Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is estimated that 70% of sub-Saharan Africa’s urban population resides in informal settlements. Cape Town (South Africa), in particular, has a projected 223 informal settlements within its boundaries (which house almost 136 000 households). The national government has attempted to meet housing needs through the upgrading of informal settlements. In situ upgrading has been seen as a particularly popular route to follow. This study aimed to investigate the City of Cape Town’s governmentality in the in situ upgrading of Makhaza and New Rest in Cape Town and explore the implications of this governmentality for women’s social networks in these two settlements. The study focused on the governmentality elements of rationalities, practices and techniques and counter-conduct. A review of the literature shows little attention has been paid to the various governmentalities (practice, techniques and rationalities) that exist within informal settlement upgrading. The literature has also not paid much attention to how the governmentality of those undertaking informal settlement upgrading, relates to women’s social networks (and their governmentality) within upgraded sites. The research made use of qualitatively-driven methodologies and approaches, employing the techniques of Neighbourhood Social Mapping, Social Network Assessment (SNA), semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, transect walks, observational studies and secondary data gathering. The study found, amongst other things, that the governmentality (rationalities, techniques and practices) used by the City to plan and implement the upgrading of informal settlements differs from that of the women’s social networks. The profound differences in governmentalities have meant that the settlements do not meet the needs of the women and their social networks. In response the women have redesigned their new settlement to meet the needs of their social networks. Integral Theory is used in this thesis to map and better understand the differing governmentalities and their relationship and was used to propose an Integral approach in managing differing governmentalities. The thesis suggests that, in order to understand fully and respond appropriately to the challenges faced in upgrading, those in power need to be aware of and include all perspectives and actors within their upgrading process and practice. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar word beraam dat 70% van sub-Sahara Afrika se stedelike populasie in informele nedersettings woon. Kaapstad (Suid-Afrika), spesifiek, het ‘n beraamde 223 informele nedersettings binne die grense (wat omtrent 136 000 huishoudings huisves). Die nasionale regering het onderneem om behuisings behoefte te voorsien deur die opgradering van informele nedersettings. In situ opgradering is gesien as ‘n besonder gewilde roete om te volg. Hierdie studie het gepoog om die City of Cape Town (die Stad) se governmentality te ondersoek in die opgradering van Makhaza en New Rest in Kaapstad. So ook om die implikasies van hierdie governmentality vir vroue se sosiale netwerke in hierdie nedersettings te verken. Die studie het gefokus op die governmentality (regeringsmentaliteit) beginsels van rationaliteite, praktyke en tegnieke en teen-optrede. ‘n Oorsig van die literatuur toon min aandag is geskenk aan die verskillende governmentalities wat binne opgraderingsprojekte vir informele nedersettings bestaan. Die literatuur het ook nie veel aandag gegee aan hoe die governmentality van die onderneming van die informele nedersettings met betrekking tot vroue se sosiale netwerke (en hul governmentality) binne opgradeerde terreine. Die navorsing het gebruik gemaak van kwaliteits gedrewe metodologie en benaderings, die gebruik van tegnieke van omgewing sosiale kartering, sosiale netwerk beraming, semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude, vraelyste, deursnee wandeling, waarnemings studies en sekondêre data insameling. Die studie het onder andere bevind dat die governmentality (rationaliteite, tegnieke en praktyke), soos gebruik deur die Stad om opgradering van informele nedersettings te beplan en implimenteer, verskil van die van die vroue se sosiale netwerke. Die diepgaande verskille in governmentalities het gelei daartoe dat die nedersettings nie voldoen aan die behoeftes van die vroue en hul sosiale netwerke nie. In reaksie daarop het die vroue die nuwe nedersetting herontwerp om in hul sosiale netwerk behoeftes te voorsien. Integrale Teorie is in hierdie tesis gebruik om die verskille in governmentalities en hul verwantskappe uiteen te sit en beter te kan verstaan en ook om die Integrale benadering in die hantering van verskillende governmetnalities voor te stel. Die tesis dui daarop dat in orde om ten volle te verstaan en toepaslik te reageer op die uitdagings wat gepaard gaan met opgradering moet die wat in beheer is van alle perspektiewe en akteurs binne die opgraderings proses bewus wees en dit in ag neem.

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Sandveld, a potato growing area of the Western Cape is subject to significant groundwater abstraction for both municipal and agriculture purposes. The climate is arid and sensitive and important ecosystems in the area are showing varying degrees of impact. Management measures are needed to ensure ongoing sustainable development of the area. In this study, different interpolation techniques were evaluated to calculate values for unsampled variables rainfall and groundwater elevation. Local deterministic techniques as well as geostatistical techniques were used. It was found that geostatistical techniques, especially with collateral information, such as topography, provided a more accurate result. For environmental studies of this nature, Kriging is recommended as interpolation technique. The underlying data will determine the selection of the particular type of Kriging. Data was extracted from a customized relational database, geoMon, used for data capture, retrieval, processing and reporting. Ease of data extraction facilitated analysis. The interpolated grids were applied in two scenarios: Recharge calculations and quantification as well as a new classification approach according to Resource Directed Measures (RDM). Management classes were defined based on GIS-derived data. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Sandveld, ‘n aartappelverbouingsgebied in die Wes-Kaap, ondergaan aansienlike grondwateronttrekking vir beide munisipale sowel as landbou doeleindes. Die klimaat is dor en droog en sensitiewe en belangrike ekosisteme in die area ondervind wisselende impakvlakke. Bestuursmaatreëls word benodig om volhoubare ontwikkeling van die area te verseker. In hierdie studie is verskillende interpolasie tegnieke om onbekende waardes vir veranderlikes gebruik in grondwater evaluasie te bereken, evalueer. Lokale deterministiese tegnieke sowel as geostatistiese tegnieke is gebruik. Geostatistiese tegnieke, veral gebruik saam met addisionele inligting soos topografie, bereken meer akkurate resultate. Vir omgewingsstudies van hierdie aard, word Kriging aanbeveel as interpolasie tegniek. Eienskappe van die onderliggende data word gebruik om die tipe Kriging aan te dui. Data is onttrek uit ‘n gebruikersaangepaste databasis, geoMon, wat gebruik is vir datavaslegging, onttrekking, prosessering en verslaggewing. Die gemak waarmee data onttrek kon word het analise vergemaklik. Geïnterpoleerde data is gebruik vir grondwateraanvullingsberekeninge en -kwantifisering sowel as ‘n nuwe benadering tot klassifikasie volgens hulpbron gerigte maatreëls. Bestuursklasse gebaseer op GIS-afgeleide data, is gedefinieer.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Recently there has been growing interest in evaluating the performance and outcomes of spatial planning policies worldwide. In response to this a research was carried out to evaluate and monitor the effectiveness of spatial planning policies in the Cape Metropolitan Area (CMA). The Planning Indicators Model (PIM), which consists of a set of twenty-six indicators, was applied to monitor and measure the extent to which the Metropolitan Spatial Development Framework (MSDF) has affected land use and physical development in the CMA. To achieve the aim of the study, the research was divided into three phases. The first phase involved a literature review, the second phase involved interviews with planning officials and lastly, the collection of different thematic datasets required to run the Planning Indicators Model. The data sets were used to monitor and display spatiotemporal variations in conformance and performance indices in the form of maps. These maps were used to identify areas where strengths can be protected and where weaknesses need to be corrected. From a set of 26 indicators used for this study only two indicators monitored conformances (Growth of informal housing townships) over the period 1993 – 1998; the others simply indicated the present conditions. This means that the rest of the indicators did not show trends. However, the data are presented in this report as a useful baseline for future conformance and performance monitoring exercises. The study also revealed that for the past twelve years the MSDF has been the subject of extensive debate within the local authorities. Also several indicators seem to overlap and need to be clearly defined, thus it is recommended that some of these indicators should be combined to avoid duplication and confusion. Generally, the PIM can assist in making the impact of spatial planning greater in the CMA. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Onlangs is daar wêreldwyd groeiende belangstelling in die prestasies en uitkomstes van ruimtelike beplannings- beleide. In reaksie daarop is hierdie navorsing gedoen om die doeltreffendheid van die ruimtelike beplannings- beleide van die Kaapse Metropolitaanse Gebied (KMG) te evalueer en te monitor. Die Beplannings Aanwysers Model (BAM) wat bestaan uit ‘n stel van ses-en- twintig aanwysers, is aangewend om te meet tot hoeverre die Metropolitaanse Ruimtelike Ontwikkelings Raamwerk grondgebruik en fisiese ontwikkeling in die Kaapse Metropolitaanse Gebied beïnvloed het. Om die doelwit van hierdie studie te verwesenlik, is die navorsing gedoen in drie fases. Die eerste fase bestaan uit ‘n oorsig van die literatuur en die tweede fase uit onderhoude met amptenare verantwoordelik vir beplanning. Die laaste fase beslaan die versameling van die verskillende tematiese stelle data wat benodig word vir die Beplannings Aanwysers Model. Die stelle data is gebruik om die ruimtelike- en tydsvariasies in die konformering- en prestasie indekse te monitor en ten toon te stel in die vorm van kaarte. Hierdie kaarte is gebruik om die gebiede te identifiseer waar sterkpunte behoue moet bly en waar swakpunte reggestel moet word. Uit die stel van 26 aanwysers wat gebruik is vir hierdie studie, het net twee aanwysers konformering (Die groei van dorpsgebiede met informele behuising) gedurende die periode 1993 – 1998 gemonitor; die ander het eenvoudig die huidige toestand aangetoon. Dit beteken dat die ander aanwysers nie tendense aangetoon het nie. Die data word egter in hierdie verslag weergee as ‘n nuttige basis vir die toekomstige monitor van konformering en prestasie. Die studie toon ook aan dat daar gedurende die afgelope twaalf jaar baie deur plaaslike owerhede gedebatteer is oor die Metropolitaanse Ruimtelike Ontwikkelings Raamwerk. Ook oorvleuel sommige van die aanwysers en moet hulle meer duidelik omskryf word. Dus word daar aanbeveel dat sommige van die aanwysers gekombineer moet word om duplikasie en verwarring te voorkom. Oor die algemeen kan die Beplanning Aanwysers Model help om die impak van ruimtelike beplanning op die Kaapse Metropolitaanse Gebied te bevorder.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996) states that local governments are responsible for the creation of a socioeconomic environment that enables citizens to make a living for themselves. It is on the grounds of this responsibility that the study is based on the relationship between street traders and the City of Cape Town within the Cape Town CBD. This relationship is investigated with the aim of assessing what the nature of the relationship is between street traders and the City of Cape Town. A survey was conducted wherein 71 street traders were interviewed and to complement the survey interviews were conducted with individuals from local government and the private sector who deal with street traders on a daily basis. The survey results indicated that there is a positive relationship between traders and the City of Cape Town, but that local government does not live up to expectation when it comes to the facilitation of informal business development. At the hand off these findings; policy interventions are put forth that would lead to the creation of a facilitative relationship between the City of Cape Town and street traders. Proposed policy interventions are focussed on the improvement of channels of communication between street traders and local government. The proposed policy framework places emphasis on the active participation of local government in the formalisation process of informal traders. The study concludes by proposing policy intervention that would promote a facilitative relationship between street traders and local government and contribute to a sustainable street trading economy in Cape Town. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die grondwet van die Republiek van Suid Afrika (1996) daag elke plaaslike owerheid uit met die taak om ’n sosio-ekonomiese omgewing te skep wat dit vir landsburgers moontlik maak om ’n bestaan te kan maak. Dit is op grond van hierdie verantwoordelikheid dat die studie gebaseer is op die verhouding tussen straathandelaars, binne die sentrale sake kern, en Kaapstad se plaaslike owerheid. Die verhouding tussen straathandelaars en die Stad Kaapstad is ondersoek met die doel om die aard van die verhouding te omskryf. ’n Vraelys is uitgedeel aan 71 straathandelaars en om die opname te komplementeer is onderhoude gevoer met individue van beide die openbare en privaat sektor wat saam met straathandelaars werk op ’n daaglikse basis. Die resultate van die vraelys het gewys op die positiewe verhouding tussen handelaars en die Stad Kaapstad, alhoewel dit aan die lig gekom het dat plaaslike owerhede nie voldoen aan verwagtinge ten opsigte van die fasilitering van informele besigheidsontwikkeling nie. Beleidsmaatreëls wat ’n fasiliterende verhouding sou bewerkstellig; sowel as ’n beleidsraamwerk word voorgestel aan die hand van die bevindinge van die opname. Die voorstelle is grootliks gegrond op die verbetering van kommunikasie tussen die plaaslike owerhede en straathandelaars sowel as die aktiewe deelname van die plaaslike owerheid in die formaliseringsproses van informele handelaars. Deur die implementering van die voorgestelde beleidsmaatreëls is die studie van mening dat ’n fasiliterende verhouding tussen straathandelaars en plaaslike owerhede gevestig kan word met die doel om ’n bydra te maak tot ’n volhoubare straathandel-ekonomie in Kaapstad.

Thesis (MSc (Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Sustainable use of the earth’s resources is seen by many authorities as critical to ensure the planet’s survival. In this regard agriculture is seen as a major role player and fundamental link in the chain of sustainability. South Africa, a country with relatively little favourable agricultural land, should therefore preserve high potential areas for agricultural purposes. The Western Cape, with 75% of all medium-potential arable land in South Africa, is a valuable asset. One region targeted for development and where uncertainty prevails regarding its agricultural potential, is the G21B catchment in the Atlantis Growth Corridor (AGC). The AGC is envisaged as long-term growth axis for the Cape Metropole, but conflicting opinions exist on its agricultural possibilities and suitability to absorb urban growth. Consequently, the aim of this project was to evaluate the suitability of this catchment for a number of agricultural landuses. Fuzzy logic, a modification of the land evaluation approach originally developed by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), was used to address this problem. Input data consisted of a soil map and digital elevation model (DEM) of the area. Parameters identified from these sources and applicable to the study were soil texture of the first, second and third horizons, as well as coarse fragments in the top soil, wetness, weathered rock, average pH, effective root depth, and slope. These parameters were compared to the requirements of six landuses, i.e. wheat, wine grapes, potatoes, tomatoes, onions, and citrus, and a fuzzy representation for every landuse was constructed. Expert opinion aided in a weighting process whereby the relative weights of parameters were computed and incorporated into the evaluation. Results showed extensive areas with a relatively high agricultural potential for potatoes and wine grapes. In addition, areas with potential were also identified for wheat, citrus, and tomatoes, albeit on more limited scale. Large areas, however, were deemed unsuitable for the aforementioned agricultural crops and would therefore be suitable to absorb metropolitan growth or to be maintained as conservation areas. The fuzzy logic approach provided insightful results. Problematic parameters were easily identified and no information was lost in the evaluation process. It also allowed for an objective quantitative comparison between crops. This provided freedom in deciding which landuse should be practiced, especially if the focus is on a sustainable rather than the most productive crop.

Thesis (MA (Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / The retail sector provides geographers with a major area of analysis where they can apply their specialist knowledge to solve and explain real-world problems. Over the years there have been significant changes in the locations where South Africans shop. Retail shops are moving from city centres (CBDs) to more accessible and attractive locations on the city’s edge. This phenomenon is also evident in the retail structure of Stellenbosch. Stellenbosch Square is a multi-million-rand shopping centre that has been erected on the edge of Stellenbosch. The retail buying patterns of the Paradyskloof neighbourhood (in Stellenbosch) was analysed and placed in context with Stellenbosch Square. Paradyskloof is situated between Stellenbosch Square and Die Boord shopping centre, which is situated more closely to the CBD. The null hypothesis states that: “The buying patterns of the residents of Paradyskloof did not change significantly after the building of Stellenbosch Square, a shopping centre situated between Stellenbosch and the Somerset West shopping centre.” The overarching aim is to describe and explain the extent of the current retail buying patterns of the Paradyskloof population and compare them to the predicted results of the Flowmap 7.2 origin-constrained gravity model with regards to Stellenbosch Square shopping centre. The Paradyskloof retail buying patterns was determined by a random distributed questionnare survey. The modelled results are compared to the actual buying patterns and the findings are placed in context. Various types of data (primary and secondary) were collected. The origin-constrained gravity model was calibrated with the mean trip lengths (MTL). The modelled results predicted that all of the Paradyskloof residents shop at Stellenbosch Square. To determine the actual buying patterns, 250 questionnaires were spatially distributed with the aid of a random sampling of erven within the Paradyskloof neighbourhood. The survey indicated that only 44% of the respondents shop at Stellenbosch Square. Some of the reasons for why some of the residents still shop closer to the CBD are: high mobility, high number of scholars, multi-functional trips, banking and postal services etc. The rationale behind Stellenbosch Square and the role it plays within the Stellenbosch retail market has also been provided.

Thesis (MA (Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / Issues relating to globalization and the rise of the New Economy have received much attention from academics. Renewed emphasis has been placed on the importance of locality and cities are seen as gateways to ensuring a competitive role in the global economy. In South Africa, local economic development (LED) approaches are increasingly reflecting market-driven entrepreneurialism as cities compete to attract investment. This has, however, caused the decline of economies of already lagging regions, widening regional disparities. Statistical evidence confirms the opinion that the service sector has become a leading contributor to national and regional economic growth, both internationally and in South Africa. Synonymous with the knowledge-based economy is the dependence of this sector on innovation and highly skilled human capital as drivers of competitiveness and development. As a result, the role of universities as producers of knowledge and educated labour has received much attention. The perceived geographic “footloose” nature of knowledge-based industries has also led some to believe in their potential to reduce the disparities between cities and small towns or peripheral locations. Evidence show, however, that knowledge-based service industries still tend to cluster in major metropolitan areas. Though the importance of the knowledge-based service sector has been acknowledged by academics and government, a lack of empirical research still exist on the decision-making processes determining the choice of location of South African companies. Research has indicated the medium-sized town of Stellenbosch in South Africa to have a high level of growth potential. The town is also the location of a well-established IT and knowledge-based service sector. For the purpose of this study, a database was compiled of a research population of 329 knowledge-based service industries operational in Stellenbosch, after which surveys were distributed amongst the entire population. Data generated from 104 completed questionnaires provided a deepened understanding of the nature of these industries of which the majority is single-branch businesses situated in Stellenbosch due to the fact that it was the owners or key role players’ home town during the time of establishment. Other notable trends such as the growth in the number of international head offices in the knowledge-based service sector, the availability of highly skilled labour, and proximity to important clients, further highlights the reasoning behind the decision of knowledge-based companies to locate in Stellenbosch specifically. Finally, the existing linkages between Stellenbosch University and these industries - specifically the IT and engineering sector - receives attention.

Thesis (MSc (Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / Soil salinization is a world wide environmental problem affecting plant growth and agricultural yields. Remote sensing has been used as a tool to detect and/or manage soil salinity. Object-oriented image analysis is a relatively new image analysis technique which allows analysis at different hierarchical scales, the use of relationships between objects and contextual information in the classification process, and the ability to create a rule based classification procedure. The Lower Orange River in South Africa is a region of successful irrigation farming along the river floodplain but also with the potential risk of soil salinization. This research attempted to detect and map areas of potential high soil salinity using digital aerial photography and digital elevation models. Image orthorectification was conducted on the digital aerial photographs. The radiometric variances between photographs made radiometric calibration of the photographs necessary. Radiometric calibration on the photographs was conducted using Landsat 7 satellite images as radiometric correction values, and image segmentation as the correction units for the photographs. After radiometric calibration, object-oriented analysis could be conducted on one analysis region and the developed rule bases applied to the other regions without the need for adjusting parameters. A rule based hierarchical classification was developed to detect vegetation stress from the photographs as well as salinity potential terrain features from the digital elevation models. These rule bases were applied to all analysis blocks. The detected potential high salinity indicators were analyzed spatially with field collected soil data in order to assess the capability of the classifications to detect actual salinization, as well as to assess which indicators were the best indicators of salinity potential. Vegetation stress was not a good indicator of salinity as many other indicators could also cause vegetation stress. Terrain indicators such as depressions in the landscape at a micro scale were the best indicators of potential soil salinization.

Thesis (MA (Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / The Western Cape province of South Africa is a water scarce area with a Mediterranean climate. The majority of rainfall occurs in the cold winter months and the area experiences hot and dry summers. Studies done to investigate various water supply and water demand management options for the City of Cape Town, concluded that the Table Mountain Group (TMG) aquifer has the potential of yielding high volumes (estimated at 70Mm3/a) of good quality water, but that further research about this source as a potential augmentation supply to the City of Cape Town was necessary before extraction could commence. The aim of the study is to develop a spatial decision support system (SDSS) to be used by a hydrogeology project team, which includes hydrogeologists, environmentalists, ecologists, engineers and other stakeholders. The Table Mountain Group Aquifer (TMGA) SDSS is meant to be a decision support tool, but should also raise awareness about the use of spatial data and information and its capabilities for earth science and other multidisciplinary applications. By means of team discussions and interviews data, spatial analysis and data manipulation requirements were determined. Based on these requirements, four spatial analysis tools were developed. The spatial tool named “Borehole Analysis” analyses stratigraphic information obtained from existing boreholes and hydrogeological point data. The tool determines what groundwater use and monitoring has been undertaken in the area of interest. The “Topographic Analysis” tool identifies any topographical (e.g. rivers) and cadastral (e.g. farm boundaries) data within a certain distance from a possible borehole site. The “Sensitive Area Analysis” tool addresses queries with respect to sensitive areas, such as wetlands, statutory protected areas and private nature reserves. The “Image Classification” tool gives the team members an opportunity to use band ratios during image interpretation. The TMGA SDSS was developed using TNTmips v70, Extensible Markup Language (XML) and Spatial Manipulation Language (SML) and can be run on TNTAtlas v70, which is a free software. The TMGA SDSS enables the team members to have equal and ready access to data acquired by other members. This was found to support intra- and interdisciplinary conversation and facilitate understanding of how the data is being (or could be) used. It also contributes to levels of confidence in decision-making and supports a holistic approach to project design and implementation. Keywords: decision-making, geographic information system (GIS), spatial decision support systems (SDSS), spatial manipulation language (SML)

Thesis (MSc (Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / The substantial growth of the Internet during the past few years has sparked the adaptation of several fields of current technologies to its demanding and cutting-edge standards. Mobile wireless cellular engineering and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are two such technologies. Integrating these two technologies has resulted in the possibility of providing a type of useful functionality in the form of a technological service to the public in terms of their geographical location, named Location Based Services (LBS). An LBS can be defined as any service or application that extends spatial information processing or GIS capabilities to end users via the Internet and/or wireless networks. Thanks to wireless cellular engineering, GIS, computer programming and a little intellectual ingenuity, LBS now has the ability to provide a solution to the persisting problem of the intractable incapability of prevalent technology to extend utile spatial information to a user in terms of his/her geographical location. The purpose of this study is to investigate how geographical information, derived from GIS processing, can be supplied and presented in a useful manner to users' mobile electronic devices, using today’s available technology. A sample LBS application will demonstrate how this is achieved in the South African context. It includes features such as position location, street finding, shortest street route calculation, and map display, all on a mobile cellular device. Relevant issues such as impending wireless cellular technology, development cycles, implementation, costs, revenues and shortcomings are also discussed.