficients (R2) higher than 0.90. Optimization of the solid-liquid extraction conditions for trans-resveratrol, trans-&amp / #949 / -viniferin, ferulic acid, and total phenolics from milled grape canes has been investigated. Temperature and ethanol concentration were found to be major process variables for all responses. Maximum yields of trans-resveratrol, trans-&amp / #949 / -viniferin, ferulic acid, and total phenolics were predicted as 4.25 mg/g dw, 2.03 mg/g dw, 1.05 mg/g dw, and 9.28 mg/g dw, respectively. Optimization of extraction conditions for antioxidant activity of grape cane extracts measured by the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORACFL) assays was carried out using solid-liquid extraction and response surface methodology. Ethanol concentration and temperature employed for the extraction of antioxidant agents from grape cane samples were found to be statistically significant process variables affecting antioxidant activity measured by the TEAC and ORAC methods. trans-Resveratrol and trans-&amp / #949 / -viniferin were extracted from milled grape canes using pressurized low polarity water (PLPW). The extraction temperature was significant for both compounds: extraction at 160oC resulted in a 40% loss of trans-resveratrol compared to 95oC while reduction of trans-&amp / #949 / -viniferin at both temperatures remained at 30%. Increasing ethanol concentration from 0 to 25% increased the extraction of total phenolics and trans-&amp / #949 / -viniferin by 44% and 489%, respectively. Solvent flow rate also influenced trans-&amp / #949 / -viniferin extraction. Effective diffusivities of trans-resveratrol increased by three times with increasing temperature. The modified Gompertz equation satisfactorily explained the extraction of the stilbenes investigated.

High-pass filtering that is one of the most efficient methods in removing long-period noise of accelerograms is investigated for its effect on nonlinear oscillator deformation response. Within this context, uncertainty in filter cut-off periods that would significantly modify the low-frequency content of accelerograms come into prominence for obtaining reliable long-period displacement response. Analog and digital ground-motion records from recently compiled Turkish strong-motion database are used and these records are high-pass filtered with a consistent methodology by randomly generated filter cut-offs that represent different filter cut-off decisions of the analysts. The uncertainty in inelastic spectral and residual displacements (SDIE and SDR, respectively) due to variations in filter cut-offs is examined to derive the usable period ranges where the effect of high-pass filtering is tolerable. Non-degrading, stiffness degrading and stiffness and strength degrading oscillator behavior are considered in these analyses. The level of nonlinear behavior in single degree of freedom (SDOF) response is described by varying the yield strength (R, normalized yield strength) and displacement ductility (&micro / ) levels. The usable period ranges that depend on magnitude, recording quality, level of inelasticity and level of degradation are determined for SDIE through robust probabilistic methodologies.

Prior to this study, to our best knowledge, no cast-in-place, older-type RC building has ever been subjected to near-field strong ground motions from three major earthquakes. This happened in an indirect way in Turkey over a time span of eleven years. Three identical buildings belonging to Ministry of Public Works and Resettlement (MPWR) that had been built to the same design templates, experienced March 13th 1992 Erzincan earthquake in Erzincan, November 12th 1999 D&uuml / zce earthquake in Bolu and May 1st 2003 Bing&ouml / l earthquake in Bing&ouml / l, respectively. The ground motion sensor stations were fortuitously nearby in an adjacent single-story building in Bolu and Bing&ouml / l. The station in Erzincan was in a single-story building about 2 km away from the case study building but we assume that the record applies to the building there. These three data represent characteristics of near-field ground motions and the distance of the sensor stations to the nearest fault trace was less than 10 km. The buildings sustained varying degrees of damage during the earthquakes and their damage survey was employed through site investigations. Given that the damage information, input motions, design drawings and material properties of the buildings are all known, this provided an opportunity to predict the structural damage to these buildings by proper modeling using the tools of current computational performance assessment procedures. In this circumstance, three dimensional (3D) analytical models of the MPWR buildings have been performed. Bi-directional excitations have been applied to the models by nonlinear time history analyses (NTHA). The results illustrate that NTHA are capable of indicating the occurrence of shear failure in captive columns / however, they overestimate the global damage level for all buildings. The overestimation is more significant in Erzincan case where the building sustained a pulse-type motion without significant distress.

In this thesis, two systems are analyzed in order to gain insight to the following issues: (i) Effect of incentive, subsidy and penalty designs on decentralized system, (ii) effect of using production facility as pooled capacity (pooled system) and dedicated capacity (unpooled system) on capacity utilization and system profit. Regarding the first issue, three models are defined / decentralized model, centralized model and decentralized model with incentive, subsidy, penalty designs. In all models, there are two dealers and one item is under consideration and lateral transshipments are allowed. Dealers operate with four inventory level decision (strategies) that consists of base stock level, rationing level, transshipment request level and customer rejection level. Under the decentralized system, a dealer sets its operating strategy according to the strategy of the other dealer and maximizes its own infinite horizon discounted expected profit. In the centralized system, a central authority (say manufacturer) exists, which considers the system-wide infinite horizon discounted expected profit, and makes all decisions. Under decentralized system with incentive, subsidy, penalty designs, manufacturer tries different designs on decentralized system namely revenue sharing, holding cost subsidy, request rejection penalty, transportation cost subsidy and commission subsidy in order to v align decentralized system with centralized system. According to the results obtained, this alignment works best with nearly 40% revenue sharing percentage, low rejection penalty, high transportation cost subsidy under low transportation cost and commission subsidy under very low or very high commissions. Holding cost subsidy, on the other hand, is not a good strategy since it declines decentralized system profit. Considering the second issue, two systems are examined / pooled system and unpooled system. Both systems are centrally managed. In the pooled system, all capacity is dynamically allocated to either dealer considering maximization of system profit. In the unpooled system, capacity is shared among dealers and dealers are always allocated same percentage of the capacity. Infinite horizon average expected profit is maximized in both systems. The dealer having lower holding cost is allocated higher capacity in both pooled and unpooled system / however, exceptions exist in the unpooled system under low arrival rate. Highrevenue dealer is always allocated higher capacity in both pooled and unpooled system. Arrival rate affects both systems such that total capacity utilization increases with increasing arrival rate. From the profit point of view, pooled system has great advantage under low demand rate in general.

ABSTRACT MICROARRAY APPLICATIONS FOR DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF EMODIN ON BREAST CANCER CELL LINES Ekenel Qomi, Emilia M.S., Department of Biotechnology Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mesude Iscan Co-Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nursen &Ccedil / oruh February 2012, 191 pages Cancer is a genetic disease that is characterized by uncontrolled cells growth. Breast cancer is a type of cancer originating from breast tissue. Some breast cancers are sensitive to hormones such as estrogen which makes it possible to treat them by blocking the effects of these hormones in the target tissues. These require less aggressive treatment than hormone negative cancers. Breast cancers without hormone receptors, are higher-risk, and are treated more aggressively. The aim of our study is to investigate the effect of emodin on MCF-7 which is ER (estrogen receptor) positive, and MDA-MB-231 (ER negative) cancerous cell lines. Emodin which is a phytoestrogen component, extracted from rheum (genus) plant, has been reported to suppress the growth of tumor in some clinical situation, and it&rsquo / s found that emodin induced apoptosis through the decrease of Bcl-2/Bax ratio and the increase of cytoplasm cytochrome c concentration in human breast cancer Bcap-37 cells. Comparing the effect of emodin between ER positive and ER negative cells at the molecular level was investigated by Microarray analysis of gene expressions using Affymetrix Human Genome U133 plus 2.0 Array. The microarray data analysis was performed by using BRB-Array Tools, v.4.2.0. GST and its classes / Alpha, Mu, Pi, Theta, Sigma, Omega, Zeta and Kappa is our interested genes because of its role in regulating susceptibility to cancer, by their ability to metabolize reactive electrophilic intermediates to usually less reactive and more water soluble glutathione conjugates. And also its have a role in detoxifying the damage caused by oxidative stress which is a result of the radiotherapy. v The differentially expressed genes from emodin treated and untreated control breast cancer cell lines were compared after normalization and filtering and annotated, it was shown that the top 10 highly (significantly) varied genes belong to the biological processes such as (namely) cell cycle, cell division, cell proliferation, mitosis and meiosis, this insure the relation of emodin to the cell growth processes in the cancerous cells. The analysis of the change on the cell growth confirmed the anti-tumor effect of emodin. About the effect of emodin treatment on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cancerous cell lines separately / Both cells its significant genes was belong to cell growth biological processes, in MCF-7 cells in-addition other biological processes was shown, for example / stimulus to estradoil response, and the metabolism of xenobiotic by cytochrome p450, so CYP1A1 gene code for a protein which is used in emodin metabolism. The varied gene number was nearly 4400 gene from the scatter plot result in MCF-7 cells while in MDA-MB-231 cells it was nearly 3400 gene, these result insured the effect of emodin as a phytoestrogenic component as MCF-7 cells are ER positive cells, so emodin bind to the ER in MCF-7 cells and affected more gene number than MDA-MB-231. More number of GST enzyme classes changed in MCF-7 cells than MDA-MB-231, and the effect of emodin as anti-cancer showed different change of GST genes between MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. The results confirmed by network analysis done, to find the most related genes to our top 10 regulated gene list, and these genes were analyzed / most of them where in our gene list, and their regulation after emodin treatment analyzed and the result was supported to emodin as anti-tumor and phytoestrogenic component.

This dissertation compares the activities of street gangs operating in Brazil's favelas and the barrios of El Salvador to determine the extent of the threat they pose to national security and state legitimacy. In analyzing the conditions of inequality and violence plaguing these marginal urban agglomerations we suggest that the gangs have effectively taken control of the territory by filling the void left by an absentee state. In response to the impact of organized street gangs that disrupt social order and the rule of law, the governments have respectively applied radical solutions that serve only to exacerbate the situation and do not lead to the expected results. Finally, the evolution of MS-13 in the Americas and the police interventions in the favelas of Rio in preparation for the World Cup have situated the power struggle between gangs and state at the heart of political debate. / Ce mémoire compare les activités des gangs de rues opérant dans les favelas du Brésil et les barrios du Salvador afin de déterminer l’ampleur de la menace qu’elles représentent pour la sécurité nationale et la légitimité étatique. En analysant les conditions d’inégalité qui sévissent au sein de ces zones urbaines marginales et la violence sociale qui y prolifère, nous proposons que les gangs ont pris contrôle du territoire en remplissant le vide étatique. En réponse à l’impact des gangs de rue organisés qui perturbent l’ordre social et l’état de droit, les gouvernements à l’étude proposent des solutions radicales qui, comme nous l’observerons, ne font qu’exacerber la situation et n’entrainent pas les résultats escomptés. Finalement, l’évolution du MS-13 en Amérique et les interventions policières dans les favelas de Rio en préparation à la coupe du monde, font de la lutte de pouvoir entre gangs et État un sujet incontournable d’actualité politique.

Cette étude porte sur la représentation politique des minorités visibles en France. Près de 10% au sein de la société française, moins de 2% au sein de la sphère politique, les Français de la diversité sont sous-représentés, aussi bien au Gouvernement qu’au Parlement. Adoptant une double perspective structurelle et culturelle, nous essayons de suggérer plusieurs pistes de recherches qui expliqueraient la sous-représentation politique des minorités visibles en nous concentrons sur les trois étapes du processus électoral, soit le recrutement, la sélection et l’élection. Le dessein de cette étude est double. D’une part, il s’agit de mettre en lumière les principaux obstacles qui semblent affecter la sous-représentation politique des minorités visibles, sans pour autant prétendre à l’établissement de liens de causalité directs entre les obstacles évoqués et la sous-représentation des minorités visibles dans la sphère politique françaises. D’autre part, il s’agit de déblayer un terrain d’étude encore trop peu appréhendé en France afin de permettre une opérationnalisation et une évaluation des hypothèses articulées dans d’éventuelles études futures. / This research investigates the political representation of ethnic minorities in France. Nearly 10% of the French population is from an ethnic minority, however, only 2% of the politicians are from an ethnic minority. Thus, ethnic minorities are underrepresented in both Parliament and Government. From a twofold structural and cultural perspective, this study focuses on the three steps of the electoral process — recruitment, selection, and election — to suggest several research paths to explain the political underrepresentation of ethnic minorities. The purpose of this study is twofold. First, we try to identify the main barriers that hinder ethnic minorities’ political advancement, without claiming a causal effect between these barriers and the political underrepresentation of ethnic minorities. Second, we try to propose several hypotheses that can be operationalized and evaluated in potential future researches.

Les sociétés modernes sont de plus en plus souvent confrontées aux enjeux de la diversité. Le multiculturalisme tente d’y apporter une réponse à travers un modèle de société basé sur une politique de la reconnaissance. Selon moi, l’argumentation des multiculturalistes repose sur leur conception de l’identité. C’est pourquoi, pour apporter une critique nouvelle de ce courant de pensée, j’analyse les écrits de ses principaux défenseurs, Will Kymlicka et Charles Taylor, en concentrant mon analyse sur ce qu’ils entendent par identité. Je soutiens que leur conception ne laisse pas assez de place au potentiel d’évolution et ne considère pas suffisamment l’importance et le pouvoir de la volonté individuelle dans la construction de l’identité. En m’appuyant sur l’étude d’autres auteurs, je souligne la nécessité de considérer les frontières entre le semblable et l’autre de manière plus souple et de reconnaître que la violence peut s’exercer par la création de différences entre les personnes. J’ai choisi la figure radicale de « l’homme sans qualités » de Robert Musil pour montrer comment un individu peut devenir autonome à travers un acte de destruction créatrice. Enfin, je conclus que l’État devrait favoriser ce processus, et permettre au sujet, qui est selon moi dénué d’une nature authentique, de penser son existence comme une expérience du possible. / Modern societies are increasingly confronted with the challenge of diversity. Defenders of multiculturalism responded with a model of society based on a politics of recognition. This model can be connected to a particular conception of identity. In order to make a new contribution to the critique of this approach, this work presents an analysis of the writings of two of the main proponents: Will Kymlicka and Charles Taylor. It does so by focusing on their conception of identity and argues that it does not leave enough room for change and fails to fully recognise the importance and the impact of personal will. The works of other authors are analysed in order to emphasize the need to view the boundaries between sameness and otherness in a more flexible fashion and to acknowledge that violence can attend the creation of differences between people. The figure of the “man without qualifies” portrayed by the novelist Robert Musil is offered as emblematic of how an individual can become autonomous through an act of creative destruction. Finally, it is concluded that the state should facilitate the creation of difference and this requires allowing citizens to conceive of their lives as an experience of the possible.