Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-11-26 / Método: Levantamento manual das faturas apresentadas em cobrança referente aos tratamentos quimioterápicos aplicados aos participantes da CASSI –Caixa de Assistência dos Funcionários do Banco do Brasil, nos Estados de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro no período de julho/2004 a fevereiro/2005 inclusive, totalizando 228.555 beneficiários e abrangendo uma rede de 12.912 prestadores de serviços, sendo destes apenas 90 conveniados para serviços na especialidade de oncologia, incluindo a quimioterapia. Resultado: Das 1.177.050 faturas apresentadas, apenas 81.097 eram oriundas dos prestadores incluídos no estudo, ou seja, conveniados para tratamento quimioterápico. Como estes prestadores eram não apenas especialistas em Oncologia, mas muitas vezes hospitais gerais, o número de cobranças relativas aos serviços de quimioterapia foi reduzido para 3.401, que constituiu o universo de nosso estudo. Nestas guias foram cobrados 129 medicamentos distintos em 11.394 registros, sendo que de apenas 70 princípios ativos distintos. A participação de mercado dos quimioterápicos genéricos foi da ordem de 0,53% considerando o valor cobrado, e 1,52% considerando a quantidade de medicamentos cobrados. Os medicamentos de Referência ocuparam o segundo lugar na participação de mercado, com relação à quantidade, com 35,39% e os medicamentos Similares, em primeiro lugar, com 63,09% dos medicamentos cobrados. Conclusão: Apesar da disponibilidade de quimioterápicos genéricos, não houve significativa participação dos mesmos nas cobranças apresentadas pelos prestadores. Constatamos a participação de mercado dos quimioterápicos genéricos em 1,5% se considerada a quantidade de medicamentos, e 0,5% se considerados o valor. É importante uma maior participação da Operadora na decisão responsável pelo tratamento indicado, bem como do participante. De outra forma, o caos já previsto se agrava, já que os recursos são finitos também para a Saúde. / Objective: To quantify the market share of the generic chemotherapeutic drugs in a Self-Managed Healthcare Plan Service. Methods: Manual survey of featured bills charging the chemotherapeutic treatments applied to the participants of “CASSI – Caixa de Assistência de Funcionários do Banco do Brasil”;/Assistance relief of the Banco do Brasil employees;/in the states of São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro in the period of July/2004 to February/2005 inclusively, totalizing 228.555 beneficiaries and involving a web of 12.912 service providers, who only 90 had agreements to services focused on oncology, included chemotherapy. Result: From the 1.177.050 featured bills, only 81.097 derived from the service providers included in the study, that is, holding agreements to chemotherapeutic treatment. As these service providers weren’t just experts on Oncology, but usually also general hospitals, the number of bills concerning about the chemotherapy services was reduced to 3.401, which constitutes the universe of our study. These payable documents charged 129 distinct medicines in 11.394 registers, for 70 distinct active principles. The market share of the generic chemotherapeutic was rated in 0,53% considering the charged value, and 1.52% considering the quantity of charged medications. The Reference medications occupied the second place in the market share, with regard to quantity, with 35,39% and the Similar medications, in first place, with 63,09% of the charged medications. Conclusion: Despite the availability of the Generic chemotherapeutic drugs, their market share was not expressive on the bills presented by the service providers. We verified the market share of the Generic chemotherapeutic in 1,5% if considering the quantity of medications, and 0,5 if considering the value. It’s important a bigger participation of the Healthcare Plan Service on the responsible decision about the indicated treatment, as well as the participator’s. In terms, the chaos, which had already been foreseen, aggravates itself, for the resources are also limited to Health. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

There are many different types of gasifiers used for commercial or research purposes. These gasifier varieties differ in a number of ways, such as the direction of material flow or the physical chemical contact between the different species. These differences affect the modelling procedure and philosophy required to describe the gasification processes accurately. Honeywell wishes to incorporate a generic gasifier model into their UNISIM DESIGN engine to simulate gasifiers accurately and calculate certain properties. Such a model does however not yet exist. Presented in this document is a summary of the similarities and mutual properties among the different coal gasifiers, which allow for certain generic modelling procedures to be followed. The paper also highlights the discrepancies among these gasifiers and the areas where different modelling approaches should be followed. Apart from the specific gasifier characteristics, the phenomena of reaction kinetics, heat transfer and mass transfer were also investigated to ascertain their significance on gasifiers and specifically gasifier modelling. By following the guidelines provided in this paper, it should be possible to develop a generic gasifier model in any modelling environment. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Johannesburg, 2017. / Background: Generic drugs provide a safe, effective and affordable alternative to medicines whose patent protection has expired. The affordability of generics improves access to medicines and thus improves health outcomes. The generic pharmaceutical industry is complex; profitability depends on the number of other generics on the market. Objective: To develop a model that explains structural relationships in the off-patent market between the price of a generic drug and the characteristics of a drug, formulation market and regulatory processes in the South African pharmaceutical industry. Sources of Data: Innovators’ drugs and their generic equivalents were selected from all the molecules whose patents expired between 1999 and 2012. Data were obtained from IMS Health (Total Private Market Report) and National Department of Health (Database of Medicine Prices) for the patents’ expiration dates, prices, sales, launch dates of generics, therapeutic groups, schedules, and dosage forms of drugs in the sample. Principal Findings: Generic entry into the local pharmaceutical industry is low, slow and selective. The developed model for this study identified seven market variables that were found to have an influence on the prices of generic drugs in South Africa. The determinants of generic entry are the market size of the on-patent innovator product, and the complexity of manufacture of a dosage form. The introduction of the transparent pricing system has had a significant impact in reducing the average unit prices of generics in South Africa. However, there appears to be policy incoherencies between the public health and industrial policies of the South African government as it pertains to pharmaceuticals. The erosion of the manufacturing capacity in South Africa could potentially be attributed to the pharmaceutical pricing policy. The overreliance on pharmaceutical imports for satisfying local consumption poses a risk to the security of supply of medicines in a country that has a high burden of diseases. Conclusion: The introduction of legislative reforms related to the pricing of medicines in South Africa has largely yielded positive results in making medicines to be more accessible. Policy-making requires monitoring and evaluation programmes and inclusivity across all the stake-holders. / LG2018

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In late March 2005, three Romanian journalists were kidnapped by an obscure group of Iraqi militants near Baghdad. Several unusual details about the circumstances of the kidnapping prompted the Romanian media to investigate the speculation regarding the authenticity and motives of this high profile case. This thesis project extends framing theory to incorporate macro-level frames such as cynicism, speculation and metacommunication as dominant reporting styles in this evolving democracy. A systematic content analysis was performed on 255 news stories spanning 75 days from Evenimentul Zilei and Jurnalul National. Additionally, 2,941 of their subsequent online reader discussion posts were content analyzed using the same categories as the news stories to serve as a point of comparison between media reports and public discussion about this bizarre case. Results support evidence of generic media framing and extend the theory to demonstrate media's reliance on speculation and metacommunication as overarching reporting styles. Online deliberation between readers in this evolving democracy demonstrates difficulties in citizens' abilities to emerge from the spiral of cynicism characteristic of the post-communist Romania. While media establish the issues for public dialogue, they do not appear responsible for setting the tone. / Master of Arts

Generic medicines are very important in driving down the health care cost. In a country like South Africa, where more than 80% of the population depend on the state health care, it is important to find ways to reduce cost. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the attitude towards generic medicines by pharmacists in Gauteng province of South Africa. Gauteng as the economic hub of the country, with the highest population and the highest number of pharmacies and pharmacists, obtaining a picture around the attitude towards generic medicines would help the all the stakeholders in the health care sector to identify areas of concern and address them to drive a positive attitude. In order to evaluate the attitude, Fishbein models, which noted the intention to perform the behaviour in question as the immediate antecedent of any behaviour, were used. The models identified two conceptually independent determinants of intention, which are attitude towards the behaviour (personal) and subjective norm (social). Depending of which model one is using, one more determinant of the intention “perceived behavioural control” can be added on the theory of reasoned action to form model of planned behaviour. By evaluating the attitude one can therefore determine the level of intention to perform the behaviour of interest which is generic substitution in this study. An empirical study was conducted among 116 pharmacists and assistants in Gauteng province. The methodology included research design, instrument development, sampling methods, data collection, capturing and statistical analysis. The results were analysed using Cronbach Alpha coefficients to measure reliability of the research instrument, t-test and ANOVA to test the hypothesis and the variance between groups; the effect sizes and Spearman's rho to determine the correlation and relationship between two variables of interest. The results of the study showed that, 94% of the respondents believe that generics are viable alternatives to innovator medicines. On the question of pharmacists’ attitude towards generic medicines results showed that there was no significant difference in almost all the demographic characteristics gender, age, qualifications, employment level, years of experience and type of pharmacy one practices. The only significant driver of the difference in attitude is the location of the pharmacy where pharmacists practicing in the townships and the city centre were found to be more receptive to generics than those in the suburbs. Due to reliability failure on the control belief construct, the theory of planned behaviour was downgraded to theory of reasoned action, to exclude the control belief construct for further statistical analysis. Correlation between the two attitudes constructs, behavioural belief and evaluation of behavioural outcome was one of the highest, where behavioural belief was identified as the direct measure of attitude and also the main driver. The study concluded that attitude is one of the most important personal factors influencing both the organisation and individual consumer buying behaviour. Evaluating individuals’ attitude to the behaviour (use of a product or service) would help marketers to communicate the right message to the right customers. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Generic medicines are very important in driving down the health care cost. In a country like South Africa, where more than 80% of the population depend on the state health care, it is important to find ways to reduce cost. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the attitude towards generic medicines by pharmacists in Gauteng province of South Africa. Gauteng as the economic hub of the country, with the highest population and the highest number of pharmacies and pharmacists, obtaining a picture around the attitude towards generic medicines would help the all the stakeholders in the health care sector to identify areas of concern and address them to drive a positive attitude. In order to evaluate the attitude, Fishbein models, which noted the intention to perform the behaviour in question as the immediate antecedent of any behaviour, were used. The models identified two conceptually independent determinants of intention, which are attitude towards the behaviour (personal) and subjective norm (social). Depending of which model one is using, one more determinant of the intention “perceived behavioural control” can be added on the theory of reasoned action to form model of planned behaviour. By evaluating the attitude one can therefore determine the level of intention to perform the behaviour of interest which is generic substitution in this study. An empirical study was conducted among 116 pharmacists and assistants in Gauteng province. The methodology included research design, instrument development, sampling methods, data collection, capturing and statistical analysis. The results were analysed using Cronbach Alpha coefficients to measure reliability of the research instrument, t-test and ANOVA to test the hypothesis and the variance between groups; the effect sizes and Spearman's rho to determine the correlation and relationship between two variables of interest. The results of the study showed that, 94% of the respondents believe that generics are viable alternatives to innovator medicines. On the question of pharmacists’ attitude towards generic medicines results showed that there was no significant difference in almost all the demographic characteristics gender, age, qualifications, employment level, years of experience and type of pharmacy one practices. The only significant driver of the difference in attitude is the location of the pharmacy where pharmacists practicing in the townships and the city centre were found to be more receptive to generics than those in the suburbs. Due to reliability failure on the control belief construct, the theory of planned behaviour was downgraded to theory of reasoned action, to exclude the control belief construct for further statistical analysis. Correlation between the two attitudes constructs, behavioural belief and evaluation of behavioural outcome was one of the highest, where behavioural belief was identified as the direct measure of attitude and also the main driver. The study concluded that attitude is one of the most important personal factors influencing both the organisation and individual consumer buying behaviour. Evaluating individuals’ attitude to the behaviour (use of a product or service) would help marketers to communicate the right message to the right customers. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015