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Syfte: Var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda patienter med psykisk sjukdom inom den somatiska sjukvården.Design: Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie.Metod: Litteratur som publicerats mellan 2003-2013 söktes i databaser PubMed CINAHL, PsykInfo, PsykArticles och ERIC. Tolv vetenskapliga artiklar utgjorde grunden för resultatet, dessa artiklar blev kvalitetsgranskade innan de användes.Resultat: Sjuksköterskor kände rädsla, oförutsägbarhet, osäkerhet samt frustation och hopplöshet i vården av psykiskt sjuka patienter då de saknade kunskap. Bristen av kunskap upplevdes som det största hindret i vården av denna patientgrupp. De upplevde osäkerhet till en följd av egna värderingar och fördomar till dessa patienter, vilket ledde till att sjuksköterskor undvek denna patientgrupp. Sjuksköterskor beskrev avsaknad av handledning och samarbete med psykiatriska kliniker då denna patientgrupp vårdades på somatiska avdelningar.Slutsats: Med en utökad kunskap inom psykiatri kan sjuksköterskor få möjlighet att minimera fördomar och rädsla i mötet med psykiskt sjuka patienter.

Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa, det vill säga psykiska besvär samt psykiska sjukdomstillstånd är ett globalt växande folkhälsoproblem och drabbar både män, kvinnor och barn i olika åldrar. Att vara drabbad av psykisk ohälsa medför en högre risk för somatisk samsjuklighet och förhöjd mortalitet jämfört med den allmänna befolkningen. Dessa personer kan uppleva diskriminering och särbehandling i samhället och de beskriver en rädsla att möta detta inom hälso- och sjukvård, vilket har skapat barriärer att söka vård. Syfte: Att belysa sjuksköterskans upplevelse av att vårda patienter med psykisk ohälsa inom somatisk vård. Metod: Litteraturöversikten gjordes i enlighet med Fribergs (2017) metod. Nio kvalitativa och två kvantitativa artiklar har inkluderats i denna litteraturöversikt och är hämtade från databaserna CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE och PsycINFO. Sökord som användes i databaserna var: General nurse, Registered nurses, Nursing care, Nursing, Acute care, Mental illness, Mental disorders, Mental and physical illness, Mental health, Experience, Attitude samt Attitude towards. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades utifrån granskningsfrågor för kvalitativa samt kvantitativa studier samt analyserades utifrån tre steg presenterade av Friberg (2017). Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre huvudteman: Sjuksköterskan och patienten, Betydelsen av erfarenheter och kompetens i att bemöta psykisk ohälsa och Organisatoriska faktorers påverkan på sjuksköterskans arbete med underteman. Sjuksköterskorna beskriver negativa erfarenheter av att vårda patienter med psykisk ohälsa. De upplevde att de inte hade tillräcklig kompetens för att bemöta denna patientgrupp och att bristande utformning av vårdmiljö påverkade deras samt patienternas säkerhet. Diskussion: Ojämlik fördelning av hälso- och sjukvårdsresurser i Sverige och internationellt gällande psykisk ohälsa har diskuterats samt hur organisatoriska faktorer påverkar sjuksköterskans roll och ansvar. Författarna har även valt att diskutera sjuksköterskeutbildningen i relation till ämnet psykisk ohälsa. Joyce Travelbees teori gällande mellanmänskliga relationer har använts som stöd i resultatdiskussionen för att förstå sjuksköterskans ansvar och roll. / Background: Mental illness encompasses both mental disorders and mental illness, it is a globally growing public health problem, affecting both men, women and children of different ages. Being affected by mental illness causes a higher risk of somatic illness and increased mortality when compared to the general population. These people may experience discrimination and oppression in society and they describe a fear that they will experience the same discrimination in the health care system, which has created barriers to seek care. Aim: To describe nurse experience of caring for patients with mental illness in somatic care. Method: This literature review follows the guidelines of Friberg (2017). Nine qualitative and two quantitative studies have been included and where extracted from the databases CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE and PsycINFO. Keywords used in the databases were: General nurse, Registered nurses, Nursing care, Nursing, Acute care, Mental illness, Mental disorders, Mental and physical illness, Mental health, Experience, Attitude and Attitude towards. The quality of the included articles wax reviewed based on questions for qualitative and quantitative studies and subsequently analyzed based on three steps presented by Friberg (2017). Results: The analysis resulted in three main themes: Nurse and the patient, Importance of experience and competence in dealing with mental illness and Organizational factors affecting the nurse's work supplemented by subheadings. Nurses describes negative experiences when caring for patients with mental illness. They described insufficient skills to care for this patient group and lack of the healthcare facilities affected their and patient´s safety. Discussion: The lack of equal distribution of healthcare resources in Sweden and worldwide regarding mental illness have been discussed, as well as the consequences of organizational factors on the role and responsibilities of the nurse. The authors also discuss nursing education in relation to the subject mental illness. Travelbee's theory of interpersonal aspects of nursing has been used to support the discussion in understanding the nurse´s responsibility and role.

This Master thesis discusses contemporary issues of nursing education in the Czech Republic. An amendment of the Act 96/2004 Coll. is currently being deeply discussed topic, however the amendment has not been approved yet. Therefore, I focus on current model of education which is in accordance with the European Directive EC 55/2013. Nursing is a separate scientific branch which has indisputable role in the care of healthy and sick people. Working with human health is very responsible and therefore competences related to nursing profession have been shifted from high schools to higher vocational schools and universities after our accession to the EU. Despite uniform European legislation the process of nursing education is different within EU states. I discussed this issue including basic concepts of present nursing in a theoretical part of the Master thesis. In this part is clearly elaborated system of nursing education in the Czech Republic and in the world. Furthermore, there is also elaborated about university education which is focused on achieving specialization in nursing education in contrary with the system of lifetime education. Goals of this Master thesis are to analyse opinions of nurses in leadership positions on the current education model and concurrently with that to ascertain their opinion on benefits of master education in nursing care. Four research questions were set up based on these targets. Concretely: What contribution does university education for nurses bring to practice? What are differences between nurses with bachelor and master degree from the perspective of leading nurses? furthermore"How does master education contribute to the quality of nursing care? and finally How are nurses with master degree seen by their superiors? In this master thesis there is used a qualitative research strategy to answer given questions and to meet set objectives. It has been reached by using non-standardized, non-structured interviews with open questions. The research data set consists of nine nurses from hospitals in the Region of South Bohemia. Under absolute anonymity, which the proband set, we cannot provide any closer socio-demographic information. Interview were always conducted individually, with the agreement of proband and it was recorded to a pre-prepared sheet. The survey was carried out during February and March 2016 in pre-selected workplaces of each proband. The results are summarized clearly into categories, subcategories and for clarity into concrete subgroups. For completeness, results are also shown in graphical form using diagrams. The results show that most of head nurses support education of their subordinated nurses, agree with current model of education system and also welcome this model due to extension of knowledge in nursing. Proband perceive negatively knowledge of graduates of healthcare high schools. The discussion of differences between nurses with bachelor and master degree brings a finding that head nurses prefer nurses with master degree for their maturity, self-confidence and as a bonus for the specialization obtained while gaining the Master degree. Master show better knowledge, know-how to apply EBN and they play important role during creating standards in practice. Furthermore, in the opinion of probands, nurses with master degree can better organize teams and have better ability to work in a role of a nurse manager. According to probands nurses with master degree could significantly influence nurse care by their knowledge, initiative, confidence in decision-making and a higher viewpoint that these nurses reached during their study. Moreover, these nurses are aware of the degree of responsibility of their work and according to the claim of probands they are appropriate for leadership positions where they can apply their knowledge after adequate practice time at the bedside.

The diploma thesis addresses the issue of increasing the authorities of nurses of general practitioners in primary care. The theoretical part summarizes the information about primary and community care, defines authorities and professional activities of general nurses and physicians, and deals with the roles of nurses in primary care and the relations between general nurses and physicians. The objective of the diploma thesis was to survey the opinions of nurses of a possible increase in their professional powers, and to ascertain whether nurses are ready to assume certain authorities. It was also ascertained what physicians think of a possible transfer of certain authorities to nurses, and whether nurses are satisfied with their growing independence and responsibilities in connection with the increasing requirements for their profession. The results of the qualitative survey were evaluated by their summarizing in thematic areas and subareas; the text also contains authentic quotes of respondents (written in italics). The research set consisted of 15 respondents who were selected systematically. The set consisted of six physicians (general practitioners specialized in adult or paediatric medicine and general dentists). The set of general nurses consisted of nine nurses working for general practitioners. The selected general nurses had the work experience of various duration and various educational backgrounds ? they had either secondary or higher professional education and one nurse had university education. It has clearly followed from the research that the nurses do not wish to assume any activities falling within the authorities of physicians. A large number of respondents are very busy and any other authorities would be beyond bearable. Physicians would not transfer many medical activities to the nurses; they would rather transfer most of paperwork to them, such as writing opinions in respect of traffic accidents, spa treatment requests and other requests. Nurses are not afraid of increased authorities but agree that the authorities will mostly result in greater responsibilities and paperwork. The nurses think that there are clear boundaries between the authorities of nurses and physicians. Clear boundaries are seen mostly in diagnostic and therapeutic activities, nursing treatments, prescription of medicines, application of intravenous injections, and statement of diagnosis. Above the scope of their authorities, general nurses are charged to perform activities of a mostly administrative nature, write requests and sick certificates, administer intravenous medicines without expert supervision, write various recommendations, and monitor warfarinisation of patients.

Syftet är att undersöka vilka sätt allmänsjuksköterskan kan interagera med demenssjuka på. Frågeställning: Hur kan verbala och icke-verbala kommunikationssätt optimera omvårdnaden och interaktionen mellan sjuksköterskan och personen med demenssjukdom? Ämnet har belysts genom att göra en litteraturstudie och datainsamling har gjorts på tre databaser. Denna studie är uppbyggd på sex kvalitativa studier och fyra kvantitativa. Demenssjukdom innebär nedsatt verbal kommunikationsförmåga, vilket kan leda till frustration och agiterat beteende. Därför undersöktes vilka andra kommunikationsstrategier som finns och vilka som kan underlätta interaktionen och optimera omvårdnaden. Efter granskning av de inkluderade studierna framkom tre huvudteman; musik, kommunikation och uppmärksamhet. Resultatet visar bland annat att den icke-verbala kommunikationen med kroppsspråk, beröring och ansiktsuttryck är viktig. Det visar också att användning av kreativa aktiviteter som dans och sång hjälper interaktionen mellan sjuksköterskan och personen med demens samt förbättrar omvårdnaden. / The aim is to examine the ways in which the nurse is able to interact with people with dementia on. Question: How can the verbal and non-verbal communication methods optimize the care and interaction between the nurse and the person with dementia? The subject has been illustrated by doing a literature review and data collection has been made in three databases. This study is based on six qualitative studies and four quantitative. Dementia involves impaired verbal communication skills, which often leads to frustration and agitated behavior. Therefore it was examined what other communication strategies that are available and which ones can facilitate interaction and optimize care. After review of the included studies three main themes were revealed; music, communication and attention. The result shows that the non-verbal communication with body language, touch and facial expressions are important. It also shows that the use of creative activities such as dance and song improves the interaction between the nurse and the person with dementia and thus improve care.

Lifelong education of general nurses has been permanently a very current and topical issue, especially in connection with the necessity to introduce new standards of education of non- medical health professionals following the Czech Republic's accession to the European Union, in connection with implementation of the Act No. 96/2004 Coll., on conditions of acquiring and recognizing professional qualifications to perform non-medical health care professions, in connection with amendments of this legislation which brought about not only changes into the way of lifelong education but also increased the competences of nurses, but also in connection with preparation of a new legislation which shall replace the Act No. 96/2004 Coll. on non-medical health professions, and shall, due to dissatisfaction with the existing system, completely alter the concept of both professional and lifelong education. This degree thesis deals with the issues of lifelong education of general nurses. The main objective is to map the issues of lifelong education of general nurses and determine the level of satisfaction with lifelong education of general nurses, namely of general nurses working in hospitals within the Region of Karlovy Vary. The theoretical part of the thesis provides general information on lifelong education and...

The diploma thesis deals with the identification of risks which threaten students in the fields of Radiology Assistant, General Nurse and Paramedic. The aim of the thesis is to map the knowledge of risks during providing health care in students of selected fields at the Faculty of Health and Social Studies at the University of South Bohemia. Four hypotheses were set in the thesis. Hypothesis no. 1 saying that there are statistically significant differences in risk knowledge between students of the first and last year of individual fields of health care. Hypothesis no. 2 that there are statistically significant differences in stress perception as a risk-enhancing factor between paramedics and general nurses. Hypothesis no. 3 states that there is a statistically significant difference in the knowledge of the risk of ionizing radiation between radiological assistants and general nurses and hypothesis no. 4 that paramedics will call their future occupation more risky than general nurses. To achieve the objectives and verify the hypotheses, a questionnaire was prepared, a questionnaire survey was conducted and everything was evaluated using graphic and statistical methods. The questionnaire contained 23 questions and the research sample consisted of 105 respondents from the studied fields. The results show that hypothesis no. 1 was confirmed in the fields of Radiology Assistant and Paramedic and rejected by the General Nurse. Hypothesis no. 2 was also confirmed. Hypothesis no. 3 was rejected and hypothesis no. 4 was also rejected. The contribution of the thesis is a complex picture of the knowledge of risks during providing health care in the studied fields. The results can serve the faculty to further more effective teaching.

The diploma thesis is structured into a theoretical part and an empirical part. The theoretical part consists of four chapters. The empirical part of the diploma thesis is based on qualitative research. The data were collected via semi-structured interviews with the senior citizens and the nurses. The replies were processed into clearly arranged charts and categories with brief descriptions. Another research method applied was observation. The interviews were followed by a detailed analysis of the documentation, which involved the analysis of the medical records of the senior citizens with a focus on medical diagnosis, chronic medication, and processing of the fall risk and its evaluation. The diploma thesis pursued three objectives by means of four related research questions. The first objective was to ascertain the extent of the clients' awareness of fall risks. The second objective was to assess the discomfort associated with usage of the special device preventing hip joint injuries resulting from falls during common everyday activities of the senior citizens. Finally, the third objective was to obtain the opinions of the healthcare staff on working with clients wearing special devices preventing the hip joint injuries. Four research questions were formulated in connection with these three objectives. Research question No. 1: What is the quality of information provided by the healthcare staff as part of the preventive intervention regarding the falls? Research question No. 2: How willing are the clients to accept changes contributing to fall prevention? Research question No. 3: To what extent is the comfort of the client affected by using special devices preventing fall-related hip joint injuries? Research question No. 4: To what extent is the work of the healthcare staff affected if their clients use devices preventing fall-related hip joint injuries? The results of the qualitative research suggest that the extent of information provided by the healthcare staff as part of the preventive intervention regarding the falls is insufficient in terms of awareness of the risky places. In particular, the research revealed that the nurses fail to sufficiently monitor the effects of chronic medication which may contribute to psycho-motor inhibition of the senior clients. As far as mobility aids are concerned, the nurses offer these devices sufficiently. The nurses demonstrated very good knowledge of all the mobility aids which may facilitate self-reliance of the senior clients. Another problematic issue is the safety of the rooms, particularly in terms of various protrusions and unevenness in the bathrooms. The results of the research do not show any unwillingness of the clients to accept changes contributing to fall prevention. Nevertheless, two of the respondents failed to engage in the activities and maintain physical fitness by regular exercise in the Retirement House. Furthermore, the results do not show any limitation of the clients' comfort resulting from using special devices preventing fall-related hip joint injuries. Finally, according to the research the healthcare staff does not feel restricted in any way when working with senior clients using such device. The results of the research will be used for repeated meetings with the senior clients and particularly with the nurses. The management of the Retirement House, together with the healthcare staff, are working on a new educational material which would indicate risky places with increased probability of falls. These results could be beneficial also for other facilities where healthcare staff takes care of senior citizens. Last but not least, the results are of interest also to the health insurance companies which could provide this special device with at least partial subsidy as part of the primary prevention programme.

The dissertation is divided into theoretical and practical parts. The theoretical part deals with the historical equipment of nursing and nursing education in the Czech Republic, further the legislation, the implementation of nursing education and a personality of a nurse. For the processing of the empirical part there was chosen the method of quantitative and qualitative research inquiry. For the quantitative inquiry there was chosen the method of asking by means the technique of a questionnaire and for the qualitative part of the research inquiry there was chosen the method of asking, namely the method of half-structured interview with opened questions. For the quantitative inquiry there were prepared two sorts of questionnaire, the first for the nurses, namely the universal nurses from experience and the second for patients, it means for the non ? professional public within the Southern Bohemia. There were set six surmises for this part of inquiry. The results of the inquiry were elaborated into diagrams and tables. In the quantitative part of the research inquiry were verified six hypothesis, that were set in advance: 1. The interest of nurses for the education follows more from the legislative aiming than from interest about more quality nursing care of a patient. The results show us that the need of credit is for the nurses more important than the need of more quality care for a patient. The first hypothesis was confirmed. 2. Choice of the courses of lifelong learning depends more on the amount of financial claims than on the orientation on care that provided. There follows from the research inquiry that for the nurses is more important the interestingness of an event than the amount of financial costs. The second hypothesis was disproved. 3. Motivation for the nurses for education is more the system of university education than the increasing of the quality of care. The results show that the nurses are more motivated by the need of a university education than by a better care of a patient. The third hypothesis was verified. 4. Implementation of an output of education isn´t incremental to its application in the real environment. The research inquiry showed us, there is no big possibility for the nurses to implement the results of their education in practice. The fourth hypothesis was verified. 5. The patient?s don´t distinguish, if the nursing care is provided by a qualified nurse or by another member of a nursing team. The fifth hypothesis was verified. 6. The patient?s don´t perceive nurses according to their education, but to a uniform. The results show, that the patients are not knowledgeable in the nursing staff neither according to their uniform nor their education. The sixth hypothesis was disproved. There were approached 12 respondents for the qualitative part of the research inquiry, within the Southern Bohemia again. The interviews were taken down, rewritten and analysed. The obtained data were categorized. There was set Research question for the qualitative part of the research inquiry: What is the meaning of nurses about the implementation of their education I the praxis? There was finding out by the research inquiry, that the nurses generally welcome the university education, mainly because of the reason, that the nurses come in praxis in a higher age. The lifelong learning should be also beneficial for them, but this has its shortcomings, namely in the financial part and it isn´t supported by the employers. They can also see the problem in implementation of their obtained knowledge from education in non ? interest of their employer and other members of nursing team.