The goal of the thesis was to characterize transcriptional profiles of in vivo and in vitro derived embryos during bovine minor and major embryonic genome activation and to identify mRNA transcripts newly synthesized during these stages. In our first work we have concentrated on the study of minor genome activation at the 4-cell stage of embryo. Using SSH, we have identified 31 amplicons homologous with already identified genes. We have selected 5 of these for detailed study of their expression during the whole period of preimplantation development: centromere protein, 350/400 kDa (CENPF, mitosin), splicing factor arginine/serine-rich 3 (SRFS3), high mobility group nucleosomal binding domain 2 (HMGN2) protein and eukaryotic translation initiation factors EIF4A2 a EIF4E. All these genes play an important role in the early embryo development. SRFS3 is the first described gene with an important function in preimplantation development, which is expressed already during bovine minor genome activation, and its transcription is α-amanitin sensitive during this period. We have selected CENPF gene for a more thorough study. By silencing its expression by the injection of CENPF dsRNA into the zygote, we have studied its function throughout the whole preimplantation development of bovine embryo....

A transição materno-embrionária é um fenômeno complexo caracterizado pela iniciação da transcrição no embrião e a substituição do mRNA materno pelo mRNA embrionário. O mRNA e as proteínas estocadas no oócito são utilizados nas primeiras clivagens e, posteriormente, o embrião deve iniciar a transcrição dos genes necessários ao seu desenvolvimento, que ocorre no estádio de oito células em embriões bovinos. Nesta etapa, podem ser observados embriões competentes a continuar o desenvolvimento, enquanto embriões incompetentes sofrem bloqueio. Pelo fato do bloqueio ocorrer na fase de ativação do genoma embrionário, formulou-se a hipótese de que o bloqueio estaria associado a genes transcritos neste momento, contrariamente à hipótese mais aceita de bloqueio passivo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de identificar, categorizar e avaliar transcritos diferencialmente expressos entre embriões bovinos de desenvolvimento rápido e lento, além de elucidar possíveis vias de sinalização de morte ou sobrevivência celular. Para isso, foi feita uma hibridação em membrana de macro arranjo contendo genes humanos relacionados a ciclo celular, hibridada com aRNA marcado radioativamente oriundo de embriões bovinos produzidos in vitro de acordo com sua velocidade de desenvolvimento, seguido por RT-PCR e análise de vias de sinalização para validação da hibridação. A média de similaridade entre estes genes humanos e bovinos de 89,3%. Pelas membranas de macro arranjos foram identificados 120 genes com modulação diferencial entre embriões lentos e rápidos, sendo 100 genes com regulação superior nos embriões lentos. Entre os genes com modulação positiva nos embriões rápidos, 40% foram primariamente identificados como ligantes a proteínas e 25% têm atividade catalítica, com resultados similares no grupo de genes com modulação positiva nos embriões lentos. Por um lado, as diferenças de transcrição entre embriões de desenvolvimento rápido e lento não foram confirmadas pelo RTPCR. Mas os genes diferencialmente modulados estão associados e constitutivamente presentes em algumas vias de sinalização para morte celular. Os resultados sugerem que a ativação do genoma embrionário é necessária para a sinalização de vias de sobrevivência ou morte celular programada. Assim, o bloqueio do desenvolvimento não é um processo passivo, mas sim um processo ativo de transcrição de genes, ativando tanto a cascata de sobrevivência quanto a cascata de morte em embriões com baixo potencial de desenvolvimento. / Maternal-zygotic transition is a complex phenomenon characterized by the initiation of transcription in the embryo and the transition of maternal mRNA with embryonic mRNA. It is believed that the mRNAs and proteins synthethized by the oocyte during its growth and final maturation allow the zygote to develop during the early stages of embryo development up to the 8 cell-stage, the moment when the bovine embryo acquires transcriptional competence. Competent embryos are able to develop until blastocyst, while incompetent embryos block. Since the blockage occurs during embryo genome activation, we developed the hypothesis that gene transcription in incompetent embryos is associated with the blockage, instead of passive blockage. The aim of this work was to identify, categorize and analyze gene expression differences between fast cleavage and slow cleavage embryos, and discover possible signaling pathways to cell death or cell survival. We used a macroarray membrane spotted with human genes related to cell cycle and hybridizated with a radioactive labeled aRNA from fast or slow in vitro produced embryos. Real-time PCR and signaling pathways analysis were designed for further validation of the array. The mean similarity between human and bovine genes was 89,3%. According to the array membranes, it was possible to identify 120 genes differentially expressed between slow and fast cleavage embryos. Hence, the majority of the genes were more expressed in slow embryos (100 genes versus 20 genes in fast group). Among genes more expressed at fast embryos, 40% were identified as protein binding and 25% have catalytic activity, with similar results in slow embryos. In one hand, differences between fast and slow embryos transcripts were not confirmed by real-time PCR analysis. But on the other hand, the differentially expressed genes are somehow related to and constitutively present in some recognized death pathways. Together, these results presented herein suggest that embryonic genome activation is necessary for survival or cell death signaling. Moreover, developmental block is not a passive pathway, but rather a very active transcriptional pathway, leading to activation of cell survival genes prior to genes related to death in slow-developing embryos.

Embryonic cells of many species polarise and the cell polarity is often important for the normal developmental progression. In the mouse embryo, the prototype of epithelial cell polarity, namely apico-basal polarisation, become established at the 2.5 days' post-fertilisation, when the embryos are at the 8-cell stage. The formation of apical domain is necessary and sufficient for the first segregation of extra-embryonic and embryonic cell lineages, as well as the following up morphogenetic transitions, such as the blastocyst formation. This study aims to explore the molecular pathways triggering the first cell polarity establishment in the mouse embryo, and to reveal the mechanism that programmes the timing of this event in the mouse embryo. The results showed that cell polarity establishment during the 8-cell stage development can be divided into two major phases: in the first phase actomyosin complex became polarised to the cell-contact free surface; and in the second phase apical proteins recruited to the actomyosin enriched cell-contact free cortex, they further became centralised in the cell-contact free surface, excluding the local actomyosin meshwork, resulting in the formation of actomyosin ring. The activation and assembly of actomyosin meshwork during the first phase, but not its contractility, was essential for apical protein recruitment. Factors responsible for actin cytoskeleton reorganisation included Phospholipase C (PLC) - Protein Kinase C (PKC) pathway components, they directly activated actomyosin in the first phase through the Rho proteins such as RhoA. Further results showed that the apical protein centralisation step required a proximate transcriptional input that was induced by two transcription factors, Tfap2c and Tead4. RNAi and Genetic depletion of these two factors prevented apical protein centralisation and the final apical domain assembly. The protein expression profile indicated that Tfap2c and Tead4 expression, and therefore their activity, were induced by zygotic genome activation. Significantly, overexpression of Tfap2c, Tead4, together with constitutively activated Rho proteins were sufficient to advance the timing of apical domain formation, indicating that the timer of cell polarity establishment at the 8-cell stage is set by the Rho proteins activation, and the zygotic transcriptional accumulation of Tfap2c and Tead4. Together, these results characterised the molecular events during the cell polarity establishment at the 8-cell stage mouse embryo, and identified the timing regulation of this event.

A transição materno-embrionária é um fenômeno complexo caracterizado pela iniciação da transcrição no embrião e a substituição do mRNA materno pelo mRNA embrionário. O mRNA e as proteínas estocadas no oócito são utilizados nas primeiras clivagens e, posteriormente, o embrião deve iniciar a transcrição dos genes necessários ao seu desenvolvimento, que ocorre no estádio de oito células em embriões bovinos. Nesta etapa, podem ser observados embriões competentes a continuar o desenvolvimento, enquanto embriões incompetentes sofrem bloqueio. Pelo fato do bloqueio ocorrer na fase de ativação do genoma embrionário, formulou-se a hipótese de que o bloqueio estaria associado a genes transcritos neste momento, contrariamente à hipótese mais aceita de bloqueio passivo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de identificar, categorizar e avaliar transcritos diferencialmente expressos entre embriões bovinos de desenvolvimento rápido e lento, além de elucidar possíveis vias de sinalização de morte ou sobrevivência celular. Para isso, foi feita uma hibridação em membrana de macro arranjo contendo genes humanos relacionados a ciclo celular, hibridada com aRNA marcado radioativamente oriundo de embriões bovinos produzidos in vitro de acordo com sua velocidade de desenvolvimento, seguido por RT-PCR e análise de vias de sinalização para validação da hibridação. A média de similaridade entre estes genes humanos e bovinos de 89,3%. Pelas membranas de macro arranjos foram identificados 120 genes com modulação diferencial entre embriões lentos e rápidos, sendo 100 genes com regulação superior nos embriões lentos. Entre os genes com modulação positiva nos embriões rápidos, 40% foram primariamente identificados como ligantes a proteínas e 25% têm atividade catalítica, com resultados similares no grupo de genes com modulação positiva nos embriões lentos. Por um lado, as diferenças de transcrição entre embriões de desenvolvimento rápido e lento não foram confirmadas pelo RTPCR. Mas os genes diferencialmente modulados estão associados e constitutivamente presentes em algumas vias de sinalização para morte celular. Os resultados sugerem que a ativação do genoma embrionário é necessária para a sinalização de vias de sobrevivência ou morte celular programada. Assim, o bloqueio do desenvolvimento não é um processo passivo, mas sim um processo ativo de transcrição de genes, ativando tanto a cascata de sobrevivência quanto a cascata de morte em embriões com baixo potencial de desenvolvimento. / Maternal-zygotic transition is a complex phenomenon characterized by the initiation of transcription in the embryo and the transition of maternal mRNA with embryonic mRNA. It is believed that the mRNAs and proteins synthethized by the oocyte during its growth and final maturation allow the zygote to develop during the early stages of embryo development up to the 8 cell-stage, the moment when the bovine embryo acquires transcriptional competence. Competent embryos are able to develop until blastocyst, while incompetent embryos block. Since the blockage occurs during embryo genome activation, we developed the hypothesis that gene transcription in incompetent embryos is associated with the blockage, instead of passive blockage. The aim of this work was to identify, categorize and analyze gene expression differences between fast cleavage and slow cleavage embryos, and discover possible signaling pathways to cell death or cell survival. We used a macroarray membrane spotted with human genes related to cell cycle and hybridizated with a radioactive labeled aRNA from fast or slow in vitro produced embryos. Real-time PCR and signaling pathways analysis were designed for further validation of the array. The mean similarity between human and bovine genes was 89,3%. According to the array membranes, it was possible to identify 120 genes differentially expressed between slow and fast cleavage embryos. Hence, the majority of the genes were more expressed in slow embryos (100 genes versus 20 genes in fast group). Among genes more expressed at fast embryos, 40% were identified as protein binding and 25% have catalytic activity, with similar results in slow embryos. In one hand, differences between fast and slow embryos transcripts were not confirmed by real-time PCR analysis. But on the other hand, the differentially expressed genes are somehow related to and constitutively present in some recognized death pathways. Together, these results presented herein suggest that embryonic genome activation is necessary for survival or cell death signaling. Moreover, developmental block is not a passive pathway, but rather a very active transcriptional pathway, leading to activation of cell survival genes prior to genes related to death in slow-developing embryos.

Apesar da grande melhora nos resultados de desenvolvimento embrionário in vitro, cerca de 40% dos oócitos bovinos fecundados não completam o desenvolvimento na fase de pré-implantação. Diversos fatores estão relacionados a este fenômeno, conhecido como bloqueio do desenvolvimento embrionário. Partindo da premissa que o bloqueio no desenvolvimento ocorre normalmente, durante a ativação do genoma embrionário, aproximadamente, no 4º ciclo celular em bovinos, formulou-se a hipótese de que os genes transcritos no momento da ativação do genoma embrionário estão relacionados ao bloqueio. Nesta tese, um sistema fluorescente de Differential Display PCR (DDPCR) foi desenvolvido para isolar e identificar fragmentos de mRNAs expressos diferencialmente entre embriões que se desenvolvem mais rápido e com melhor taxa de desenvolvimento e aqueles que apresentam desenvolvimento mais lento e com maior taxa de bloqueio. Dentre 176 fragmentos recuperados, 27 foram clonados, seqüenciados e 30 genes identificados. Dois genes, PI3K e ITM2B foram quantificados pela PCR em tempo real. Os resultados sugerem que duas diferentes ativações do genoma podem estar ocorrendo: o grupo de desenvolvimento rápido ativa genes ligados ao desenvolvimento embrionário e, o grupo lento ativa os genes ligados à sobrevivência ou morte celular. / The embryonic developmental block occurs at the 8-cell stage in bovine and is characterized for a lengthening of the cell cycle. At the same stage, also takes place the maternal-embryonic transition (i.e. the activation of the embryonic genome). These events are highly correlated and many genes are activated at the 4th cell cycle however, their functions are mostly unknown. The study of gene expression during this stage will help understand the mechanisms involved in the maternal-embryonic transition and ultimately lead to improvements of in vitro embryo production rates. The aim of this study was to identify genes differentially expressed between bovine embryos with or without developmental competence to reach the blastocyst stage, using Differential Display PCR methodology. Embryos with fast cleavage divisions showing 8 cells at 48 hpi and high potential of development (R8), and embryos with slow cleavage divisions showing 4 cells at 48hpi (L4) and 8 cells at 80 hpi (L8), both with reduced rates of development to blastocyst, were analyzed. We developed an alternative protocol for amplification and recovery of differentially expressed genes from extremely small initial amounts of RNA (10 to 25 pg of mRNA) from preimplantation bovine embryos without need of radio-isotopes. A total of 176 differentially expressed bands were recovered, 27 isolated-fragments were cloned and sequenced confirming the expected primer sequences and allowing the recognition identification of 30 gene transcripts related to bovine embryonic physiology. Two genes, PI3K and ITM2B were chosen for relative quantification of mRNA using Real-Time PCR. Results suggest two different embryonic genome activation mechanisms: fast-developing embryos activate genes related to embryonic development, and slow-developing embryos activate genes related to cellular survival and/or death.

Lors de la fécondation, le sperme et l'ovule s'unissent pour former un zygote totipotent. Initialement, le zygote est transcriptionnellement inactif. Au cours des premiers clivages a lieu la mise en route du génome embryonnaire (EGA) et le développement passe alors sous le contrôle de l’information embryonnaire (au stade 8-16-cellules chez le bovin). Cette transition d’un contrôle maternel à un contrôle embryonnaire est appelée « maternal to embryonic transition (MET) ». De la même façon, lors du transfert nucléaire (clonage), un noyau de cellule somatique placé dans un ovocyte énucléé devient totipotent. Ce processus est appelé «reprogrammation nucléaire somatique?». En fait, la reprogrammation nucléaire lors du clonage est équivalente à la MET, toutefois, le clonage est très peu efficace. Les objectifs de cette étude chez les bovins sont a) d'explorer le processus de reprogrammation lors de la MET dans des embryons fécondés in vitro (FIV) et b) d’estimer l'efficacité de la reprogrammation génique après le transfert nucléaire lors du clonage. Nous émettons l'hypothèse que l'acquisition d'un profil d'expression génique correct pourrait être prédictif d’un potentiel de développement à terme de l'embryon, et pourrait être évalué dès juste après l'activation du génome embryonnaire (EGA) chez les bovins. Nous avons développé notre travail selon deux axes a) des analyses globales d'expression génique utilisant une puce dédiée à l’EGA et b) l’analyse du profil d'expression de gènes candidats par qRT-PCR dans les embryons fécondés et clonés. Dans un premier temps nous avons optimisé le protocole d'amplification d'ARNm pour l'analyse du transcriptome de matériels rares. Puis nous avons fait l'analyse du transcriptome avant et après EGA d’embryons issus d’ovocytes prélevés sur des vaches phénotypées comme « bonnes » ou « mauvaises » donneuses d’embryons. En outre, ces ovocytes ont été maturés soit in vivo soit in vitro. Nos analyses montrent que l'effet individuel est plus important que l'effet « bonne ou mauvaise donneuse » ou même que l’effet « conditions de maturation ». Nous avons ensuite analysé les expressions géniques de 5 types d'embryons clonés ayant différents potentiels de développement à terme en fonction de la lignée cellulaire utilisée comme source de cellules donneuses. Globalement, leur expression génique est proche de celle de morulae FIV, mais quelques gènes présentent une expression différente. Ces gènes varient avec la lignée de cellules donneuses et leur nombre n’est pas lié à l’aptitude au développement à terme. L’analyse d’un lien éventuel entre leur nature et cette aptitude devra être poursuivie. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons analysé les profils d'expression spatio-temporelle des transcrits et des protéines des gènes de pluripotence (OCT4, SOX2 et NANOG) et les niveaux d'ARNm de certains de leurs cibles dans les ovocytes et les embryons précoces chez le bovin. Les profils d'expression de ces gènes ont aussi été analysés dans des embryons clonés présentant différents potentiels de développement à terme. Nos résultats montrent que (1) la triade de gènes de pluripotence n'est probablement pas impliquée dans l’EGA bovine. (2) les transcrits et protéines de SOX2 et de NANOG sont restreints au lignage pluripotent plus tôt que ceux de OCT4, (3) les embryons à faible taux de développement à terme ont un taux de transcription plus élevé, néanmoins, l’équilibre précaire entre les gènes de pluripotence est maintenue. Cet équilibre pourrait permettre un développement normal in vitro, mais le taux de transcription plus élevé pourrait avoir des conséquences délétères sur le développement ultérieur. / In natural fertilization, sperm and ovum unite to form a totipotent zygote. Initially, the zygote is transcriptionally inactive and after few cleavages (8-16-cell stage in bovine) embryonic genome activation (EGA) takes place and embryo shifts from maternal to embryonic control, the process called maternal to embryonic transition (MET). Likewise, in nuclear transplantation (cloning) a somatic cell nucleus achieves totipotency when placed in an enucleated oocyte, the process called “nuclear reprogramming”. In fact, nuclear reprogramming in cloning experiments is equivalent to MET; however, this process is afflicted with low efficiency. The objectives of this study in bovine were a) to explore the process of MET reprogramming of in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos and b) to estimate the efficiency of gene reprogramming after nuclear transfer in animal cloning. We hypothesized that the acquisition of a proper gene expression pattern could herald development potential of the embryos, which could be assessed as early as morula stage or after embryonic genome activation (EGA) in bovine. Here, we opted for a study plan consisting of two axes a) global gene expression analysis using an EGA-dedicated microarray and b) candidate gene expression profiling through qRT-PCR in the fertilized and cloned bovine embryos. Firstly, we optimized the protocol of mRNA amplification for transcriptome analysis which generates antisens-RNA (aRNA). Then we did transcriptomic analysis of the 4-cell and morulae derived from two genotypes having better and two genotypes having poorer in vitro embryonic development potentials. In addition, these oocytes were either matured in vivo or in vitro. We observed that the effect of individual genotype was more important than the effect of the phenotypic category (poorer or better) or conditions of oocyte maturation. Furthermore, we explored the expression patterns of 5 types of cloned embryos having different full term developmental potentials depending upon the donor cell line used. Their genes expression patterns closely resembled to the IVF morulae, except for few genes which present differences. These genes vary with the cell line used as somatic cell donor for SCNT and the number of these deregulated genes did not increase with the poorer developmental potential of the cloned embryos. The analysis of an eventual correlation between the potential for embryonic development to term and nature of the deregulated genes should be addressed. Secondly, we charted quantitative and/or qualitative spatio-temporal expression patterns of transcripts and proteins of pluripotency genes (OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG) and mRNA levels of some of their downstream targets in bovine oocytes and early embryos. Furthermore, to correlate expression patterns of these genes with term developmental potential, we used cloned embryos, instead of gene ablation, having similar in vitro but different full term development rates. We chose these genes to be analysed since pluripotency genes are implicated in mouse embryonic genome activation (EGA) and pluripotent lineage specification. Moreover, their expression levels have been correlated with embryonic term development. Our findings affirm: first, the core triad of pluripotency genes probably is not implicated in bovine EGA since their proteins were not detected during pre-EGA phase, despite the transcripts for OCT4 and SOX2 were present. Second, an earlier ICM specification of SOX2 and NANOG makes them better candidates of bovine pluripotent lineage specification than OCT4. Third, embryos with low term development potential have higher transcription rates; nevertheless, precarious balance between pluripotency genes is maintained. This balance presages normal in vitro development but, probably higher transcription rate disturbs it at later stage that abrogates term development.

Apesar da grande melhora nos resultados de desenvolvimento embrionário in vitro, cerca de 40% dos oócitos bovinos fecundados não completam o desenvolvimento na fase de pré-implantação. Diversos fatores estão relacionados a este fenômeno, conhecido como bloqueio do desenvolvimento embrionário. Partindo da premissa que o bloqueio no desenvolvimento ocorre normalmente, durante a ativação do genoma embrionário, aproximadamente, no 4º ciclo celular em bovinos, formulou-se a hipótese de que os genes transcritos no momento da ativação do genoma embrionário estão relacionados ao bloqueio. Nesta tese, um sistema fluorescente de Differential Display PCR (DDPCR) foi desenvolvido para isolar e identificar fragmentos de mRNAs expressos diferencialmente entre embriões que se desenvolvem mais rápido e com melhor taxa de desenvolvimento e aqueles que apresentam desenvolvimento mais lento e com maior taxa de bloqueio. Dentre 176 fragmentos recuperados, 27 foram clonados, seqüenciados e 30 genes identificados. Dois genes, PI3K e ITM2B foram quantificados pela PCR em tempo real. Os resultados sugerem que duas diferentes ativações do genoma podem estar ocorrendo: o grupo de desenvolvimento rápido ativa genes ligados ao desenvolvimento embrionário e, o grupo lento ativa os genes ligados à sobrevivência ou morte celular. / The embryonic developmental block occurs at the 8-cell stage in bovine and is characterized for a lengthening of the cell cycle. At the same stage, also takes place the maternal-embryonic transition (i.e. the activation of the embryonic genome). These events are highly correlated and many genes are activated at the 4th cell cycle however, their functions are mostly unknown. The study of gene expression during this stage will help understand the mechanisms involved in the maternal-embryonic transition and ultimately lead to improvements of in vitro embryo production rates. The aim of this study was to identify genes differentially expressed between bovine embryos with or without developmental competence to reach the blastocyst stage, using Differential Display PCR methodology. Embryos with fast cleavage divisions showing 8 cells at 48 hpi and high potential of development (R8), and embryos with slow cleavage divisions showing 4 cells at 48hpi (L4) and 8 cells at 80 hpi (L8), both with reduced rates of development to blastocyst, were analyzed. We developed an alternative protocol for amplification and recovery of differentially expressed genes from extremely small initial amounts of RNA (10 to 25 pg of mRNA) from preimplantation bovine embryos without need of radio-isotopes. A total of 176 differentially expressed bands were recovered, 27 isolated-fragments were cloned and sequenced confirming the expected primer sequences and allowing the recognition identification of 30 gene transcripts related to bovine embryonic physiology. Two genes, PI3K and ITM2B were chosen for relative quantification of mRNA using Real-Time PCR. Results suggest two different embryonic genome activation mechanisms: fast-developing embryos activate genes related to embryonic development, and slow-developing embryos activate genes related to cellular survival and/or death.

Pluripotence je schopnost buňky diferencovat do jakéhokoliv buněčného typu. Formuje se během časného embryonálního vývoje u savců a její vznik je spojen s reprogramací genové exprese na globální úrovni. Proces přirozeného vzniku pluripotence není stále zcela pochopen. Pro získání nového pohledu na události, které vedou ke vzniku pluripotence u savců, studovali jsme změny v genové expresi během oocyt-zygotického přechodu u myši. V tomto modelovém systému, oplodněné vajíčko podstoupí reprogramaci, která vede k vytvoření pluripotentních blastomer. Tyto blastomery zakládají samotné embryo. Cílem mé diplomové práce bylo analyzovat aktivaci transkripce během časného vývoje a vyvinout metodu pro monitorování exprese genů v oocytech, časných embryích a embryonálních kmenových buňkách. Metoda využívá kvantitativní PCR a umožnuje změřit expresi až 48 vybraných genů, které slouží jako markery pro maternální degradaci, aktivaci pluripotentního programu a diferenciaci do zárodečných linií. Dále ukazujeme, že náš systém monitoruje dynamiku transkriptomu během oocyt-zygotického přechodu, a získané výsledky jsou srovnatelné s daty naměřenými pomocí jiných metod. Díky našemu bioinformatickému přístupu jsme navíc identifikovali nové oocyt-specifické a zygotické nekódující RNA. Klíčová slova: pluripotence,...