Orientador: Rita de Cássia Loiola Cordeiro / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a possível associação entre a Hipomineralização Molar-Incisivo (HMI) e polimorfismos em genes da resposta imune, e sua interação com polimorfismos em genes relacionados a amelogênese. Amostras de DNA foram coletadas de 101 núcleos familiares que apresentavam pelo menos uma criança diagnosticada com HMI. Onze polimorfismos de base única (SNP) relacionados a resposta imune foram genotipados por meio de PCR em tempo real com ensaio TaqMan. A análise da associação foi realizada com o teste de desequilíbrio de transmissão (TDT), levando-se em consideração a severidade da HMI. A interação gene-gene entre os polimorfismos da resposta imune e da amelogênese foi realizada por meio da observação da transmissão dos alelos referentes aos marcadores pelos pais heterozigotos para ambos os marcadores, e o teste Qui quadrado foi utilizado a fim de determinar se ambos os alelos são transmitidos mais frequentemente em associação, do que individualmente. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados significantes foram obtidos para o SNP rs10733708 (gene TGFBR1, OR = 3.5, 95% IC = 1.1 - 10.6) para os casos severos de HMI. As interações gene-gene foram significativas entre o SNP rs6654939 (AMELX) com os SNPs rs2070874 (IL4), rs2275913 (IL17A), rs1800872 (IL10), rs1800587 (IL1A) e rs3771300 (STAT1). O SNP rs2070874 (IL4), quando associado com os marcadores rs7526319 (TUFT1) e rs2355767 (BMP4) também demonstrou resultados significativos, sugerindo um ef... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was evaluate the possible association between immune-related genes polymorphisms and Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH), and its interaction with amelogenesis-related genes polymorphysms. DNA samples were obtained from 101 nuclear families that had at least one MIH affected children. Eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were investigated in immune response candidate genes using the TaqMan method. Association analysis was performed by the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) considering the MIH severity. The gene-gene interaction between the immune-related and amelogennesis-related polymorphisms was performed by observing the transmission of markers alleles from parents heterozygous for both of the markers. The Qui squared test was used to determine whether both alleles are transmitted more often in association than individually. Significant result was observed for the SNP rs10733708 (TGFBR1 gene, OR = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.1 - 10.6) for severe cases of HMI. Gene-gene interactions were significant between SNPs rs6654939 (AMELX) and SNPs rs2070874 (IL4), rs2275913 (IL17A), rs1800872 (IL10), rs1800587 (IL1A) and rs3771300 (STAT1). The SNP rs2070874 (IL4) was significant when associated with SNPs rs7526319 (TUFT1) and rs2355767 (BMP4), suggesting a synergistic effect of the transmission of these alleles with susceptibility to HMI. This family-based study demonstrated an association between variation in the TGFBR1 gene and HMI. The polymorphisms in immune response and amelogenesis genes may have an additive effect on the risk of developing HMI. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T18:48:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-06-09. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-08-12T18:50:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000867456.pdf: 597008 bytes, checksum: 606bb70eef526e50825cab583a7274ce (MD5) / Os genes MC4R, FABP3, DGAT1 e LEPR são de grande importância no estudo das características reprodutivas de suínos, uma vez que, estão relacionados com ingestão alimentar, taxa de crescimento, redução da gordura subcutânea e lactação. Neste sentido, objetivou-se identificar geneticamente polimorfismos do tipo SNP nos genes MC4R (SNPg.1578C>T), FABP3 (SNPg.-240T>C), DGAT1 (SNPg.9422C>T) e LEPR (SNPg.5396A>G; SNPg.5395T>A) em suínos da raça Piau e em duas linhagens maternas comerciais industriais de suínos europeus e chineses. Para isso, foi extraído DNA a partir de sangue periférico de um grupo de 304 suínos. Mediante ARMS-PCR Multiplex, foram amplificados fragmentos específicos que, posteriormente, foram genotipados em sequenciador automático para a realização da eletroforese com corantes fluorescentes. Foram encontrados SNP no gene MC4R (SNPg.1578C>T) e FABP3 (SNPg.-240T>C) para os três grupos genéticos analisados com as três variações genotípicas (CC, TT, CT e TT, TC, CC, respectivamente). O SNP (SNPg.9422C>T) do gene DGAT1 apresentou as três variações genotípicas no grupo genético de suínos europeus (CC, CT e TT). Entretanto, para os grupos genéticos Piau e europeus com raças chinesas apresentaram apenas as duas variações genotípicas de homozigotos (CC e TT). Para o gene LEPR (SNPg.5396A>G; SNPg.5395T>A) os grupos genéticos europeus com raças chinesas e Piau apresentaram os genótipos GG, AA e o grupo genético com raças europeias apresentou as duas variações genotípicas de homozigoto (GG e AA) e apenas um animal apresentou o genótipo heterozigoto (AG e TA). Os polimorfismos dos genes FABP3 (SNPg.-240T>C), DGAT1 (SNPg.9422C>T) apresentaram frequências genotípicas altas para os alelos C em relação aos alelos T e no gene MC4R (SNPg.1578C>T) apresentou menor frequência. Para os polimorfismos do gene LEPR (SNPg.5396A>G e SNPg.5395T>A) apresentou-se fixado nas populações estudadas... / The MC4R, FABP3, DGAT1 and LEPR genes are great importance in the study of traits of swine breeding, since they are related to feed intake, growth rate, reduction of subcutaneous fat and lactation. The aim of this study was to identify SNP in MC4R(SNPg.1578C> T), FABP3 (SNPg.-240T> C), DGAT1 (SNPg.9422C> T) and LEPR (SNPg.5396A> G; SNPg.5395T> A) genes in pigs of Piau breed and two commercial industrial maternal lineages of European and Chinese pigs. For this, DNA was extracted from peripheral blood of 304 pigs. By ARMS-PCR Multiplex, specific fragments were amplified and genotyped in automated sequencer to perform electrophoresis marked with fluorescent dyes. SNP were identified in the MC4R (SNPg.1578C>T) and FABP3 (SNPg.-240T> C) genes the three genotypic variations (CC, TT, CT and TT, TC, CC, respectively) were identified in all genetic groups analyzed. The SNP (SNPg.9422C> T) of DGAT1 gene presented the three genotypic variations (CC, CT and TT) in the European genetic group. However, for the Piau and Europeans with Chinese genetic groups showed only the two homozygous genotypic variations (CC and TT). For LEPR gene (SNPg.5396A>G; SNPg.5395T>A), the European genetic group with Chinese and Piau breeds showed the GG, AA genotypes and the European breeds genetic group showed two genotyps, homozygous variations (GG, AA) and only one heterozygous animal (AG, TA). Polymorphisms of FABP3 (SNPg.-240T>C) and DGAT1 (SNPg.9422C>T) genes showed high genotypic frequency for the C allele when compared to T allele and the MC4R gene (SNPg.1578C>T) showed less frequently. For polymorphisms in the LEPR gene (SNPg.5396A>G; SNPg.5395T>A) had set up in the populations studied, showing low variability within the population. All polymorphisms evaluated by analysis of variance were associated (P <0.05) with the reproductive traits and only the DGAT1 gene was associated (P <0.05) with the production for average weight at weaning and the total litter ...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T13:40:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-07-29. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-09-27T13:45:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000868518.pdf: 4362952 bytes, checksum: f8782956d423a313439c04aba289df01 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Orientador: Fausto Foresti / Coorientador: Vanessa Paes da Cruz / Banca: Diogo Teruo Hashimoto / Banca: Fernanda Simões de Almeida / Banca: Jefferson Monteiro Henriques / Banca: Fernando Fernandes Mendonça / Banca: Fernando Yuldi Ashikaga / Banca: Guilherme José da Costa Silva / Banca:Cristiane Kioko Shimabukuro / Banca: Patrícia Elda Sobrinho Scuderler / Resumo: / Abstract: / Mestre

Orientador: Zanoni Dias / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T13:30:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Galves_Miguel_M.pdf: 5199577 bytes, checksum: 4d8728b3e0fef3fa3caf69a78187f76a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A pesquisa genomica é de grande interesse para area medica. Por isso o entendimento de como os genes influenciam na aparição de doencas é de grande relevancia para a criação de metodos de diagnostico e criação de drogas apropriadas. A maioria dos genes apresenta uma grande frequencia de variações alelicas, conhecida como polimorfismo. Estas variações podem ser a chave para a predisposição de certos indiv?duos a certas doenças. Dentre os polimorfismos, os SNPs tem uma grande importancia, por representarem cerca de 90% dos polimorfismos encontrados no genoma humano [21]. Neste trabalho iremos estudar tres etapas no processo de detecção e analise de SNPs. A primeira etapa consiste no processo de alinhamento de sequencias de EST e cDNA com DNA genomico. A identificaçãode genes em sequencias de DNA não-caracterizadas é um dos grandes problemas na pesquisa genomica. Os algoritmos tradicionais [45, 55, 83, 84, 106] descrevem metodos para alinhar duas sequencias arbitrarias. Iremos descrever as estrategias de alinhamento de duas sequencias, discutir os metodos existentes para alinhamento de cDNA com DNA genomico e propor um conjunto de coeficientes apropriados a serem usados com os algoritmos classicos para resolver este tipo de alinhamento. A segunda etapa consiste na detecção de SNPs, seja atraves de alinhamentos multiplos ou da analise de cromatogramas. Iremos descrever o funcionamento dos dois metodos citados acima e discutir uma nova metodologia para detectar SNPs em sequencias de v?rus HIV. A terceira etapa consiste em correlacionar SNPs. Sabe-se que a predisposição genetica para muitas doenças não é devido a apenas uma mutação, ou presença ou não de um certo alelo. Em muitos casos, varios SNPs agem em conjunto e aumentam ou não a chance de uma doença se manifestar em um indiv?duo. Assim, é muito importante desenvolver metodos de correlação entre diversos SNPs para se entender como eles interagem entre si. Iremos descrever medidas de correlação e estudar a presença de LDs e LDs multiplos em genes da cana-de-açucar, mapeados pelo projeto SUCEST, e em genes humanos / Abstract: Genomic research is of great interest in the medical field. Therefore, understanding how genes impact the ocurrence of diseases is of significant relevance, so that proper diagnosis can be made and appropriate drugs can be developed. Most genes present great variantion and allele frequency, known as polymorphism. These variantions may be key to understanding the predisposition in individuals to certain diseases. Among polymorhisms, SNPs are of great importance, representing circa 90% of all polymorphism found in the human genome. [21]. For this work, we will study three phases in the process of detecting and analysis of SNPs. The first phase consists in the process of aligning EST sequences and cDNA to genomic DNA. Identiying genes in non-caracterized DNA sequences is one of the challenging problems in genomic research. Traditional algorithms [45, 55, 83, 84, 106] describe methods to align two arbitrary sequences. We shall describe alignment strategies of two sequences, discuss over existing existing methods for aligning cDNA with genomic DNA and propose a set of apropriate coefficients to be used in the classical algorithms to perform this kind of alignment. The seconde phase consists in detecting SNPs, whether through multiple alignments or cromatogram analysis. We shall describe how the two above mentioned methods work and discuss a new methodology to detect SNPs and HIV sequences. The third phase consists of correlating SNPs. It is known that the genetic predisposition for many diseases is not only due to a single mutation, or to the presence or absence of a single allele. In many cases, several SNPs act together and may increase or decrease the chance for a disease to manifest in a individual. Thus, it is very important to develop methods of correlation between SNPs to better understand how they interact. We shall describe correlation measures and study the presence of LD or multiple LDs in sugarcane genes,which were mapped by the SUCEST project, and in human genes / Mestrado / Biologia Computaçional / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

South Africa is at present encountering one of the worst Tuberculosis (TB) epidemics in the world, accentuating the need for intervention to eradicate TB. Various studies have established that certain population groups are at risk for increased susceptibility to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). This predominantly occurs in populations, like the native African population groups, who were not exposed to TB until the disease arrived in their country with European settlers, colonialists and missionaries. These population groups consequently lack the natural resistance to infection, which other populations developed through years of exposure to the pathogen. Several susceptibility-associated genetic polymorphisms have been proposed to explain differential susceptibility to TB. HLA class II molecules play a pivotal role in the activation of the host immune response against M. tuberculosis. Consequently numerous HLA class II genes have been found to be associated with TB. Among the most commonly observed associations is that of HLA-DR2 with TB, which has been observed in various population groups. Although this association has been observed to transcend ethnic barriers, inter-population variation has also been established regarding HLA-TB associations. In this study, the possible association of HLA class II polymorphisms, specifically of the HLA-DRB1, DQB1, DRB3, DRB4 and DRB5 loci, with TB susceptibility was investigated in the Venda population of South Africa. This was achieved by conducting both a case-control and family-based association study. The results obtained in this study established a unique association between HLA-DRB1*1302, DQ7 and TB susceptibility. A marginally significant association was also observed with DRB1*1301 and DQ6d and possible TB resistance. The above-mentioned results, which were observed in the case-control group, could not be replicated in the family-based study. It was therefore concluded from the results obtained in this study that employing both a case-control and family-based analysis when undertaking an association study is the most beneficial option. / Prof. Liza Bornman

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (MSc (Chemical Pathology))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Chemical Pathology / unrestricted

Genetic polymorphisms can be seen as the occurrence of more than one form of a DNA- or protein sequence at a single locus in a group of organisms, where these different forms occur more frequently than can be attributed to mutation alone. The combination of genetic polymorphisms present in the genome of a particular individual is referred to as its genotype. A wide range of genotyping techniques have been developed to detect and visualize genetic polymorphisms. One such technique examines highly polymorphic repetitive DNA regions called microsatellites, also called “short tandem repeats” (STRs) and sometimes “simple sequence repeats” (SSRs) or “simple-sequence length polymorphisms” (SSLPs). A microsatellite region consists of a DNA sequence of identical units of usually 2-6 base pairs strung together to produce highly variable numbers of tandem repeats among individuals of a population. Microsatellite genotyping is a popular choice for many types of studies including individual identification, paternity testing, germplasm evaluation, genome mapping and diversity studies and can be used in many commercial, academic, social, and agricultural applications. There are, however, many obstacles in effectively managing and analysing microsatellite genotype data. Currently, researchers are struggling to effectively manage and analyse rapidly growing volumes of genotyping data. Management problems range from simply the lack of a secure, easily accessible central data repository to more complex issues like the merging and standardization of data from multiple sources into combined datasets. Due to these issues, genetic fingerprinting applications such as identity matching and relatedness studies can be challenging when data from different experiments or laboratories have to be combined into a central database. The main aim of this M.Sc study in Bioinformatics was to develop a bioinformatics resource for the management and analysis of genetic fingerprinting data from microsatellite marker genotyping studies, and to apply the software to the analysis of microsatellite marker data from ramets of Pinus patula clones with the purpose of analysing clonal identity in pine breeding programmes. The software resource developed here is called GenoSonic. It is a web application that provides users with a secure, easily accessible space where genotyping project data can be managed and analysed as a team. Users can upload and download large amounts of marker genotype data. Once uploaded to the system, DNA fingerprint data needs to be standardised before it can be used in further analyses. To do this, a two-step approach was implemented in GenoSonic. The first step is to assign standardized allele sizes to all of the input allele sizes of the microsatellite fingerprints automatically using a novel automated binning algorithm called CSMerge-1, which was designed specifically to bin data from multiple experiments. The second step is to manually verify the results from the automated binning function and add the verified data to a standardized dataset. Once the genetic fingerprints have been standardized, allele- and genotype frequencies can be viewed for any given marker. GenoSonic also provides functionalities for identity matching. One or more DNA fingerprints from unknown samples can be matched against a standardized dataset to establish identities or infer relatedness. Finally, GenoSonic implements a genetic distance tree construction function, which can be used to visualize relatedness among samples in a selected dataset. The bioinformatics resource developed in this study was applied to a microsatellite DNA fingerprinting project aimed at the re-establishment or confirmation of clonal identity of Pinus patula ramets from pine clonal seed orchards developed by a South African forestry company at one of their new agricultural estates in South Africa. The results from GenoSonic‟s automated binning function (CSMerge-1) and the results from the identity matching and tree construction exercise were compared to results obtained by human experts who have analysed the data manually. It was demonstrated that the results from GenoSonic equalled or surpassed the manual results in terms of accuracy and consistency, and far surpasses the manual effort in terms of the speed at which analyses could be completed. GenoSonic was developed with specific focus on reusability, and the ability to be modified or extended to solve future genotyping-related problems. This study not only provides a solution to current genotype data management and analysis needs of researchers, but is aimed at serving as a basic framework, or component library for future software development projects that may be required to address specific needs of researchers dealing with high-throughput genotyping data. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Biochemistry / unrestricted

Methods to determine genetic diversity and relatedness within populations are essential tools for proper wildlife management. Today the approach of choice is polymerase chain reaction-based microsatellite analysis. Seven new polymorphic loci were isolated from a microsatellite-enriched Caribbean flamingo genomic library and used to characterize survey populations of Caribbean and African greater flamingos. In addition, four of these loci were used to verify parentage relationships within a captive-breeding population of African greater flamingos. Parentage predictions based upon gamekeeper observations of breeding and nesting did not always agree with genetic-based parentage analyses of the nine suggested family groups. Four family groups were supported (groups I, II, III and VI) by there results. However, an analysis of the remaining five suggested groups, with a total of eight offspring/dam and eight offspring/sire suggested relationships, yielded seven exclusions of the suggested dam and six exclusions of the suggested sire. This put the overall suggested dam exclusion rate at 35% and exclusion rate for suggested sires at 29%. Although the keeper observation data for our family groups must be considered a variable of concern at this time, these findings are certainly suggestive that more carefully controlled studies may reveal that flamingos are not monogamous as long accepted, but rather socially monogamous or even promiscuous. Thus we have now been able to both characterize and demonstrate the utility of our polymorphic microsatellite loci. We hope these results will interest additional wildlife facilities in further parentage and behavioral studies that will collectively aid to improve monitoring and maintenance of genetic diversity, and as provide better insight into breeding habits of both wild and captive populations.

Klotho (KL), an anti-aging protein, attracted interest in the aging field because of the dramatic phenotype of KL deficient mice and its connection to signaling pathways implicated in aging. The KLVS variant consists of the F352V (KLV) and C370S (KLS) substitutions. It was detected in genome wide association studies (GWAS) that linked it to alterations in longevity and disease risk. The molecular mechanism(s) underlying these associations are unknown. To understand how KL increases the risk of age-related diseases, the studies in this dissertation investigated whether expression of the KLVS variant, when compared to wildtype (KLWT), displays differences in processing, protein-protein interactions and enzymatic activity. Differences in processing were evaluated by studying changes in shedding, half-life and plasma membrane localization of KL variants. The decrease in KLV shedding, as measured by the intracellular: extracellular ratio, were explained by a decreased half-life. This decreased half-life is potentially due to decreased KLV plasma membrane localization, which is attenuated by co-expression of dominant negative dynamin, suggesting a role of endocytosis in these differences. To assess whether there are changes in KLVS protein-protein interactions, differences in dimerization were measured by Blue Native gel electrophoresis and cross-linking. KLV dimerization was increased while KLS and KLVS variants decreased dimerization. Co-immunoprecipitation of tagged KL assessed whether these changes were due to alterations in homodimerization. The presence of KLVS in dimers decreased the levels of immunoprecipitated KL suggesting KLVS decreases homodimerization. Changes in heterodimerization of KLVS with fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 1c were also investigated through co-immunoprecipitation. KLVS increased heterodimerization with FGFR1c. Addition of FGF23, for which KL is a co-receptor, showed that KLVS increases FGF signaling downstream of FGFR1c. To determine differences in enzymatic activity of KLVS, 4-metylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide was used to measure alterations in glucuronidase activity. Results showed that KLVS had decreased enzymatic activity compared to KLWT. These findings are the first to show that KLVS leads to differences in function as demonstrated by decreased homodimerization and enzymatic activity and increased heterodimerization with FGFR1c. Given the association of KLVS with disease and longevity, these results suggest that these functions are integral in KL's anti-aging role in humans.