Orientador: Norberto Morales / Coorientador: Mário Lincoln de Carlos Etchebehere / Banca: Antonio Roberto Saad / Banca: Archimedes Perez Filho / Banca: Cenira Maria Lipinacci da Cunha / Banca: Clauzionor Lima da Silva / Resumo: O Planalto Ocidental Paulista apresenta um grave quadro de erosões aceleradas, decorrente da ocupação desenfreada e do uso intensivo do solo, aliados à fragilidade natural do terreno. Almeja-se na presente tese avaliar a hipótese de que fatores tectônicos têm controlado parte das alterações na paisagem e contribuído para o agravamento dos processos erosivos que se refletem em assoreamento dos canais de drenagens e na abertura de ravinas e voçorocas, bem como sua influência na configuração do relevo, nesta parte do território paulista. Entende-se que as bacias hidrográficas e a conformação das drenagens que compõem a área de estudos refletem blocos estruturais controlados por atividade tectônica e que sofrem processos de esforços intraplaca, resultando em deformações na morfometria fluvial e na incidência de processos erosivos e deposicionais. A análise do quadro neotectônico foi realizada mediante a aplicação de informações fluviomorfométricas, dados geológicos e geomorfológicos, sendo os estudos sobre os perfis longitudinais das drenagens, a aplicação dos índices "RDE - Relação Declividade vs. Extensão" e a identificação de nickpoint as principais ferramentas empregadas. Não obstante, também se aplicou à área de estudos a análise dos lineamentos das drenagens e do relevo, em que foi possível verificar as principais direções das feições e inferir os blocos estruturais, e o registro de informações paleossísmicas, a partir da identificação de estruturas de liquefação. O Planalto Ocidental Paulista assenta-se sobre rochas cretáceas dos grupos Caiuá e Bauru e sedimentos cenozoicos. Entende-se que a evolução da paisagem, no Quaternário, nesta parte do território paulista, tem sido fortemente influenciada pelas deformações impostas pelas forças sísmicas, onde o soerguimento de um bloco morfoestrutural leva à remoção de cobertura pedogênicas, gerando solos rasos, e a... / Abstract: The Western Plateau of São Paulo presents a grievous framework of accelerated erosion, arising from the unbridled occupation and soil intensive use combined with the natural fragility of the terrain. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the hypothesis that tectonic factors have controlled part of alterations in the landscape and have contributed to the worsening of the erosion processes that are reflected in siltation of drainage channels and the opening of ravines and gullies as well as its influence on settings of relief in this part of São Paulo's territory. It is understood that the watersheds and the conformation of drainages which compound the study area reflect structural blocks controlled by tectonic activity and suffer processes of intraplate efforts, resulting in deformation of the fluvial morphometry and incidence of erosive and depositional processes. The analysis of neotectonic frame was performed by the application of fluvial morphometric information and geological and geomorphological data. The studies are about the longitudinal profiles of the drainages, the application of SGI "Stream-Gradient Index (slope x length)" and the nickpoint identification of the main tools employed. Nevertheless, the lineament analysis of drainages and relief were also applied to the area of study, wherein was possible to check the directions of structures and to infer the structural blocks, and record of paleoseismics information, from the identification of liquefaction structures. The Western Plateau of São Paulo is seated on Cretaceous rocks of the Bauru and Caiuá groups and Cenozoic sediments. It is understood that the landscape evolution, in the Quaternary, in this part of São Paulo territory, has been tightly influenced by deformations imposed by seismic forces, where the rising of a morphostructural block leads to removal of pedogenic coverage, generating shallow soils, and subsistence of an adjacent block which provides, in... / Doutor

River/stream water temperature is one of the master water quality parameters as it controls several key iogeochemical, physical and ecological processes and river ecosystem functioning. Thermal regimes of several rivers have been substantially altered by climate change and other anthropogenic impacts resulting in deleterious impacts on river health. Given its importance, several studies have been conducted to understand the key processes defining water temperature, its controls and drivers of change. Temporal and spatial river temperature changes are a result of complex interactions between climate, hydrology and landscape/basin properties, making it difficult to identify and quantify the effect of individual controls. There is a need to further improve our understanding of the causes of spatiotemporal heterogeneity in river temperatures and the governing processes altering river temperatures. Furthermore, to assess the impacts of changing river temperatures on the river ecosystem, it is crucial to better understand the responses of freshwater biota to simultaneously acting stressors such as changing river temperatures, hydrology and river quality aspects (e.g. dissolved oxygen levels). So far, only a handful of studies have explored the impacts of multiple stressors, including changing river temperature, on river biota and, thus, are not well known. This thesis, thus, analysed the changes in river temperature behaviour at different scales and its effects on freshwater organisms. Firstly, at a regional scale, temporal changes in river temperature within long (25 years) and short time periods (10 years) were quantified and the roles of climatic, hydrological and landscape factors were identified for North German rivers. Secondly, at a reach scale, spatial temperature heterogeneity in a sixth-order lowland river (River Spree) was quantified and the role of landscape factors in inducing such heterogeneity was elucidated. Thirdly, at a site scale, short-term behavioural responses (namely drift) of three benthic invertebrate species to varying levels of water temperature, flow, and dissolved oxygen, and to combinations of those factors were experimentally investigated. Results from this thesis showed that, at a regional scale, the majority of investigated rivers in Germany have undergone significant annual and seasonal warming in the past decades. Air temperature change was found to be the major control of increasing river temperatures and of its temporal variability, with increasing influence for increasing catchment area and lower altitudes (lowland rivers). Strongest river temperature increase was observed in areas with low water availability. Other hydro-climatological variables such as flow, baseflow, NAO, had significant contributions in river temperature variability. Spatial variability in river temperature trend rates was mainly governed by ecoregion, altitude and catchment area via affecting the sensitivity of river temperature to its local climate. At a reach scale as well, air temperature was the major control of the temporal variability in river temperature over a period of nine months within a 200 km lowland river reach. The spatial heterogeneity of river temperature in this reach was most apparent during warm months and was mainly a result of the local landscape settings namely, urban areas and lakes. The influence of urban areas was independent of its distance from the river edge, at least when present within 1 km. Heat advected from upstream reaches determined the base river temperature while climatological controls induced river temperature variations around that base temperature, especially below lakes. Riparian buffers were not found to be effective in substantially moderating river temperature in reaches affected by lake warming due to the dominant advected heat from the upstream lake. Experimental investigation indicated that increasing water temperature had a stronger short-term effect on behavioural responses of benthic invertebrates, than simultaneous changes in flow or dissolved oxygen. Also, increases in water temperature was shown to affect benthic invertebrates more severely if accompanied by concomitant low dissolved oxygen and flow levels, while interactive effects among variables vary much among taxa. These results support findings of other studies that river warming, similar to climate change, might be a global phenomenon. Within Germany, lowland rivers are the most vulnerable to future warming, with reaches affected by urbanization and shallow lentic structures being more vulnerable and, therefore, requiring urgent attention. Furthermore, river biota in lowland rivers is particularly susceptible to short-term increases in river temperature such as heat waves. Plantation of riparian buffers, a widely recognized practice to manage climate change effects, in the headwater reaches can be suggested to mitigate and prevent future warming of lowland rivers in general and also throughout river basins, as river temperature response in lowland catchments is a culmination of local and upstream conditions. However, further river temperature increase in lowland river reaches within or close to urban areas and shallow lentic structures will be more difficult to mitigate only via riparian shading and would require additional measures

Braided rivers exhibit extremely complex and dynamic morphologies as their multiple channels are constantly re-worked. The research reported in this thesis explored a number of properties of braided river form and dynamics and some controlling factors through three individual but complementary research elements. The first research element was concerned with some of the controls on the transition between single thread and multi-thread channel patterns. Twenty-seven different flume experiments were conducted, supported by fourteen replicates. In these experiments, channel confinement (maximum possible channel width) and formative discharge were varied in a 25 x 2.9 m flume of constant slope (1%) and bed material (D50 = 1mm) with sediment supply constrained to match sediment output. As the maximum potential channel width increased, the channel pattern changed from a single channel with alternate bars, to the formation of mid-channel bars, and finally to a multi-thread braided pattern. Bed elevation frequency distributions showed distinct changes in their median, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis as channel width and discharge increased, indicating the consequences of confining braided channels and regulating discharge on their bed elevation and morphology. The second and third parts of the research use remotely sensed data sets to explored (i) the degree to which a real river shows similar characteristics to those generated in the flume experiments and (ii) the variety in braiding patterns that are found in association with different boundary conditions of slope, width, discharge, and riparian vegetation. For the second research element, a Lidar survey of a 36 km reach of the lower Tagliamento river, Italy, was investigated. Within this reach, the river shows only small variations in slope and bed material size and is subject to the same flood flows. Analysis focused on thirty-six 1 km sub-reaches and demonstrated clear associations among the median, standard deviation, kurtosis and skewness of the bed and also clear downstream trends. Measures of vegetation cover showed statistically-significant associations with the median, standard deviation, kurtosis and skewness of the bed, particularly when only the 32 truly braided reaches were analysed. The measures of vegetation cover also showed downstream trends that corresponded with the trends in bed morphology. Overall, variations in bed morphology showed similar characteristics to those observed in the laboratory flume, but also they showed correspondence with riparian vegetation cover, indicating a topographic signature of vegetation on the bed morphology. The downstream trends appear to be associated with the changing vigour of the riparian vegetation and possibly variations in river baseflow characteristics associated with varying groundwater levels in the alluvial aquifer. The most mature patches of vegetation within the braid plain of the most downstream part of the 36 km reach appear to occur on remnants of braid plain isolated by river bed incision. The third and final research element considered the morphology of six European braided rivers of different slope, width, discharge and riparian vegetation type. Information extracted from Google Earth and other aerial imagery, and gauged river flow data supported an analysis of changes in braided river characteristics through time, and among the six European river sites. Four traditional planform indices were used to characterise the braiding pattern (Bi – braiding index, Ai and Ai2 –anastomosing indices; Si – main channel sinuosity) were combined with measures of stream power and its component variables (width, Q10, and slope). Robust data for bed material calibre was not available. Statistical analysis of the entire data set revealed a potential influence of riparian vegetation type on the relationship between unit stream power and braid channel width; and a trend of increasing Bi, Ai, Ai2, and Si with decreasing unit stream power. However, a larger and more complete data set is needed to confirm these general trends and to fully explore transitional rivers. This research has illustrated the morphological consequences of confining braided rivers and the dependence of the braiding pattern on stream power. It has also illustrated the role of vegetation in contributing to the morphological complexity of braided rivers and the potential role of riparian vegetation in constraining the relationship between stream power and braided river width.

The turbulent properties of flow in rivers are of fundamental importance to aquatic organisms yet are rarely quantified during routine river habitat assessment surveys or the design of restoration schemes due to their complex nature. This thesis uses a detailed review of the literature to highlight the various ways in which plants and animals modify the flow field, how this can deliver beneficial effects; and how turbulence can also generate threats to growth and survival. The thesis then presents the results from detailed field assessments of turbulence properties undertaken on low, intermediate and high gradient rivers to advance scientific understanding of the hydrodynamics of rivers and inform effective habitat assessment and restoration. A reach-scale comparison across sites reveals spatial variations in the relationships between turbulent parameters, emphasising the need for direct measurement of turbulence properties, while a geomorphic unit scale assessment suggests that variations in turbulence at the scale of individual roughness elements, and/or within the same broad groupings of geomorphic units (e.g. different types of pools) can have an important influence on hydraulic habitat. The importance of small-scale flow obstructions is further emphasised through analysis of the temporal dynamics of turbulence properties with changes in flow stage and vegetation growth. The highest magnitude temporal changes in turbulence properties were associated with individual boulders and vegetation patches respectively, indicating flow intensification around these sub-geomorphic unit scale features. Experimental research combining flow measurement with underwater videography reveals that more sophisticated turbulence parameters provide a better explanation of fish behaviour and habitat use under field conditions, further supporting direct measurement of turbulent properties where possible. The new insights into interactions between geomorphology, hydraulics and aquatic organisms generated by this work offer opportunities for refining habitat assessment and restoration design protocols to better integrate the important role of turbulence in generating suitable physical habitat for aquatic organisms.

The dissertation presented in this manuscript contributes to river science by providing a detailed overview on the state of the art on the interaction between riparian vegetation and hydrogeomorphological processes, by devising a novel model encompassing most of such processes and by proposing a field methodology aimed at providing means for improving the modelling of such interactions. The state of the art is summarized in an extensive review describing riparian vegetation and hydrogeomorphological processes mutual feedbacks. Such review did not simply seek to describe these feedbacks but, compiling from a large array of results from field, laboratory and modelling studies, provides a set of physical thresholds that trigger system changes. Therefore, processes are not only described terms but also explained with a quantitative approach. Processes description provided the conceptual foundation for the development of the novel simulation model while model parameterization was based on the quantitative information collected in the review. Such novel model, encompasses the main relationships entwining riparian woody vegetation and hydrogeomorphological processes and is able of replicating long term riparian landscape dynamics considering disturbance events, environmental stressor and riparian woody vegetation establishment from seeds and large wood. The manuscript presents the model structure and its conceptual validation by means of hydrological scenarios aimed at testing the coherence of the simulation results with expected system behaviour. Examples of such coherences are vegetation growth rate in response to hydrological regime, entrainment and establishment of large wood in an unconfined river system and vegetation effect on erosion and deposition patterns. Analysis of sedimentation patterns from the modelled results suggested that vegetation flow resistance should be modelled with greater detail. These conclusions pointed the dissertation research towards the testing of a novel class of vegetation flow resistance equations, proposed by different authors, able of describing woody vegetation flow resistance on a physical basis. These equations have the advantage of considering flow stage, plants foliation level and species-specific flexibility. However, the use of such equations is limited by the difficulty of measuring the vegetation properties required as equation-inputs. In order to test if these equations could effectively improve sediment dynamics predictions, a field method was formulated and tested. The field method allows to sample vegetation properties that can be used with these novel class of flow resistance equations. In the manuscript, such method is applied and the resulting vegetation properties used in several modelling scenarios. Such scenario proved that hydraulic variables modelled with these novel flow resistance approaches are more realistic and thus that the model developed during the dissertation could benefit from inclusion of such flow resistance equations in its source code.

Gravel-bed braided rivers are distinctive natural environments that provid a wide range of key environmental, economic and recreational services. There is, however,a growing concern that over the twentieth century, an increasing number of braided rivers have metamorphosed into wandering or single thread channels, representing a loss of key habitats, geodiversity and amenity. While in some situations, shifts in channel pattern may be unambiguously linked to abrupt changes in flow or sediment supply, the lack of a theoretical basis underpinning the development and maintenance of braiding makes identification of the cause and effect of channel metamorphosis hazardous. A growing body of research has suggested that the transition between channelpatterns may depend on the poorly understood interaction between the flow regime,sediment supply and vegetation colonisation. Such interactions are governed by critical thresholds, due to changes in flow resistance and bank strength associated with the distribution, form and intensity of vegetation colonisation. Subtle changes in flow or sediment supply that promote vegetation growth or indeed remove itthrough inundation or attrition. This can lead to complex non-linear shifts in the balance of forces that govern sediment transport and bedform morphodynamics, ultimately resulting in one-way changes in channel morphology. There is, therefore, a critical need to develop a quantitative understanding of these feedbacks in orderto design sustainable river management programmes that seek to optimize the ecological and socio-economic benefits these rivers offer. In summary, this thesis aims to advance our understanding of the morphodynamics of braided rivers and the role numerical models may have in helping to interrogate their behavior and governing controls.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:31:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Parte_1.pdf: 3805169 bytes, checksum: d8735f646bc37db88f40eda5fb7137bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-20 / The expansion of tourism in recent decades and the growing demand for activities related to the natural geomorphology became an important tool in the development of tourism, both as an aid in planning activities, such as a tourism resource. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the potential geomorphological tourist left bank of lake Salto Osorio - San Jorge d'Oeste (PR). For both, there has been a map with information regarding the use of the relief as a potential tourist, pointing to the respective sectors and activities with potencial to be developed in the area in question. Characterized by the presence of three geomorphological units, the study area had 11 points with a potential for the practice of tourism. Beyond the contemplation of geomorphological landscapes, areas of top and intermediate levels showed potential for the practice of sports such as hiking, mountain biking and horseback riding in addition to the lifebuoy, with potential activity to be practiced both in industry and in intermediate levels of lake. This sector, in turn, presented beyond the contemplation of landscapes and geomorphic mountain bike, the potential for practical activities such as climbing, abseiling, fishing, sailing, boating and other nautical sports. / A expansão do turismo, nas últimas décadas, e a crescente demanda por atividades relacionadas ao meio natural tornou a geomorfologia uma importante ferramenta no desenvolvimento da atividade turística, tanto como subsídio no planejamento de atividades, como enquanto recurso turístico. O objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar as potencialidades geomorfológicas turísticas da margem esquerda do lago Salto Osório São Jorge d Oeste (PR). Para tanto, gerou-se documentos cartográficos com informações referentes ao uso das formas de relevo enquanto potencial turístico, apontando os setores e as respectivas atividades com potencial para serem desenvolvidas na área em questão. Caracterizada pela presença de três unidades geomorfológicas, a área de estudo apresentou 11 pontos com potencial para a prática da atividade turística. Além da contemplação das paisagens geomorfológicas, as áreas de topo e os patamares intermediários apresentaram potencial para a prática de modalidades como caminhadas, mountain bike e cavalgada, além do bóia-cross, atividade com potencial para ser praticada tanto nos patamares intermediários quanto no setor do lago. Este setor, por sua vez, apresentou, além da contemplação das paisagens geomorfológicas e mountain bike, potencial para a prática de atividades como escalada, rapel, pesca esportiva, barco à vela, canoagem, bem como outras modalidades de esportes náuticos.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:42:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Parte_1.pdf: 3805169 bytes, checksum: d8735f646bc37db88f40eda5fb7137bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-20 / The expansion of tourism in recent decades and the growing demand for activities related to the natural geomorphology became an important tool in the development of tourism, both as an aid in planning activities, such as a tourism resource. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the potential geomorphological tourist left bank of lake Salto Osorio - San Jorge d'Oeste (PR). For both, there has been a map with information regarding the use of the relief as a potential tourist, pointing to the respective sectors and activities with potencial to be developed in the area in question. Characterized by the presence of three geomorphological units, the study area had 11 points with a potential for the practice of tourism. Beyond the contemplation of geomorphological landscapes, areas of top and intermediate levels showed potential for the practice of sports such as hiking, mountain biking and horseback riding in addition to the lifebuoy, with potential activity to be practiced both in industry and in intermediate levels of lake. This sector, in turn, presented beyond the contemplation of landscapes and geomorphic mountain bike, the potential for practical activities such as climbing, abseiling, fishing, sailing, boating and other nautical sports. / A expansão do turismo, nas últimas décadas, e a crescente demanda por atividades relacionadas ao meio natural tornou a geomorfologia uma importante ferramenta no desenvolvimento da atividade turística, tanto como subsídio no planejamento de atividades, como enquanto recurso turístico. O objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar as potencialidades geomorfológicas turísticas da margem esquerda do lago Salto Osório São Jorge d Oeste (PR). Para tanto, gerou-se documentos cartográficos com informações referentes ao uso das formas de relevo enquanto potencial turístico, apontando os setores e as respectivas atividades com potencial para serem desenvolvidas na área em questão. Caracterizada pela presença de três unidades geomorfológicas, a área de estudo apresentou 11 pontos com potencial para a prática da atividade turística. Além da contemplação das paisagens geomorfológicas, as áreas de topo e os patamares intermediários apresentaram potencial para a prática de modalidades como caminhadas, mountain bike e cavalgada, além do bóia-cross, atividade com potencial para ser praticada tanto nos patamares intermediários quanto no setor do lago. Este setor, por sua vez, apresentou, além da contemplação das paisagens geomorfológicas e mountain bike, potencial para a prática de atividades como escalada, rapel, pesca esportiva, barco à vela, canoagem, bem como outras modalidades de esportes náuticos.

Orientador: Paulo César Rocha / Banca: José Tadeu Garcia Tommaselli / Banca: Luis Eduardo de Souza Robaina / Resumo: Os regimes de vazões dos rios correspondem a um importante indicador para a compreensão e estabelecimento da disponibilidade hídrica de uma bacia e para a manutenção da integridade ecológica. Em decorrência, seu monitoramento quantitativo e qualitativo permite entender o seu funcionamento e prescrever as quantidades mínimas para manutenção da vida e dos processos fluviais. Esta pesquisa apresenta os resultados da avaliação dos regimes hidrológicos do rio Paranapanema e seus principais afluentes que compõem sua bacia hidrográfica, assim como demais canais que constituem as Unidades de Gestão da bacia do rio Paranapanema, compreendendo uma área superior a 105.000 km². Esta análise possibilitou avaliar qualitativa e quantitativamente a variabilidade hidrológica desses rios, caracterizar seu regime, além de examinar as alterações hidrológicas ocorridas ao longo do tempo, para a elaboração de um mapeamento da história hidrológicas de tais rios. Para execução deste trabalho, foi necessário realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a temática de estudo e caracterização ambiental da bacia; organização, tratamento e interpretação dos dados hidrológicos fornecidos pela rede hidrometeorológica existente na bacia e disponibilidade pela ANA-BRASIL, SIGRH/DAEE-SP, SUDERHSA-PR e a Empresa Duke Energy; avaliação e relacionamento do regime hidrológico dos rios com a variabilidade climática da bacia... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The flow regimes of the rivers are an important indicator for understanding and establishment of the catchment water availability and the maintenance of ecological integrity. As a result, its quantitative and qualitative monitoring allows us to understand this operation and prescribe the minimum quantities to maintain life and fluvial processes. This research presents the results of the assessment of the hydrological regimes of the Paranapanema and major rivers that form its watershed, as well as other channels that constitute the Management Units Paranapanema River Basin, covering an area exceeding 105,000 km ². This analysis allowed us to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the hydrological variability of rivers, characterize his regime, and to examine the hydrological changes that occurred over time... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Os fatores condicionantes antrópicos e morfométricos são determinantes na formação do escoamento pluvial, do manejo do solo e na concentração de fluxos e detritos. No município de São Pedro (SP) é notória a ocorrência desses processos, sendo classificado, segundo o mapa de erosão do Estado de São Paulo como de alta suscetibilidade. Desta forma, a bacia do córrego Espraiado, localizada neste município, foi selecionada com objetivo de analisar a gênese e a distribuição das feições erosivas a partir da influência dos parâmetros morfométricos (curvatura, declividade e hipsometria) e antrópicos numa escala evolutiva (1962, 1972, 2000 e 2006) e também numa análise integrada e quantitativa (feições erosivas, uso do solo e parâmetros morfométricos), por meio do cálculo dos seguintes índices: Concentração de Erosão (CE) e Potencial de Erosão (PE). O primeiro índice é a razão entre o número de células em cada classe afetadas pela erosão e o número total de células na bacia, enquanto o segundo índice é a razão entre o número de células em cada classe afetadas pela erosão e o número total de células na mesma classe. Nos mapas das feições erosivas, observou-se que a partir do cenário de 1962 até 2006 a área total das feições erosivas registrou uma redução, no qual a cabeceira das drenagens revelou o setor com maior ocorrência e concentração de feições. O mapa do uso do solo revelou que o aumento do percentual de mata, da área urbana consolidada e da silvicultura, e a redução do solo exposto e da pastagem tiveram um papel determinante para a diminuição das feições erosivas, embora a classe de área urbana consolidada tenha influenciado diretamente para o surgimento de novas feições e a evolução de outras. A análise integrada mostrou que a curvatura côncava, a declividade entre 20 e 40% e as classes de solo exposto e de pastagens foram as mais suscetíveis e que estão presente principalmente nas áreas das cabeceiras de drenagens, setor que está associado a solos pouco espesso. Os índices também indicaram que mesmo as áreas com a presença de curvatura convexa ou retilínea e declividades entre 0 e 15% com baixos índices de PE mas com alterações antrópicas significativas, obtiveram aumento do potencial de ocorrência de feições erosivas, assim como, as classes de uso com baixo índice de PE quando associados aos parâmetros morfométricos de alto índice, propiciaram aumento da formação de feições erosivas. / The anthropic and morphometric factors are significant in the formation of runoff, soil management and concentration flows and debris. In the São Pedro city (SP) is recognized to exist of these processes, being classified, according to the erosion map of São Paulo state as high susceptibility. Thus, the Espraiado basin, located in this city, was selected to analyze the genesis and distribution of erosional features by the influence of morphometric parameters (curvature, slope and elevation) and anthropic in the evolutionary scale (1962, 1972, 2000 and 2006) and also an integrated and quantitative analysis (erosional features, land use and morphometric parameters), by calculating the following index: Erosion Concentration (EC) and Erosion Potential (EP). The first index is the ratio of the number of cells in each class affected by the erosion areas to the total number of cells in the basin, while the second index is the ratio of the number of cells in each class affected by the areas of erosion to the total number of cells in the same class. In the erosional features maps, we observed from 1962 to 2006 scenario, that the total area of erosional features decrease, in which the head drainages revealed the sector with the highest occurrence and concentration of features. The land use map showed that the increase of the percentages of the forest, of the urban area consolidated and the forestry, and the reduction of exposed soil and pasture were the role played on the reducing the erosive features, although the class of urban area consolidated was directly influenced in the new features and developments of the others. The integrated analysis showed that the concave curvature, the slope between 20 and 40% and the classes of exposed soil and pasture were the most susceptible and are primarily in the headwaters, a sector that is associated with very thick soils. These areas of high concentration runoff flow and debris, with fragile lithology and have a PE high, is related to the presence of curvature concave, in profile and plant, and concentrated flows, as well as high slope that increases the erosive power of the flow, factors that are associated with the erosion formation. The index also indicated that even the areas with the presence of convex or straight curvatures, slopes between 0 and 15%, with low PE but with significant anthropogenic changes, obtained an increase of the potential occurrence of erosional features, as well as classes use with low PE when associated with morphometric parameters of high, caused an increase of erosional features.