Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: One of the most distressing criminal activities has been the attacks on farmers since 1994 and for many years now our farming community has been plagued by these senseless acts of brutality. Since the early nineties there has been a steady increase in the occurrence of farm attacks in our country and the rising incidence of violent crimes on farms and smallholdings in South Africa has become a cause for great concern. The farming community in South Africa has a very significant function in the economy of the country as producers of food and providers of jobs and other commodities required by various other industries, such as the mining industry. They render an indispensable service to our country and therefore we have to ensure that this community receives the necessary safeguarding that is so desperately needed at this time. Farm attacks are occurring at alarming rates in South Africa, the Western Cape, and recently also in the Stellenbosch district. The phenomenon of farm attacks needs to be analysed in the context of the crime situation in general. The underlying reasons for crime are diverse and many, and need to be taken into account when interpreting the causes of crime in South Africa. To ensure that this research endeavour has practical value for the various parties involved in protecting rural communities, crime hotspots and circumstances in which crime occur were identified and used as a tool to provide the necessary protection and mobilisation of forces for these areas. The study focused on different theories in explaining the crime phenomenon. Information from the Stellenbosch SAPS was used to analyse the study area and to identify areas that can be classified as possible hotspots in the study area. Demographic and socio-economic determinants shed light upon the social structure in the study area and various environmental determinants were also used to generate a broader understanding to the social pandemic. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sedert 1994 is plaasaanvalle een van die mees ontstellende kriminele aktiwiteite van ons era. Die landbougemeenskap word al jare lank geteister deur hierdie sinnelose aktiwiteite. Sedert die vroeë negentigerjare is daar ’n stewige toename in die voorkoms van plaasaanvalle asook toenemende insidente van geweldsmisdade, wat tot groot kommer lei. Die landbougemeenskap in Suid-Afrika het ’n baie belangrike funksie in die ekonomie, aangesien hulle voedselvervaardigers is, werksgeleenthede skep en industrieë van sekere kommoditeite voorsien. Hulle lewer ’n onmiskenbare diens aan die land en daarom verdien hierdie gemeenskap die nodige beveiliging. Die aantal plaasaanvalle in Suid-Afrika, die Wes-Kaap en onlangs ook die Stellenboschomgewing, is skokkend. Hierdie fenomeen moet binne die konteks van algemene misdaad geanaliseer word. Die onderliggende redes wat aanleiding gee tot plaasaanvalle is divers, maar moet almal in gedagte gehou word wanneer die oorsake vir misdaad ondersoek word. Om te verseker dat hierdie navorsingspoging praktiese waarde toon vir diegene betrokke, behoort gebiede waar misdaad seëvier geïdentifiseer te word en dan gebruik te word om die nodige beskerming aan en mobilisering van polisiemagte binne hierdie gebiede te bied. Die studie fokus op verskillende teorieë wat gebruik kan word om die voorkoms van misdaad te verklaar. Inligting is van die Stellenbosch-polisiediens verkry om die voorkoms van misdaad in die studiegebied te verklaar en om probleemgebiede te identifiseer. Demografiese en sosio-ekonomiese veranderlikes kan lig werp op die sosiale struktuur van die studiegebied en kennis van omgewingsveranderlikes dra ook by tot ’n beter begrip van hierdie sosiale pandemie.

O crescente uso de redes sociais gera quantidades enormes de dados que podem ser empregados em vários tipos de análises. Alguns desses dados têm informação temporal e geográfica, as quais podem ser usadas para posicionar precisamente a informação no tempo e no espaço. Nesse contexto, neste trabalho é proposto um novo método para a análise do volume massivo de mensagens disponível no Twitter, com o objetivo de identificar eventos como programas de TV, mudanças climáticas, desastres e eventos esportivos que estejam ocorrendo em regiões específicas do globo. A abordagem proposta é baseada no uso de uma rede neural para detecção de outliers em séries temporais, as quais são formadas por estatísticas coletadas em tweets localizados em diferentes divisões políticas (i.e., países, cidades). Esses outliers são usados para identificar eventos como um comportamento anormal nos dados Twitter. A efetividade do método é avaliada comparando os eventos identificados com notícias nos meios de comunicação. / The increasing use of social networks generates enormous amounts of data that can be employed for various types of analysis. Some of these data have temporal and geographical information, which can be used to precisely position information in time and space. In this document, a new method is proposed to analyze the massive volume of messages available in Twitter to identify events such as TV shows, climate change, disasters, and sports that are occurring in specific regions of the globe. The proposed approach is based on a neural network used to detect outliers from a time series, which is built upon statistical data from tweets located in different political divisions (i.e., countries, cities). These outliers are used to identify events as an abnormal behavior in Twitter's data. The effectiveness of the method is evaluated by comparing the events identified on the news media.

O crescente uso de redes sociais gera quantidades enormes de dados que podem ser empregados em vários tipos de análises. Alguns desses dados têm informação temporal e geográfica, as quais podem ser usadas para posicionar precisamente a informação no tempo e no espaço. Nesse contexto, neste trabalho é proposto um novo método para a análise do volume massivo de mensagens disponível no Twitter, com o objetivo de identificar eventos como programas de TV, mudanças climáticas, desastres e eventos esportivos que estejam ocorrendo em regiões específicas do globo. A abordagem proposta é baseada no uso de uma rede neural para detecção de outliers em séries temporais, as quais são formadas por estatísticas coletadas em tweets localizados em diferentes divisões políticas (i.e., países, cidades). Esses outliers são usados para identificar eventos como um comportamento anormal nos dados Twitter. A efetividade do método é avaliada comparando os eventos identificados com notícias nos meios de comunicação. / The increasing use of social networks generates enormous amounts of data that can be employed for various types of analysis. Some of these data have temporal and geographical information, which can be used to precisely position information in time and space. In this document, a new method is proposed to analyze the massive volume of messages available in Twitter to identify events such as TV shows, climate change, disasters, and sports that are occurring in specific regions of the globe. The proposed approach is based on a neural network used to detect outliers from a time series, which is built upon statistical data from tweets located in different political divisions (i.e., countries, cities). These outliers are used to identify events as an abnormal behavior in Twitter's data. The effectiveness of the method is evaluated by comparing the events identified on the news media.

O crescente uso de redes sociais gera quantidades enormes de dados que podem ser empregados em vários tipos de análises. Alguns desses dados têm informação temporal e geográfica, as quais podem ser usadas para posicionar precisamente a informação no tempo e no espaço. Nesse contexto, neste trabalho é proposto um novo método para a análise do volume massivo de mensagens disponível no Twitter, com o objetivo de identificar eventos como programas de TV, mudanças climáticas, desastres e eventos esportivos que estejam ocorrendo em regiões específicas do globo. A abordagem proposta é baseada no uso de uma rede neural para detecção de outliers em séries temporais, as quais são formadas por estatísticas coletadas em tweets localizados em diferentes divisões políticas (i.e., países, cidades). Esses outliers são usados para identificar eventos como um comportamento anormal nos dados Twitter. A efetividade do método é avaliada comparando os eventos identificados com notícias nos meios de comunicação. / The increasing use of social networks generates enormous amounts of data that can be employed for various types of analysis. Some of these data have temporal and geographical information, which can be used to precisely position information in time and space. In this document, a new method is proposed to analyze the massive volume of messages available in Twitter to identify events such as TV shows, climate change, disasters, and sports that are occurring in specific regions of the globe. The proposed approach is based on a neural network used to detect outliers from a time series, which is built upon statistical data from tweets located in different political divisions (i.e., countries, cities). These outliers are used to identify events as an abnormal behavior in Twitter's data. The effectiveness of the method is evaluated by comparing the events identified on the news media.

CHANGES OF FUNCTIONAL USE SHORE OF ORLICKÁ BARRIER FOCUSING ON RECREATIONAL FUNCTION Abstract The aim of this study is to assess changes in functional use of the shore Orlická barrier in more than fifty-year history this technical bouilding. Orlická barrier holds many functions, for example in energy and control of flows to the river system. A secondary effect is the concentration of tourism and recreation on the banks. In this work, the focus is on analysis recreational function. Other analyse functions are economic function, transport, residential and servises. Of the result of dam construction in the 60s and political changes, there were changes in the functional recovery destination. Currently Orlicko faces many problems that have a negative effect on the influx of visitors and tourists. Apart from analyzing the functional use of the area is part of this paper analysis of structured interviews with mayors, representatives of recreational centers and other actors in the area. Keywords: Vltava cascade, Orlická dam, historical and geographic analysis, functional changes, recreation, tourism

El estudio de las transformaciones territoriales en esta parte del Sur del país obedece en especial a dos circunstancias de distinta índole. La primera vinculada a la investigación y su potencial trascendencia teórica y práctica en contextos académicos y profesionales interesados por comprender las características de la instalación humana en ámbitos sujetos a importantes cambios. La segunda responde al desenvolvimiento incierto de las comarcas andino patagónicas frente a hechos, propuestas y proyectos referentes a cuestiones de decisiva impronta regional. Se trata de territorios en plena gestación identitaria, donde es habitual lo dubitativo y confuso, aún desde perspectivas históricas y literarias, que son en las que normalmente se asientan las raíces regionales. En los recientes años '90 y en concordancia con los ajustes propios del nuevo orden mundial, se observan re-acomodamientos locales inscriptos en modalidades que obligan a la revisión profunda. Modalidades postmodernas que pueden identificarse como espacios de consumo. Es la condición cultural la que imprime nuevas estructuras espaciales de fuertes proyecciones anímicas enraizadas en lo simbólico y lo estético, donde las transformaciones se suceden a partir de una resignificación de la naturaleza. Desde allí es que se hacen planteos hipotéticos en busca de explicaciones, atendiendo a las valorizaciones que existen para con la Patagonia Andina. Aquellas que implican una preeminencia singular de los aspectos afectivos y emocionales por sobre los económicos, aunque con el turismo como el vector principal de transformación y a cuyo derredor se entremezclan situaciones conflictivas. Es ésta la dirección del análisis que busca esclarecer dudas a partir de la producción de conocimiento geográfico con sentido "examinador" de la realidad. Fenómenos como los de dispersión, neoruralidad y fragmentación espacial, se muestran como los resultados más visibles en materia paisajística y con ello estamos ante un marco problemático y complejo. Con la sistematización de una significativa cantidad de información involucrada y una fuerte carga empírica proveniente de la convivencia profesional de varios años con la mayor parte de los problemas abordados, se presenta un aporte al cuerpo teórico de la Geografía preocupada por los ámbitos montanos, así como también su proyección hacia la explicación geográfica regional y su eventual insumo para el Planeamiento y la Gestión Territorial. Se analiza el conjunto territorial ofreciendo una perspectiva integradora en escenarios novedosos que, desde nuestra disciplina pueden abordarse con la posibilidad cierta de orientar una importante cantidad de estudios sectoriales que ya se manifiestan, en particular por requerimientos políticos. Con la Comarca Andina del Paralelo 42 en el foco del análisis, la tesis se abocó a incursionar en la realidad andino patagónica, identificando, sistematizando y valorando los conflictos de estirpe territorial como camino explicativo. / The study of the territorial transformations in this part of the South of the country is especially due to two different kinds of circumstances. The first one is linked with geographical research and its potential significance in theory and practice within academic and professional contexts interested in understanding the features of human settlements in areas subject to important changes. The second one responds to the uncertain development of the Patagonian mountain 'regions' (comarcas andino patagónicas) faced with events, proposals and projects referred to matters of decisive regional treads. It is about territories which are taking full shape for identity where doubtfulness and confusion are frequent, even from their historic and literary perspectives by which regional roots, normally, are likely to be consolidated. In the late 90', and in accordance with the own adjustments of the new world order, local re-accommodations registered as modalities that require a deep revision can be observed. Post-modern modalities that can be identify as spaces of consumption. It is the cultural condition which stamps new spatial structures with strong emotional projections deeply rooted in symbolism and aesthetic, and where transformations happen to be from a deep meaning for Nature. At this particular point, hypothetic considerations in search for reasons are made with regard to values that are concern with Patagonian Andes mountains. Those which give singular pre-eminence to emotional and affectionate aspects above the economical ones, despite the fact that tourism as the main vector of transformation, and within its environment conflicted situations become intermingled. This is the direction of the analysis that expects to clarify doubts from the production of geographic knowledge on closer examination at reality. Phenomena such as dispersion, neo-rural areas and space fragmentation are shown to be as the most visible results concerning the landscape matter. Therefore, we are faced with a difficult and complex framework. A contribution to theoretical Geography concerned about mountain areas, as well as its projection towards a regional geographic explanation and its eventual input to the Planning and Territorial Administration is introduced, together with the systematization of a lot of relevant information involved, and a large amount of empirical work which came from professional coexistence dealt with most of the problems over the years. The territory is analysed as a whole, and an integrated perspective in original scenarios is offered. This can be dealt with by our discipline with a certain possibility to give guidance on a great number of sectorial studies. In fact, they have already been known, particularly, by political requests. The thesis, with the Comarca Andina del Paralelo 42 in the focus of the analysis, went into greater detail about the Patagonian Andes Mountains reality. It identified, systematized and assessed the difficulties concerning the territorial lineage as an explanatory framework.

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