TEIXEIRA, Zulene Almada. Processos determinantes da qualidade das águas subterrâneas da Formação Jandaíra na Chapada do Apodi/CE. 2015. 144 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em geologia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2015. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-10-13T20:40:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_zateixeira.pdf: 5203981 bytes, checksum: a82cb8b3c9515c36265e407495350072 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-10-18T18:19:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_zateixeira.pdf: 5203981 bytes, checksum: a82cb8b3c9515c36265e407495350072 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-10-18T18:43:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_zateixeira.pdf: 5203981 bytes, checksum: a82cb8b3c9515c36265e407495350072 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-18T18:43:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_zateixeira.pdf: 5203981 bytes, checksum: a82cb8b3c9515c36265e407495350072 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / The Jandaíra Aquifer, located in the Apodi Plateau in Quixeré, Ceará, is used predominantly for irrigated agriculture and is an aquifer of nature karst and is unconfined. In the area was found contamination by human activities and due to high heterogeneity and anisotropy of permeability, rain infiltration differs from one point to another, resulting in different concentrations in the same aquifer. Was realized monitoring of the static level and the volume produced in 11 wells using datalogger. Six campaigns were realized for sampling 17 wells for analysis of major ions and measurements of electrical conductivity and pH; and 15 wells for measuring the presence of pesticides. Geochemical modelling was performed using PHREEQC to determine the molar ratios and saturation transfer to identify the processes which occur in the interaction of water and rock. The results indicate: i) static levels usually accompany seasonality and have different behaviors location to another with respect to recharge, due to the heterogeneous characteristics of the aquifer; ii) the hydrochemical analyzes show that predominate the relations HCO3- > Cl- and Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+, ions of natural origin; iii) NO3- is of anthropic origin, as well as part of K+; iv) 12 different types of pesticides were identified, mostly in the months of May, July, September and November/11, mostly in wells located in the discharge area; v) the Ca2+ ratio versus HCO3- indicates dissolution of carbonate minerals; vi) the geochemical modeling showed negative saturation indices of anhydrite minerals, gypsum and halite, indicating subsaturation solution in all waters of the sampled wells; aragonite and calcite had similar behavior, ranging from subsaturated to saturated; dolomite had a higher tendency to precipitation, especially in the second half, helped by the weather; vii) the increasing concentration of Na+ is due to the cation exchange process which reduces the saturation levels of carbonate minerals; viii) the molar transfers of calcite and dolomite in nine of the simulations indicate in five of them, dissolving condition; anhydrite and halite show evidence of dissolution in two simulations; ix) the simulated results show that the direction of flow is one of the dominant factors in the dissolution process and the cationic and gas exchange. / O Aquífero Jandaíra, localizado na Chapada do Apodi, em Quixeré, Ceará é utilizado, predominantemente, para a agricultura irrigada, sendo o mesmo de natureza cárstica e livre. Na área foi constatada contaminação por atividades antrópicas e por possuir elevada heterogeneidade e anisotropia da permeabilidade, a infiltração da chuva difere de um ponto a outro, resultando em concentrações distintas no mesmo aquífero. Foi realizado monitoramento do nível estático e volume explotado em 11 poços utilizando datalogger. Seis campanhas foram realizadas para coletas de amostras em 17 poços para análises dos íons maiores e medidas de condutividade elétrica e pH, e em 15 poços para medida da presença de agrotóxicos. Modelagem geoquímica foi realizada com o PHREEQC para determinação dos índices de saturação e transferência molar com o intuito de identificar os processos que ocorrem na interação água e rocha. Os resultados indicaram: i) os níveis estáticos, em geral acompanhando a sazonalidade, e tendo comportamentos distintos de um local a outro com relação à recarga, em função das características heterogêneas do aquífero; ii) que as análises hidroquímicas mostram a predominância das relações HCO3- > Cl- e Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+(íons de origem natural); iii) que o NO3- é de origem antrópica, assim como parte do K+; iv) que foram identificados 12 tipos diferentes de agrotóxicos, a maioria amostrados nos meses de maio, julho, setembro e novembro/11, em poços situados em área de descarga; v) que a relação Ca2+ versus HCO3- depende da dissolução de minerais carbonatados; vi) que a modelagem geoquímica mostrou índices de saturação negativos para os minerais anidrita, gipso e halita, sugerindo solução subsaturada em todas as águas dos poços amostrados. A aragonita e a calcita tiveram comportamento similares, variando de subsaturados a saturados. A dolomita apresentou maior tendência à precipitação, principalmente no segundo semestre, favorecida pela estiagem; vii) que o aumento da concentração de Na+ é decorrente do processo de troca catiônica diminuindo os índices de saturação dos minerais carbonatados; viii) que as transferências molares da calcita e da dolomita em nove simulações indicaram em cinco delas, condição de dissolução; anidrita e a halita mostraram evidência de dissolução em duas simulações; ix) que o sentido do fluxo é um dos fatores dominantes nos processos de dissolução e nas trocas catiônicas e gasosas.

The focus of this research is to characterize the risk of carbon sequestration under downhole conditions with regards to wellbore cement integrity. The primary research objective was to understand the geochemical interactions of simulated sequestration brines and wellbore cement. There are four key focuses of this study with regards to cement interaction: 1) Simulated brines saturated with Supercritical CO2 and CO2-O2; 2) Adjacent formation host rock under sequestration conditions; 3) Geochemical modeling using CHIM-XPT based on the experimental studies of points 1) and 2) above; 4) Geomechanical strength tests of CO2 exposed cements. First, the interaction of cement with supercritical CO2, CO2-saturated brines, and CO2-O2 mixtures at 50 °C, 85 °C, and 28.9 MPa was evaluated. Cement exposed to a lower salinity brine (1 M) had a larger alteration depth (1.25 mm) compared to cement exposed to a higher salinity brine (2.2 M) (0.836 mm). CO2-O2 exposed cements displayed alteration depths of 1.6 mm at 85 °C and 0.7 mm at 50 °C for 1 M. The cement exposed to the 2.17 M solution had an alteration extending 1.685 mm. The second focus studied the influence of adjacent formations and observed mineral trapping in the Grande Ronde Basalt-cement. Studies of Mt. Simon Sandstone-cement interaction provided evidence for high CO2 storage capacity. The third focus is geochemical modeling using CHIM-XPT. Pure CO2 saturated brines yielded a pH of 3.0 at 1 M and 3.85 at 2.17 M. The CO2-O2 gas run calculated a pH of 3.96 at 1 M and 3.85 at 2.17 M. The Pasco solution after exposure had a pH of 6.97 and an estimated dissolved 161 g of CO2 (g). The pH of the Illinois Basin brine and Mt. Simon sandstone [and cement paste] was 5.8 with an estimated 139 g of CO2 consumed. Lastly, geomechanical tests on CO2 exposed cements indicated that addition of oxygen or changes in temperature play a key role in compressive and tensile strength, decreasing strength by 20-35%. This research highlighted the importance of representing the in-situ wellbore environment when conducting laboratory experiments. This dissertation includes previously published and unpublished co-authored material.

Groundwater is documented to flow through solution-widened fractures and bedding planes in limestone and dolostone units in low-relief topography. This enhancement, or karstification, is much harder to study in alpine environments like the Bear River Range of northern Utah. This is problematic, due to the fact that the Bear River Range karst aquifer system supplies the City of Logan with a large quantity of water at Dewitt Spring. Furthermore, the karst aquifer sustains the Logan River for much of the year, and may allow groundwater to flow directly in the subsurface to the Cache Valley principal aquifer system. Flow measurements along the Logan River constrain a minimum volume of 2.32x106 m3 /y (1.88x103 af/y) that could recharge the Cache Valley principal aquifer. Hydraulic characteristics of alpine karst were estimated by analysis of major ions, stable isotopes, and dissolved gases in spring waters. These data reflect quick groundwater flow through caverns, with no evidence for “diffuse” flow anticipated by some to occupy interstitial space. In fact, the oldest reasonable estimated recharge age for groundwater is 70 years. Young recharge, fast flow, and low storage capability indicate that alpine karst aquifers are very sensitive to droughts and that related water resources are vulnerable to longer-term changes in climate.

No description available.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Johannesburg, 2016. / Gold mining of the Witwatersrand Basin reefs has been responsible for the rise of Johannesburg as an economic centre of South Africa. While mining provided a base for business and infrastructure development for the region, it has also generated social and environmental problems for the country. Tailings storage facilities (TSFs), a common sighting around Johannesburg and across the entire basin, have been built to contain the processed waste following extraction of gold from the pyrite containing quartzite ore. When the fine grained waste is exposed to atmospheric conditions, oxidation of remnant sulphides occurs resulting in acidic, metal rich and sulphate rich plumes that enter the environment through surface and groundwater systems. This thesis sought to better understand the release, transport, dispersal and fate of metals emanating from TSFs and their remnant footprints on the Witwatersrand. These metals included aluminium, copper, chromium, iron, manganese, nickel and uranium and are known to be toxic to humans depending on their concentration and speciation. Traditionally, analytical methods have been employed in studies focussing on the characterisation of some of these processes in the region. While these studies have generally conducted quantitative assessment of the extent of pollution, little comprehensive interrogation and fingerprinting of the processes that are influential in determining the potential risk posed by metals has been done. This has largely been due to the shortcomings of analytical methods to determine these. To this end, this research has employed geochemical modelling to complement the traditional analytical methods. The approach to study the release of metals from TSFs involved assessment of the partitioning of metals within tailings and their potential release using batch and sequential extraction methods. Processes of metal release within the tailings were simulated through geochemical modelling (using the PHREEQC and Geochemist’s Workbench codes). The simulations were based on the percolation of rainwater through these layers and the changes in its chemistry along the path. The potential seepage of this plume along the path was then correlated to observed efflorescent mineral crusts that are temporary sinks for metals and are a common feature in the vicinity of the tailings and water bodies such as ponds and streams. The potential impact of the mineral crusts on the water chemistry of receiving water systems following their dissolution was assessed using forward geochemical modelling. The transport of the metals in groundwater was also studied. This involved simulations of the transition in chemistry of a plume from a TSF along an aquifer of known composition. This was based on a 1-D reactive transport model constructed using information from sequential extraction work on the aquifer rock (to identify the key minerals to consider) and site data (mainly flow rates) from previous studies. The processes occurring in the removal of metals from acid mine drainage (AMD) through a permanent sink in the form of a pump-and-treat plant in the Central Goldfield of the basin were simulated using PHREEQC. The findings from the research showed that two different plumes were produced from an abandoned TSF as a result of rainwater percolation, notably a plume produced from the dissolution of secondary salts formed in the oxidised layer and a sulphuric acid rich plume in the unoxidised layer. These differences were apparent in the geochemical composition of the mineral crusts collected on the walls of tailings dumps and from a pond into which the plumes were draining. On dissolution, mineral crusts were found to produce acidic solutions with crusts containing predominantly Fe producing pH values below 3. The simulated dissolution of various types of mineral crusts gave insight into the impact of minerals present in the smallest amount. This showed that the bulk mineralogy as determined by analytical techniques such as PXRD and remote sensing could not be used with confidence to deduce the impact of the mineral crusts on receiving water bodies. The characteristics of surface plumes released from tailings TSF were compared to other water systems in the area around Soweto, with complementary interpretation conducted using chemometric methods. From principal component analysis (PCA), surface water systems were found to form distinct groups largely influenced by mineral solubility, alkalinity and dissolved oxygen content. The 1-D reactive transport simulations involved acidic, metal and sulphate rich water ingressing the aquifer (below the TSF). Several scenarios were modelled including simulations with different dolomite contents; allowing for surface complexation and the presence of cation exchange surfaces. At a point 500 m from the water ingress in the dolomite rich aquifer, Fe and Mn were largely precipitated out (as confirmed by sequential extraction results on the aquifer rock) while the sulphate concentration was reduced by almost half. On the other hand, Ca concentrations were conservative largely because of continuous dissolution of dolomite and precipitation of gypsum along the flow path. The simulations of the high density sludge treatment plant involved forward modelling of the treatment process with the sludge responsible for the removal of trace metals from the incoming acid mine drainage. The model can be of use for cost and process optimisation at the facility. This research has had notable outputs in the form of publications; models on metal release, transport and attenuation; and models on pump-and-treat processes. These will form an important repository of information and for benchmarking any further studies related to AMD. / MT2016

Thesis (M.Sc.)--York University, 2005. Graduate Programme in Earth and Space Science. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-151). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR19718

Thesis (M.S.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Geological Sciences, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

nÃo hà / The JandaÃra Aquifer, located in the Apodi Plateau in QuixerÃ, CearÃ, is used predominantly for irrigated agriculture and is an aquifer of nature karst and is unconfined. In the area was found contamination by human activities and due to high heterogeneity and anisotropy of permeability, rain infiltration differs from one point to another, resulting in different concentrations in the same aquifer. Was realized monitoring of the static level and the volume produced in 11 wells using datalogger. Six campaigns were realized for sampling 17 wells for analysis of major ions and measurements of electrical conductivity and pH; and 15 wells for measuring the presence of pesticides. Geochemical modelling was performed using PHREEQC to determine the molar ratios and saturation transfer to identify the processes which occur in the interaction of water and rock. The results indicate: i) static levels usually accompany seasonality and have different behaviors location to another with respect to recharge, due to the heterogeneous characteristics of the aquifer; ii) the hydrochemical analyzes show that predominate the relations HCO3- > Cl- and Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+, ions of natural origin; iii) NO3- is of anthropic origin, as well as part of K+; iv) 12 different types of pesticides were identified, mostly in the months of May, July, September and November/11, mostly in wells located in the discharge area; v) the Ca2+ ratio versus HCO3- indicates dissolution of carbonate minerals; vi) the geochemical modeling showed negative saturation indices of anhydrite minerals, gypsum and halite, indicating subsaturation solution in all waters of the sampled wells; aragonite and calcite had similar behavior, ranging from subsaturated to saturated; dolomite had a higher tendency to precipitation, especially in the second half, helped by the weather; vii) the increasing concentration of Na+ is due to the cation exchange process which reduces the saturation levels of carbonate minerals; viii) the molar transfers of calcite and dolomite in nine of the simulations indicate in five of them, dissolving condition; anhydrite and halite show evidence of dissolution in two simulations; ix) the simulated results show that the direction of flow is one of the dominant factors in the dissolution process and the cationic and gas exchange. / O AquÃfero JandaÃra, localizado na Chapada do Apodi, em QuixerÃ, Cearà à utilizado, predominantemente, para a agricultura irrigada, sendo o mesmo de natureza cÃrstica e livre. Na Ãrea foi constatada contaminaÃÃo por atividades antrÃpicas e por possuir elevada heterogeneidade e anisotropia da permeabilidade, a infiltraÃÃo da chuva difere de um ponto a outro, resultando em concentraÃÃes distintas no mesmo aquÃfero. Foi realizado monitoramento do nÃvel estÃtico e volume explotado em 11 poÃos utilizando datalogger. Seis campanhas foram realizadas para coletas de amostras em 17 poÃos para anÃlises dos Ãons maiores e medidas de condutividade elÃtrica e pH, e em 15 poÃos para medida da presenÃa de agrotÃxicos. Modelagem geoquÃmica foi realizada com o PHREEQC para determinaÃÃo dos Ãndices de saturaÃÃo e transferÃncia molar com o intuito de identificar os processos que ocorrem na interaÃÃo Ãgua e rocha. Os resultados indicaram: i) os nÃveis estÃticos, em geral acompanhando a sazonalidade, e tendo comportamentos distintos de um local a outro com relaÃÃo à recarga, em funÃÃo das caracterÃsticas heterogÃneas do aquÃfero; ii) que as anÃlises hidroquÃmicas mostram a predominÃncia das relaÃÃes HCO3- > Cl- e Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+(Ãons de origem natural); iii) que o NO3- à de origem antrÃpica, assim como parte do K+; iv) que foram identificados 12 tipos diferentes de agrotÃxicos, a maioria amostrados nos meses de maio, julho, setembro e novembro/11, em poÃos situados em Ãrea de descarga; v) que a relaÃÃo Ca2+ versus HCO3- depende da dissoluÃÃo de minerais carbonatados; vi) que a modelagem geoquÃmica mostrou Ãndices de saturaÃÃo negativos para os minerais anidrita, gipso e halita, sugerindo soluÃÃo subsaturada em todas as Ãguas dos poÃos amostrados. A aragonita e a calcita tiveram comportamento similares, variando de subsaturados a saturados. A dolomita apresentou maior tendÃncia à precipitaÃÃo, principalmente no segundo semestre, favorecida pela estiagem; vii) que o aumento da concentraÃÃo de Na+ à decorrente do processo de troca catiÃnica diminuindo os Ãndices de saturaÃÃo dos minerais carbonatados; viii) que as transferÃncias molares da calcita e da dolomita em nove simulaÃÃes indicaram em cinco delas, condiÃÃo de dissoluÃÃo; anidrita e a halita mostraram evidÃncia de dissoluÃÃo em duas simulaÃÃes; ix) que o sentido do fluxo à um dos fatores dominantes nos processos de dissoluÃÃo e nas trocas catiÃnicas e gasosas.

Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) is a strategy in which water is injected into an aquifer when it is plentiful and pumped from the aquifer when water is scarce. An impediment to ASR in Florida is leaching of naturally-occurring arsenic from limestone of the Upper Floridan Aquifer System (UFAS) into stored water. The concentration of arsenic in surface water, which serves as the recharge water for many ASR systems, and native groundwater is usually much less than 3.0 µ/L. However, data from ASR wells in Florida show that arsenic in recovered water frequently exceeded the 10 µg/L maximum contaminant level (MCL) established by the Environmental Protection Agency and were as high as 130.0 µg/L. The cause of elevated arsenic concentrations is displacement of reduced native groundwater with oxygenated surface water that dissolves arsenic-bearing pyrite in limestone. Although arsenic can be removed from recovered water during final treatment, mobilization of arsenic in the aquifer at levels that exceed the MCL is problematic under federal regulations. This dissertation investigated a number of aspects of the ASR/arsenic problem to provide additional insights into the mechanisms of arsenic mobilization and measures that could be taken to avoid or reduce the release of arsenic during ASR operations. Chapter 2, involved development of a geochemical model to simulate an ASR system’s injection of oxygenated surface water into reduced groundwater to determine whether aquifer redox conditions could be altered to the degree of pyrite instability. Increasing amounts of injection water were added to the storage-zone in a series of steps and resulting reaction paths were plotted on pyrite stability diagrams. Unmixed storage-zone water in wells plotted within the pyrite stability field indicating that redox conditions were sufficiently reducing to allow for pyrite stability. Thus arsenic is immobilized in pyrite and its concentration in groundwater should be low. During simulation, as the injection/storage-zone water ratio increased, redox conditions became less reducing and pyrite became unstable. The result would be release of arsenic from limestone into storage-zone water. Chapter 3 examined the importance of maintaining a substantial volume of stored water around an ASR well to prevent recovery of reduced native groundwater to the vicinity of the well. Depleting the stored water and recovering reduced native groundwater would result in dissolution of arsenic-bearing hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) and release of arsenic into water recovered from the ASR well. Injection/recovery volumes for each cycle for each well were tracked to determine if a substantial volume of stored water was maintained for each cycle or if it was depleted so that reduced native groundwater was brought back to the well. Each well was assigned to either the “storage zone maintained group” where a zone of stored water was established in early cycles and largely maintained through the period of investigation, or the “storage-zone depleted group” where a zone of stored water was either established in later cycles and/or was depleted during the period of investigation. Graphical and statistical analyses verified that maximum arsenic concentrations for storage-zone maintained wells were nearly always lower in each cycle and declined below the MCL after fewer cycles than those of storage-zone depleted wells. Chapter 4 was a mineralogical investigation of cores located at 20 m (ASR core 1), 152 m (ASR core 2), and 452 m (ASR core 3) from operating ASR wells to determine where mobilized arsenic in limestone is precipitated during ASR. If arsenic is precipitated distally, reduced concentrations of elements in pyrite, (iron, sulfur, arsenic, etc.) would be expected in ASR core 1 relative to more distant cores and there would be noticeable changes in appearance of pyrite crystals due to enhanced oxidation. The results showed that mean concentrations of the elements were lowest in ASR core 2, which did not support distal precipitation. However, scanning electron microscopy identified well-defined pyrite framboids only in core 3 while framboids in ASR cores 1 and 2 were less clear and distinct, indicating pyrite oxidation in cores closest to ASR wells. Statistical comparison of concentrations of iron, sulfur, and arsenic between the three ASR cores and 19 control cores not subject to ASR, showed that mean concentrations in ASR cores 1 and 2 were statistically similar to concentrations in control cores. This indicated that concentrations in ASR cores 1 and 2 had not been significantly reduced by ASR. The concentrations of elements were higher in ASR core 3 than in ASR cores 1 and 2 and control cores and statistically dissimilar to all but one control core. This indicated natural heterogeneity in core 3 rather than diminution of elements in ASR cores 1 and 2 due to ASR. The statistical analysis supported local precipitation. Once arsenic is mobilized from dissolved pyrite, it is rapidly complexed with precipitated HFO near the well. As long as all of the stored water is not removed during recovery so that reduced native groundwater is brought back to the well, HFO remains stable and complexed with arsenic. The concentration of elements would not have been lowest in ASR core 1 for this reason and because calculations showed that the mass of arsenic removed during recovery events prior to coring was minor compared to the total in limestone surrounding the well. The implications of this are that while large quantities of arsenic are present near the ASR well, only a small percentage may be available for dissolution. Most arsenic occurs with pyrite in limestone, which may insulate it from exposure to oxidized injection water. Water recovered from ASR wells may continue to have low concentrations of arsenic indefinitely because as limestone is dissolved, more pyrite becomes exposed and available for dissolution. The primary contribution of this dissertation to understanding and overcoming the arsenic problem in ASR systems is the empirical data developed to support or challenge important ASR/arsenic hypotheses. These data were used to 1) establish that background concentrations of arsenic in groundwater of the Suwannee Limestone were less than 1µg/L, 2) demonstrate that redox conditions necessary for pyrite in limestone to become unstable and dissolve occur when oxygenated surface water is injected into the aquifer, 3) demonstrate that the concentration of pyrite in the Suwannee Limestone is spatially variable to a high degree, 4) support the hypothesis that following injection of oxygenated surface water, pyrite in limestone dissolves and releases arsenic into solution and HFO forms and complexes with the arsenic near the ASR well, 5) propose that only a small percentage of pyrite near an ASR well may be available for dissolution during each cycle because most occurs in the limestone matrix and is isolated from injection water, 6) propose that as a result of the previous conclusion, water recovered from ASR systems may continue to have low concentrations of arsenic indefinitely because as limestone that contains pyrite is dissolved with each cycle, additional pyrite is exposed and is available for dissolution, and 7) support the effectiveness of maintaining a zone of stored water in an ASR well as an effective means of minimizing arsenic in recovered water during ASR.

Once similarities between Earth and other terrestrial bodies were discovered, determining the conditions that contributed to the evolution of surface processes on these planets, particularly Mars, is of great interest. More importantly, such research and exploration can provide proof of previous existent life within these near-surface environments. As the past environmental conditions at Mars’ surface are mostly unknown, studies of comparable environments on Earth have been crucial toward deciphering the overall geological understanding of Mars. As the discovery of past conditions on Mars become more absolute, researchers can search for more constrained bio-signatures of life that may have been present. Using the geological similarities between Earth and Mars, analogues can be used to compare the conditions on Mars and Earth and how they evolved over time, further providing more precise understanding of our own environment as it relates to the future. In this study, acid mine drainage (AMD) systems, which are one of the most acidic environments on Earth, were compared to the surface of Mars as a potential analogue to the past conditions of the planet when such acid-impacted environments were widespread at the surface of the planet.