Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references.

Advancing the production efficiency and profitability of aquaculture is dependent upon the ability to utilize a diverse array of genetic resources. The ultimate goals of aquaculture genomics, genetics and breeding research are to enhance aquaculture production efficiency, sustainability, product quality, and profitability in support of the commercial sector and for the benefit of consumers. In order to achieve these goals, it is important to understand the genomic structure and organization of aquaculture species, and their genomic and phenomic variations, as well as the genetic basis of traits and their interrelationships. In addition, it is also important to understand the mechanisms of regulation and evolutionary conservation at the levels of genome, transcriptome, proteome, epigenome, and systems biology. With genomic information and information between the genomes and phenomes, technologies for marker/causal mutation-assisted selection, genome selection, and genome editing can be developed for applications in aquaculture. A set of genomic tools and resources must be made available including reference genome sequences and their annotations (including coding and non-coding regulatory elements), genome-wide polymorphic markers, efficient genotyping platforms, high-density and high-resolution linkage maps, and transcriptome resources including non-coding transcripts. Genomic and genetic control of important performance and production traits, such as disease resistance, feed conversion efficiency, growth rate, processing yield, behaviour, reproductive characteristics, and tolerance to environmental stressors like low dissolved oxygen, high or low water temperature and salinity, must be understood. QTL need to be identified, validated across strains, lines and populations, and their mechanisms of control understood. Causal gene(s) need to be identified. Genetic and epigenetic regulation of important aquaculture traits need to be determined, and technologies for marker-assisted selection, causal gene/mutation-assisted selection, genome selection, and genome editing using CRISPR and other technologies must be developed, demonstrated with applicability, and application to aquaculture industries. Major progress has been made in aquaculture genomics for dozens of fish and shellfish species including the development of genetic linkage maps, physical maps, microarrays, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays, transcriptome databases and various stages of genome reference sequences. This paper provides a general review of the current status, challenges and future research needs of aquaculture genomics, genetics, and breeding, with a focus on major aquaculture species in the United States: catfish, rainbow trout, Atlantic salmon, tilapia, striped bass, oysters, and shrimp. While the overall research priorities and the practical goals are similar across various aquaculture species, the current status in each species should dictate the next priority areas within the species. This paper is an output of the USDA Workshop for Aquaculture Genomics, Genetics, and Breeding held in late March 2016 in Auburn, Alabama, with participants from all parts of the United States.

É histórica a exploração dos recursos naturais dos países periféricos pelos centrais. No seio da atual Divisão Internacional do Trabalho essa exploração foi ganhando maior regulamentação dentro de alguns países. Os países da bacia hidrográfica amazônica, ricos em recursos genéticos, podem considerar o acesso a estes recursos em seus territórios lícito, como quando uma empresa ou pesquisador cumprem todos os requisitos burocráticos e práticos que constam na lei, mas pode ser também ilícito, o que configura biopirataria. A diferença nessa classificação sobre os usos do território tem sido matéria de polêmicas internacionais em um contexto geral de queda de barreiras comerciais e de descoberta do potencial econômico de recursos naturais antes desprezados pelo mercado. Este acesso envolve relações em diferentes escalas e com diversos atores que compõem o sistema geopolítico internacional, com regulamentações em acordos internacionais, regionais e com leis nacionais. Entre estes atores destacam-se grandes corporações, Estados e populações tradicionais competindo desigualmente pelo controle ou pela influência sobre o território. A simples forma de se apropriar e até mesmo de descrever uma planta, por exemplo, já reflete diferentes estratégias para o controle e classificação do território: tal planta poderia ser simultaneamente avaliada pelo seu potencial econômico e pelas suas propriedades científicas, ou pelo risco do seu desaparecimento e pela defesa de seu isolamento em relação aos homens, ou ainda pela antiguidade e pela permanência de usos comunitários e empíricos de suas folhas e raízes para garantir a manutenção do modo de vida de um grupo tradicional. Dentro desse quadro, os objetivos do trabalho são compreender os desdobramentos do ordenamento jurídico sobre recursos genéticos na região amazônica. Faremos esse trabalho por intermédio de acordos internacionais, leis nacionais e publicações de autores que trabalham o tema recursos genéticos na Amazônia. / The exploration of the natural resources of the peripheral countries by the central ones is historical. Within the current Labor International Division, this exploitation has been gaining more regulation in some countries. The countries in the Amazon basin, which are rich in genetic resources, may consider legal access to these resources in their territories, such as when a company or a researcher meets all the bureaucratic and practical requirements which are contained in the law, but the access may also be illegal, which constitutes biopiracy. The difference in this classification of land uses has been the subject of international controversy in a general context of the end of commercial barriers and in the discovering of the economic potential of natural resources previously despised by the market. This access involves relations at different scales and with different actors that participates the international geopolitical system, with regulations in regional and international agreements, and national laws. Among these actors stand out large corporations, national states and traditional populations competing unequally for control or influence over the territory. The simple way of framing and even describing a plant, for example, are enough to expose different strategies for the control and classification over the territory: such a plant could be evaluated simultaneously by its economic potential and its scientific properties, or by the risk of its disappearance and the defense of their isolation in relation to humans, or the antiquity and permanence of communitarian and empirical uses of its leaves and roots to guarantee the maintenance of the way of life of a traditional group. Within this framework, the objectives of this work are to understand the unfolding of the legal order on genetic resources in the Amazon region. We will do this work based on international agreements, national laws and publications of authors working on genetic resources in the Amazon.

O foco do presente Doutorado cinge-se ao tema Biopirataria reflexionando sob a criação de um respectivo tipo penal. Não obstante a ausência de uma conceituação jurídica uníssona sobre Biopirataria parte-se da concepção primordial de um acesso irregular ao Patrimônio Genético e ainda, aos Conhecimentos Tradicionais associados. Não se olvide todavia que, ao lado destes dois grandes nortes, comportamentos outros igualmente conformam a problemática, demandando coibição, ad exemplum, a não repartição dos benefícios, ou ainda, a anormalidade no uso do Patrimônio Genético ou dos Conhecimentos Tradicionais associados, na remessa para o exterior, no transporte e armanezamento do Patrimônio Genético, na divulgação dos Conhecimentos Tradicionais associados e, enfim, variadas condutas contra a Administração da Biodiversidade. Sob uma metodologia monotemática, teórica e científica, investiga-se infindável material bibliográfico para solver assunto contemporâneo e político. A partir de duas premissas, quais sejam, o princípio do menor custo moral que funda eticamente toda a altercação sobre a interação homem e natureza e ainda, o inestimável valor do fato avaliado que justifica a incidência do Direito Penal, alcançou-se a ilação acerca da imprescindibilidade de um concernente tipo penal. Destarte, o deslinde é no sentido de uma incriminação, cujo Bem Jurídico Penal capital sagra-se como sendo a Biodiversidade, perfilhada esta como a diversidade biológica, sem esquecer contudo, de todo um cogente arcabouço tanto jurídico nacional e internacional quanto sócio-econômico para ofertar amparo à resolução desta controvérsia. / The focus of this doctoral thesis is on the subject of Biopiracy and the same time it is a reflection about the establishment of a specific criminal offense. Despite the absence of a unison legal concept on Biopiracy, it starts from the primordial conception of an irregular access to genetic heritage and also to its associated Traditional Knowledge. We should not forget however that, along these two great guidelines, there are other type of behaviors that compound to the problem, which demand restraints, ad exemplum: not sharing the benefits, or even, abnormal use of Genetic Heritage and of its associated Traditional Knowledge in the remittance abroad, in the transport and the storage of Genetic Heritage, in the dissemination of associated traditional knowledge and, finally, in various procedures which are against the administration of Biodiversity. According to the theoretical, scientific and monothematic methodology, we researched endless bibliographic material to settle this contemporary political issue. From two premises, namely, the principle of the lower moral cost on which are based, ethically speaking, all altercation on the interaction between man and nature and also the priceless value of the evaluated fact, which justifies the incidence of criminal law, a conclusion was reached, and it is regarding the indispensability of a relative criminal offense. Thus, the inquiry is regarding criminality, whose capital Legal goods are consecrated as being Biodiversity, endorsed as biodiversity, without forgetting, however, an entire cogent framework both of the national and international judicial branches and of the socio-economic development to offer support to the resolution of this controversy.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-09-05T17:35:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Moçambique, Pedro Antonio - 2010.pdf: 1847856 bytes, checksum: 913aad73e5dbc897fff5c2698ba75f38 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-05T17:35:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Moçambique, Pedro Antonio - 2010.pdf: 1847856 bytes, checksum: 913aad73e5dbc897fff5c2698ba75f38 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-31 / Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are widely cropped in Brazil, the largest world consumer. P. Vulgaris species is an important source of proteins in the human diet in developing countries in tropical and sub tropical regions, especially in the Americas and West Africa. To know the genetic diversity among commercial and Creole cultivars is very useful to breeders because it allows an adequate organization of the genetic resources and a better exploitation of the available genetic diversity. The objective of this work was to identify the genetic diversity among and into Carioca type common bean accesses stored in the Active Germplasm Bank at Embrapa Arroz e Feijão. The experimental design was a completely randomized bloc with three replicates and carried out at the same institution in the municipality of Santo Antônio de Goiás with the following geographical coordinates: 16.30´S; 49.17´W at 814 m altitude. The evaluation was performed based on fifteen morphoagronomic qualitative descriptors and fifteen quantitative descriptors as well. Nine out of fifteen descriptors were uniform in all accesses. The quantitative descriptors were analyzed using canonical variate analysis; the agglomerative clustering method of Ward, and the univariate variance analysis associated with the Tukey test to evaluate the effect of clustering on the variables and to compare the means of the groups among them. Through the canonical variate analysis it was possible to discard three variables with little contribution to the total phonotypical variability among the accesses. Taking in account the twelve variables left, it was necessary to consider the first five canonical variables to explain 68% of the total variance. Even though the dispersion plot of the accesses related to the two first canonical variables (57%) evidenced phonotypical variability in the accesses studied. Variables flowering days, number of locules per pods and pod beak length were considered the most discriminatory. Accesses CF870015 and CF 830128 were identified as the most diverging between themselves. Through cluster analysis, using the fifteen quantitative descriptors, six similar groups were established. Observing the average of the phenotypic characteristics of each group and the dispersion of the accessions, it was observed concordance between the canonical variate analysis and clustering. Based on the analysis of variance of the quantitative descriptors, the variables leaf width, number of pods per plant, pod beak length and number of locules per pods indicate non significant difference, while the other variables presented highly significant differences at the 5% level. / O feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) é uma cultura amplamente difundida no Brasil, que é o maior produtor e consumidor mundial. A espécie P.vulgaris representa uma importante fonte protéica na dieta humana dos países em desenvolvimento das regiões tropicais e subtropicais, particularmente nas Américas e no leste e sul da África. O conhecimento da diversidade genética entre as cultivares comerciais e crioulas é útil aos melhoristas, por permitir melhor organização dos recursos genéticos e maior aproveitamento da diversidade genética disponível. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a existência de diversidade entre e dentro dos acessos de feijão comum de tipo grão Carioca armazenados no Banco Ativo de Germoplasma da Embrapa Arroz e Feijão. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com três repetições, e foi realizado na área experimental da Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, localizada no município de Santo António de Goiás, com coordenadas geográficas 16,30´S, 49,17´W e 814 m. Os acessos foram avaliados com base em quinze descritores morfoagronômicos qualitativos e quinze quantitativos. Em nove, dos quinze descritores qualitativos foram uniformes em todos os acessos. Os descritores quantitativos foram analisados utilizando-se a análise de variáveis canônicas; o método de agrupamento aglomerativo de Ward; e a análise de variância univariada, associada ao teste de Tukey, para avaliar os efeitos dos grupos sobre as variáveis e comparar as médias dos grupos entre si. Pela análise de variáveis canônicas, foi possível descartar três variáveis que pouco contribuíram para a variabilidade fenotípica total entre os acessos. Considerando-se as doze variáveis restantes, foram necessários as três primeiras variáveis canônicas para explicar 68% da variância total. Mesmo assim, o gráfico de dispersão dos acessos em relação as duas primeiras variáveis canônicas (57%) evidenciou variabilidade fenotípica existente nos acessos. As variáveis dias de floração, número de lóculos por vagem e comprimento do dente apical, foram consideradas como os mais discriminantes. Os acessos CF870015 e CF830128 foram identificados como os mais divergentes entre si. Pela análise de agrupamento, utilizando-se os quinze descritores quantitativos, foram estabelecidos seis grupos de similaridade. Observando-se as médias das características fenotípicas de cada grupo, e a dispersão dos acessos, verificou-se concordância entre as análises de variáveis canônicas e de agrupamento. Pela análise de variância dos descritores quantitativos, os variáveis largura foliar, número de vagens por planta, largura da vagem, comprimento do dente apical, e número de lóculos por vagem, indicaram diferença não significativa, enquanto que as outras variáveis apresentaram diferença altamente significativa ao nível de significância 5%.

This thesis examines the application of international law to the uses of agricultural crop plants termed plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. In particular, it asks the question, does international law regulate the use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture so as to enable equity among nations in accessing these resources and sharing the benefits which arise from them? In answering this question this thesis will also consider several related issues which have arisen in the course of the international debate on this topic. These resources are closely entwined with the lives and livelihoods of certain categories of peoples such as indigenous peoples and farmers and local communities. In addition, they are critical for the economies, agricultural systems and food security of nations. The thesis question will not be considered in the abstract, but will rather be placed against the background of these issues, which will be continuously used to put the legal discourse into perspective. The legal analysis will focus on five international agreements which directly or indirectly regulate the use of crop plants. These five agreements are placed in two broad categories, i.e. environmental/conservation agreements and trade and property related agreements. The first category includes the Convention on Biological Diversity of 1992 and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of 2001. The second category includes the Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants of 1991, the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights of 1994, and several treaties of the World Intellectual Property Organisation. In addition, since the topic raises issues of rights, certain human rights treaties and documents will also be used in the analysis. The current international conflict over plant genetic resources can be condensed into one of rights, human rights and property rights. The international treaties cited above have all contextualized the issue within a framework of property rights, setting out mechanisms for different forms of legal control of these resources. This thesis will argue that whatever the form and nature of such property rights, they cannot achieve equity in the use of crop plants. Rather the use of such rights results in violations of human rights.

This thesis analyses the struggle over rights to benefits and ownership of plant genetic resources and the global regime complex on the management of plant genetic resources, and how different regimes concerning these resources cooperate or stand in opposition to each other. Because of changes in US patent law and the establishment of TRIPS, patent claims over plant genetic resources has increased dramatically globally. This, amongst other things, in turn has lead to the acrimonious negotiations of access and benefit sharing arrangements within the framework CBD. The objective of this thesis is to examine the interaction between the international regimes regulating genetic resources and intellectual property and to analyse how these regime interactions, affect the protection of traditional knowledge held by local communities, indigenous peoples and small farmers in developing countries. The thesis concludes that it exists several regime interactions that are disruptive and undermine the possibility of protecting traditional knowledge from misappropriation. It is further concluded that modifications of the existing IPR regimes, on the disclosure of inventions, with a certificate of legal provenance, securing FPIC, MAT and benefit sharing, may serve as one brick in the wall that protect traditional knowledge from misappropriation through wrongly granted patents. But a certificate of legal provenance will not do the work alone. To protect traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources in the long term bio-cultural solutions which sustains the entire community where traditional knowledge is embedded is needed.

Darbo tikslas ir uždaviniai: Surinkti ir išanalizuoti informaciją apie esančius Lietuvos kačių registrų duomenų bazes; Ištirti kačių veislių populiarumą Lietuvoje; Ištirti kačių skaičiaus kitimo tendencijas populiariausiose veislėse 2009 – 2013 m.; Ištirti kokios dažniausiai pasitaiko genetinės ligos veisiant kates ir kokiose veislėse. Tyrimo metodika: mokslinės literatūros analizė, statistinių duomenų rinkimas ir apdorojimas. Rezultatai ir išvados: Nustatyta, kad per 2009 – 2013 metus, buvo užregistruoti 34618 gyvūnai. Lietuvoje buvo užregistruotos 7297 katės iš kurių 4198 priklausė dešimčiai populiariausių kačių veislių. RegiVet duomenų bazėje per penkis metus buvo užregistruotos 3409 katės. Vilniaus miesto gyvūnų duomenų bazėje užregistruotos 711 katės. 15 kačių veislynuose, per penkis metus buvo išvestos 372 katės. Tyrimo metu buvo atrinktos populiariausios kačių veislės ir sudarytas šių veislių dešimtukas. 2009 – 2013 metais dažniausiai aptinkama kačių veislė buvo Persų katės. Taip pat vienos iš populiariausių kačių buvo Britų trumpaplaukės, Siamo, Kornvalio reksų ir Egzotų katės. Per tiriamuosius metus mažiau populiarios katės buvo Meino meškėnai, Rusų mėlynosios, Abisinijos, Bengalijos, bei Turkų angoros veislių katės. Buvo nustatytos veislės, kurioms prognozuojama skaičiaus didėjimo tendencija, tai Persų, Britų trumpaplaukėms ir Siamo veislių katėms. Taip pat nustatytos veislės kurioms prognozuojama nežymi skaičiaus didėjimo tendencija, tai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Research methodology: Analysis of scientific literature, scientific articles, and statistical data. Different articles and research material offering information on the issue under consideration were used as the basis for the research. Results and conclusions: It was found that during the 2009 - 2013 year has registered 34618 animals. Lithuania was recorded in 7297 from a 4198 cat belonged to the ten most popular cat breeds. RegiVet database within five years was recorded in 3409, cat. Vilnius city animal database recorded 711 cats. 15 cattery over five years has been derived 372 cats. The study has been selected for the most popular breed of cat and consists of a dozen varieties. 2009 - 2013, the most common breed of cat has been found in Persian cats. It is also one of the most popular British Shorthair cat was, Siamese, Cornish rex and Exotic cats. Over the years, research has been less popular cat Maine Coon, Russian Blue , Abyssinian, Bengal, and the Turkish Angora cat breed. Varieties have been identified which predicted increase in the number of trendsetting is Persian, British shorthair and Siamese cats. It has also established a variety of which predicted a slight increase in the number of trendsetting, the Cornish Rex, Maine Coon, Exotic, and the Bengal cat breed. And set out a variety of monitored depopulation trendsetting, this Russian Blue, Abyssinian, Turkish Angora cat breed. The study showed the likelihood of genetic diseases in the most popular cat breeds... [to full text]

The Amazon region is one of the richest areas on the planet in terms of its biodiversity and natural resources. The large scale harvesting of trees in this region is a relatively new activity, and it is uncertain whether the exploitation of timber species will result in depletion of forest genetic resources. To examine this, I have assessed levels of inbreeding, gene flow, and genetic diversity in populations of Amazonian forest trees undergoing logging. Because of their high variability within populations, microsatellite genetic markers were chosen for the study, and it was verified through an initial sampling experiment that this class of markers is sufficiently stable within somatic tissue of large and long-lived trees such that population studies could be undertaken with them. By sampling adult trees and seed progenies at several microsatellite loci, high levels of gene flow and low levels of inbreeding were found within populations of Sextonia rubra and Carapa guianensis, two important insect-pollinated Amazonian forest tree species. Comparing seed progeny collected before versus after selective logging of a population of Carapa guianensis, no measurable evidence was found that that the population genetic dynamics is impacted by logging. In particular, levels of inbreeding, gene flow, and population substructure were the same before and after logging. Comparing different populations distributed over the Amazon basin, a phylogeographical structure in the chloroplast DNA of Carapa guianensis that corresponds to major tributaries of the Amazon river was discovered, suggesting that seed dispersal through rivers may contribute to genetic connectivity among populations. Overall, the results of this thesis suggest that the large effective population sizes, the high levels of gene flow, and the low levels of inbreeding in exploited Amazonian tree populations may allow them to counteract potential negative genetic impacts of selective logging, at least at the levels of harvesting carried out during this study, and for the Carapa guianensis population investigated.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.