Com o avanço da geração de informação georeferenciada torna-se extremamente importante desenvolver técnicas que auxiliem na melhora da visualização dessas informações. Neste sentido os web maps tornam-se cada vez mais comuns na difusão dessas informações. Esses sistemas permitem ao usuário explorar tendências geográficas de forma rápida e sem necessidade de muito conhecimento técnico em cartografia e softwares específicos. As áreas do mapa onde ocorre um mesmo evento com maior incidência geram visualizações confusas e que não possibilitam uma adequada tomada de decisão. Essas áreas, quando representadas através de pontos (o que é bastante comum), provocará uma sobreposição massiva de dados, devido à densidade de informações. Esta dissertação propõe uma técnica que utiliza um modelo de dados multidimensional para auxiliar a exibição das informações em um web map, de acordo com o contexto do usuário. Esse modelo organiza os dados por níveis geográficos e permite assim uma melhor compreensão da informação exibida. Os experimentos desenvolvidos mostraram que a técnica foi considerada de fácil utilização e de uma necessidade pequena de conhecimento para a execução das tarefas. Isso pode ser visto que das 59 consultas propostas para serem geradas apenas 7 precisam de mudanças significativas para serem executadas. Esses resultados permitem comprovar que o modelo se apresenta como uma boa alternativa para a tomada de decisão sobre mapas produzidos em ambiente web. / The advancement of generation of geo-referenced information becomes extremely important to develop techniques that help in improving the display of this information. In this sense the web maps become increasingly common in the dissemination of such information. These systems allow the user to explore geographical trends quickly and without much technical knowledge in cartography and specific software . The map areas where there is a single event with a higher incidence generate confusing views and not allow proper decision making. These areas , as represented by points (which is quite common) , will cause a massive overlay data , due to the density of information. This work proposes a technique that uses a multidimensional data model to support the display of information on a web map, according to the user's context . This model organizes data by geographical levels and thus allows a better understanding of the information displayed. Developed experiments showed that the technique was considered easy to use and a small need for knowledge to perform the tasks. It can be seen that the 59 queries proposals to be generated only 7 significant changes need to be executed. These results allow to prove that the model is presented as a good alternative for decision-making on maps produced in a web environment.

Submitted by Tadeu Jussani Martins null (tadeu_jm@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-12-23T16:55:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tadeu.pdf: 8033553 bytes, checksum: ff08d09407ee88ca7def0c1ec51b46bf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-01-03T13:59:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_tj_me_rcla.pdf: 8033553 bytes, checksum: ff08d09407ee88ca7def0c1ec51b46bf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-03T13:59:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_tj_me_rcla.pdf: 8033553 bytes, checksum: ff08d09407ee88ca7def0c1ec51b46bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta dissertação propõe apresentar e discutir a elaboração do “Atlas Municipal Escolar de Ourinhos/SP em versão digital”, adotando como metodologia a Geovisualização para o desenvolvimento dos mapas interativos e das páginas digitais que o compõe. Sistematizada em cinco capítulos, apresenta no Capítulo I – Introdução – as considerações iniciais acerca deste trabalho, discorrendo sobre as principais reflexões que motivaram o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, descreve ainda os objetivos (geral e específicos) que ela buscou alcançar, além de sua história, partindo do projeto âncora, discutindo os eixos temáticos e as características gerais que permearam o desenvolvimento das diversas versões do Atlas de Ourinhos/SP, chegando ao projeto desenvolvido no mestrado, no qual se buscou delinear a versão digital do material proposto. No Capítulo II – A Cartografia Digital e os Mapas Interativos – aborda-se por meio de análise teórica o desenvolvimento tecnológico que ocorreu na Cartografia com a implantação dos recursos computacionais, pontua-se referências à Cartografia Multimídia e à Geovisualização, como cenário e paradigma para a pesquisa desenvolvida, respectivamente. Por conseguinte, o Capítulo III – A Cartografia Escolar e o Estudo do Lugar por meio dos Atlas Municipais Escolares – busca compreender a evolução temporal das pesquisas e autores relacionados aos Atlas Municipais Escolares, procurando discutir quando, em que momento e porque os Atlas Municipais Escolares tornaram-se o principal material (para)didático voltado ao estudo do lugar. Já o Capítulo IV – A Elaboração do Atlas Municipal Escolar de Ourinhos/SP em Versão Digital – apresenta o processo de elaboração através da caracterização da estrutura dos projetos em Geovisualização, no qual a arquitetura deste material se baseia, mostrando as características básicas e o layout de suas páginas digitais, a fonte dos dados utilizada e a consequente elaboração dessas páginas, além de apresentar um Estudo de Caso, em que os alunos utilizaram uma página protótipo do material; e quais as modificações que ocorreram a partir deste estudo. Por fim, o Capítulo V – Propostas de Geovisualização nos Mapas Interativos – apresenta as vinte e uma páginas principais e as quatros sequências didáticas resultantes, bem como, as considerações finais e orientações futuras para o desenvolvimento definitivo do Atlas Municipal Escolar de Ourinhos/SP, em versão digital. / This dissertation proposes to present and discuss the elaboration of the "Ourinhos/SP Municipal School Atlas in digital version", adopting as methodology the Geovisualization for the development of interactive maps and the digital pages that compose it. Systematized in five chapters, presented in Chapter I - Introduction - the initial considerations about this research, discussing the main reflections that motivated the development of the research, it also describes the objectives (general and specific) that it sought to achieve, besides its history, starting from the anchor project, discussing the thematic axes and the general characteristics that permeated the development of the several versions of the Atlas of Ourinhos/SP, arriving at the project developed in the master's degree, in which it sought to delineate the digital version of the proposed material. In Chapter II - Digital Cartography and Interactive Maps - through theoretical analysis, it is approached the technological development that occurred in Cartography with the implantation of computational resources, have references to Multimedia Cartography and Geovisualization, as scenario and paradigm for the research developed, respectively. Therefore, Chapter III - School Cartography and the Study of the Place through the Municipal School Atlas - seeks to understand the temporal evolution of the research and authors related to the Municipal School Atlas, trying to discuss when, and at what time and because the Municipal School Atlas Became the main teaching material for the study of the place. Chapter IV - The Elaboration of the Municipal School Atlas of Ourinhos/SP in digital version - presents the process of elaboration through the characterization of the structure of the projects in Geovisualization, in which the architecture of this material is based, showing the basic characteristics and the layout Of its digital pages, the data source used and the consequent elaboration of these pages, besides presenting a Case Study, in which the students used a prototype page of the material; And what modifications have occurred from this study. Finally, Chapter V - Proposals for Geovisualization in Interactive Maps - presents as result the 21 main pages and 4 didactic sequences, as well as the final considerations and future orientations for the definitive development of the Ourinhos/SP Municipal School Atlas, in digital version.

Com o avanço da geração de informação georeferenciada torna-se extremamente importante desenvolver técnicas que auxiliem na melhora da visualização dessas informações. Neste sentido os web maps tornam-se cada vez mais comuns na difusão dessas informações. Esses sistemas permitem ao usuário explorar tendências geográficas de forma rápida e sem necessidade de muito conhecimento técnico em cartografia e softwares específicos. As áreas do mapa onde ocorre um mesmo evento com maior incidência geram visualizações confusas e que não possibilitam uma adequada tomada de decisão. Essas áreas, quando representadas através de pontos (o que é bastante comum), provocará uma sobreposição massiva de dados, devido à densidade de informações. Esta dissertação propõe uma técnica que utiliza um modelo de dados multidimensional para auxiliar a exibição das informações em um web map, de acordo com o contexto do usuário. Esse modelo organiza os dados por níveis geográficos e permite assim uma melhor compreensão da informação exibida. Os experimentos desenvolvidos mostraram que a técnica foi considerada de fácil utilização e de uma necessidade pequena de conhecimento para a execução das tarefas. Isso pode ser visto que das 59 consultas propostas para serem geradas apenas 7 precisam de mudanças significativas para serem executadas. Esses resultados permitem comprovar que o modelo se apresenta como uma boa alternativa para a tomada de decisão sobre mapas produzidos em ambiente web. / The advancement of generation of geo-referenced information becomes extremely important to develop techniques that help in improving the display of this information. In this sense the web maps become increasingly common in the dissemination of such information. These systems allow the user to explore geographical trends quickly and without much technical knowledge in cartography and specific software . The map areas where there is a single event with a higher incidence generate confusing views and not allow proper decision making. These areas , as represented by points (which is quite common) , will cause a massive overlay data , due to the density of information. This work proposes a technique that uses a multidimensional data model to support the display of information on a web map, according to the user's context . This model organizes data by geographical levels and thus allows a better understanding of the information displayed. Developed experiments showed that the technique was considered easy to use and a small need for knowledge to perform the tasks. It can be seen that the 59 queries proposals to be generated only 7 significant changes need to be executed. These results allow to prove that the model is presented as a good alternative for decision-making on maps produced in a web environment.

abstract: This dissertation addresses the research challenge of developing efficient new methods for discovering useful patterns and knowledge in large volumes of electronically collected spatiotemporal activity data. I propose to analyze three types of such spatiotemporal activity data in a methodological framework that integrates spatial analysis, data mining, machine learning, and geovisualization techniques. Three different types of spatiotemporal activity data were collected through different data collection approaches: (1) crowd sourced geo-tagged digital photos, representing people's travel activity, were retrieved from the website Panoramio.com through information retrieval techniques; (2) the same techniques were used to crawl crowd sourced GPS trajectory data and related metadata of their daily activities from the website OpenStreetMap.org; and finally (3) preschool children's daily activities and interactions tagged with time and geographical location were collected with a novel TabletPC-based behavioral coding system. The proposed methodology is applied to these data to (1) automatically recommend optimal multi-day and multi-stay travel itineraries for travelers based on discovered attractions from geo-tagged photos, (2) automatically detect movement types of unknown moving objects from GPS trajectories, and (3) explore dynamic social and socio-spatial patterns of preschool children's behavior from both geographic and social perspectives. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Geography 2012

Deux représentations du territoire sont majoritairement proposées pour être covisualisées de multiples façons (loupe, curseurs, vues asservies, etc.) : la carte topographique et l'orthophotographie. Ces deux représentations apportent une vision complémentaire du territoire : la carte topographique est l'archétype même de l'abstraction et l'orthophotographie renvoie une perception réaliste du territoire. Pour permettre à l'utilisateur de covisualiser ces deux types de représentations, nous préconisons de ne pas chercher un mélange graphique idéal mais plutôt de produire un continuum cartographique formé d'un ensemble continu de représentations intermédiaires mixant données topographiques et orthophotographie. Notre objectif est de permettre à l'utilisateur de choisir sa position entre les deux extrémités en contrôlant le degré de réalisme et d'abstraction tout au long du continuum. Notre approche se fonde sur la nécessité d'adaptation locale de la symbolisation des données topographiques pour assurer la lisibilité de chaque représentation intermédiaire, la création de transitions graphiques pour établir une continuité entre ces représentations, et la synchronisation des symbolisations visant à garantir une homogénéité visuelle de ces représentations mixtes. Nous proposons une méthode de conception reposant sur la combinaison de briques de symbolisation élémentaires. Le premier type de brique consiste à interpoler les paramètres de symbolisation de la norme SLD tels que la couleur, la transparence ou la texture (procédurale, naturelle, ou mixée) entre deux symbolisations données. Le second type de brique analyse le contexte graphique des objets à mettre en valeur afin de déterminer localement une symbolisation adaptée et lisible. Ces briques sont combinées pour chaque thème et coordonnées entre les différents thèmes. Nous émettons des préconisations de paramétrage de ces étapes de conception à partir des résultats de notre test utilisateur visant à estimer le degré de réalisme et d'abstraction des symbolisations cartographiques. Enfin, nous mettons en œuvre cette méthode de conception au sein de la plateforme de recherche GeOxygene sous la forme d'un outil permettant de naviguer dans un continuum cartographique entre réalisme et abstraction / Two representations of the territory are widely provided simultaneously to the user through interactive tools (such as magnifiers, sliders or swipes): topographic maps and orthoimages. They provide complementary visions of the territory because of abstraction steps used to design maps and the intrisic perceived photorealism power of orthoimages. Aiming at providing efficient covisualizations of these two representations to the user, we advise not to search for an ideal graphic mix, but to produce a cartographic continuum composed of in-between representations mixing topographic data and orthoimagery. Our objective is to provide interactive tools allowing to choose an intermediate step within the continuum by controling the realism and abstraction levels. Our approach is based on three principles: first, the need for local adaptation of vector data symbolisation to preserve their readability, second, the call for graphic transitions to establish a continuity through in-between cartographic representations, and third the required control over realism level in order to ensure a visual consistency of hybrid visualisations. We provide elementary symbolisation methods to be combined in a global design process. The first one aims at interpolating SLD symbolisation parameters such as color, opacity or texturing between two symbolisations. The second one aims at defining a local symbolisation depending on the graphic context of objects to be highlighted. Those symbolisations are combined for each theme and synchronized for all themes. For these design steps, we provide guidelines based on the evaluation of the realism level coming from our user test. Finally we build a prototype software allowing to test our propositions and browse in-between representations from abstraction to realism through an interactive slider

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à la conception et à la visualisation de cartes géographiques personnalisées en passant par des étapes d'évaluation et d'amélioration automatiques de ces cartes.Dans la plupart des outils cartographiques récents (comme le GeoPortail ou Google Maps) il est possible pour l'utilisateur de construire lui-même une carte adaptée à ses besoins à partir des couches de données pouvant provenir de sources hétérogènes. Cependant, la manipulation et l'édition de cartes par des utilisateurs non-experts peuvent engendrer des erreurs de représentation qui entravent la compréhension de cette carte par ses lecteurs.Notre recherche concerne donc l'amélioration de la représentation de cartes créées par des utilisateurs non-experts. Etant donné que la lisibilité d'une carte passe par la visibilité des objets qui la composent, dans ce travail nous proposons un modèle qui évalue la visibilité de ces objets cartographiques en se fondant sur un système de cinq indicateurs de visibilité dont les valeurs varient entre 0 et 1. Ce modèle prévoit ensuite quatre méthodes de modification de la symbolisation des objets cartographiques, qui seront utilisées afin d'améliorer leur visibilité. Entre l'étape d'évaluation et celle de l'amélioration de la visibilité de ces objets, une phase d'analyse est mise en place dans le but de décider si une amélioration de la symbolisation des objets cartographiques est nécessaire, et si oui, choisir lesquelles parmi ces modifications pourront être réalisées.Ce modèle prendra comme entrée une carte géographique sous la forme (1) d'un ensemble de couches composées chacune d'objets cartographiques, (2) et de la légende utilisée pour la symbolisation de ces objets cartographiques. Il donnera en sortie (1) un ensemble de fichiers xml qui contiennent les valeurs calculés des indicateurs de visibilité, (2) une carte finale avec une nouvelle symbolisation qui améliore la valeur des indicateurs de visibilité. Ce processus offre alors aux lecteurs une carte plus lisible.Ce travail est ensuite conclu par deux tests qui valident (1) les hypothèses de base, (2) la correspondance effective entre les valeurs des indicateurs et le ressenti réel des lecteurs de cartes, et qui tentent (3) de dégager des seuils de visibilité qui seront utilisés dans le but de corriger et affiner ultérieurement les algorithmes écrits lors de cette thèse / In this thesis, we focus on the design and visualization of custom geographic maps by executing different stages of automatic evaluation and improvement of these maps.In the most recent mapping tools (such as Google Maps or GeoPortail) it is possible for the user to build himself a map that suits his needs using different layers of data which can come from several sources. However, the manipulation and edition of maps by non-experts can cause errors in the representation that affects the understanding of this map by its readers.That's why our research focus on improving the representation of maps created by non-expert users. Since the readability of a map depends on the visibility of objects that compose this map, in this work we propose a model which assesses the visibility of cartographic objects based on a system of five indicators of visibility (values between 0 and 1). This model then provides four methods for modifying the objects symbolization of this map, which will be used to improve their visibility. Between the evaluation and the improvement of the visibility of these objects, an analysis step is performed in order to decide whether an improvement in the symbolization is required, and if so, which of these four methods should be executed.This model takes as input a map in the form of (1) a set of layers each consisting of cartographic objects, (2) and the legend used to represent these cartographic objects. It will generate as an output (1) a set of XML files that contain the values calculated by the indicators of visibility, (2) a final map with a new representation that improve the value of these indicators of visibility. This process then provides readers with a more readable map.This work is then concluded by two tests that validate (1) our basic assumptions, (2) the actual correspondence between the indicator values and the real feel of the map readers, and finally trying (3) to determine visibility thresholds that can be used later in order to correct and refine the algorithms that are proposed in this thesis

In this study, five real-life problem situations were used to explore the challenges of developing and implementing decision support tools for management of an urban water utility in Uganda. The study sought to explore how the degree of adoption of formal decision support tools in practice, generally perceived to be low, could be improved. In the study, an Action Research (AR) approach was used. AR is an inquiry process that involves partnership between researchers and practitioners for the purpose of addressing a real-life problem issue, while simultaneously gener-ating scientific knowledge. Unlike other research methods where the researcher seeks to study organizational phenomena but not to change them, the action researcher attempts to create or-ganizational change and simultaneously to study the process. It is recognized that AR methods provide a potential avenue to improve the practical relevance of Information Systems (IS) re-search. The five cases that were considered in the study involved participatory problem structuring to address water distribution bottlenecks; identification of Non-Revenue Water (NRW) reduction strategies; facilitation of decentralized management of customer accounts; monitoring and con-trol of procurements and expenditure; and geospatial investigation of declining water sales. Dur-ing the study, participation in problem identification was achieved through discussions and brain-storming sessions bringing together top and middle managers within the organization. A number of prototype decision support tools were developed and implemented. Maps and other geovisu-alization tools were also used to inform and enhance the processes of collective problem identifi-cation and structuring. Results of the study emphasized the need for proper problem structuring prior to the formula-tion of actions; the challenge of moving from planning to action; the importance of user in-volvement in the development of tools; and the need to manage IS implementation as part of a holistic, organization-wide change process. The challenges of embedding formal decision support within existing work systems in organizations were highlighted, and recommendations were made on how best to achieve this. The AR approach was found to be useful in bridging the gap be-tween academic research and technological practice, thus supporting the development of IS with immediate and practical benefits to organizations. / QC 20101115

No description available.

No description available.

Urban economic theory states that transit improvements result in travel time savings and consequently warrant higher rents particularly with proximity to surrounding stations. This research uses the Sheppard subway corridor as a case study to test the established theories by measuring the changes to residential intensification and property values (1) as a function of time before and after the construction, and (2) as a function of distance to subway stations. Two metrics are established to observe residential intensification and property value: Dwelling Density and Value Density respectively. Dwelling Density is the number of dwellings contained in its property parcel divided by property area; Value Density is total property value of a given property parcel divided by its property area. Using obtained property sales data in four identified analysis years (1991, 1996, 2001, and 2006) and ArcGIS, spatial interpolation surfaces are generated to visualize the changes on a geographical plane through time. Dwelling and Value Density scatterplots are generated by extracting values from the interpolated surfaces and computing its distance to the nearest subway station and to major development nodes. The generated interpolated surfaces show a strong increase in Dwelling and Value Density in North York Centre which suggest that (1) planning policies succeeded in guiding residential growth, (2) a time lag is present of which the full benefits of rapid transit construction are realized, and (3) there may be positive network effects associated with the completion of the Sheppard subway. The scatterplot results demonstrated moderate change in Dwelling and Value Density at the Bayview station area and little change for the remaining stations (Bessarion, Don Mills, and Leslie) based on observations up to December 2006. The results warrant a degree of optimism about Sheppard subway’s ability to attract residential intensification and raise property values, especially given that data was analyzed only up to four years after the subway corridor began revenue service. It is recommended that a similar methodology be performed at a later date when the corridor’s ridership and surrounding development reaches maturity. A preliminary forecasting exercise determined that Dwelling and Value Density will rise, particularly surrounding stations that have since demonstrated little change in residential land use.