Orientador: Emilson Pereira Leite / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T16:08:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mori_RobertaTomi_M.pdf: 3320202 bytes, checksum: 0cc28a2902a082cdb74ee3af69f82776 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Uma boa caracterização geológica dos reservatórios é de grande importância para a diminuição dos riscos da perfuração de um poço seco, assim como os custos de exploração e desenvolvimento de tal reservatório. No presente trabalho, buscou-se predizer os valores de porosidade de um reservatório através da integração de dados sísmicos 3D com perfis geofísicos de poços através de dois métodos: Regressão Linear Multiatributo e Redes Neurais Artificiais. O reservatório em questão é de constituição carbonática de origem Albiana, do final do Cretáceo Inferior. Na primeira etapa, foram traçados horizontes baseando-se em eventos sísmicos contínuos nas seções sísmicas, chamados superfícies cronoestratigráficas, no intervalo de profundidade que abrange o reservatório. Na segunda etapa, foram obtidos predições dos valores de porosidade do reservatório, assim como os respectivos modelos 3D, através dos dois métodos acima citados. Com a RLM, foram obtidos valores altos, baixos e intermediários de porosidade, variando desde 5% até 40%. Já com a RNA, tais valores variaram de 5% a 30%. Em ambos os métodos, os valores de porosidade apresentaram um crescimento da porção sudoeste em direção à porção nordeste, apresentando baixos valores nas profundidades referentes aos horizontes traçados. Picos com os valores máximos de porosidade foram observados em pontos dispersos por todo o volume 3D. Comparando-se os resultados obtidos pelos dois métodos, ficou evidente a maior eficácia da RNA, a qual apresentou correlação de 0,90 entre os valores reais e os valores preditos e erro de 2,86%, enquanto que os resultados obtidos através da RLM apresentou correlação de 0,55 e erro de 5,45%. Além disso, foi feita uma comparação com os aspectos geológicos do reservatório, na qual concluiu-se que as baixas porosidades da porção sudoeste se deve à presença de microporosidade e as altas porosidades da porção nordeste, à macroporosidade original das rochas. Concluiu-se também que as baixas porosidades encontradas nas regiões dos horizontes sísmicos estão relacionadas às diferentes texturas de rochas, já que as rochas presentes nessas regiões possuem maiores quantidades de matriz carbonática (packstones e wackestones) quando comparadas com as rochas das regiões entre os horizontes (grainstones) / Abstract: A good geological reservoirs characterization is very important for reducing the risk of drilling a dry hole as well as the costs for reservoir exploration and development. In this study, it was attempted to predict the porosity values of a reservoir through the integrations of 3D seismic data with geophysical well logs using two different methods: Multiattribute Linear Regression and Artificial Neural Networks. The studied reservoir has a carbonate composite, with the age of Albian, in late Early Cretaceous. On the first stage of the study, horizons have been traced based on continuous seismic events on seismic sections, in depths that cover the reservoir. On the second stage, it was obtained some predictions of reservoir porosity values, as well as their 3D models by the two methods that was already mentioned. High, low and intermediate porosity values have been obtained by the MLR, ranging from 5% to 40%. With the ANN, these values ranged from 5% to 30%. In both methods, the porosity values grew from south-west portion toward the northeast portion, with low values on the depths related to the horizons traced. We can observe maximum value peaks of porosity at points scattered throughout the 3D volume. A comparison of the results obtained by the two methods evidence the greater efficiency of the ANN, with a correlation of 0,90, between actual porosity and predicted values, and 2.86% of error, while the results obtained by the MLR showed a correlation of 0,55 and an error of 5.45%. Furthermore, we have made a comparison between the results obtained and the reservoir geological features, which allows us to conclude that the low porosity in the south-west portion is because of microporosity, while the high porosity in the northeast is because of the original macroporosity of the rocks. We also conclude that low porosity found on horizon surfaces are related to different rock textures, once the rocks on these horizon regions have more carbonatic matrix in their constitution (packstones and wackestones) than the rocks in the other regions between the horizons (grainstones) / Mestrado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Mestra em Geociências

Hydrothermal systems change in response to volcanic activity, and in turn may be sensitive indicators of volcanic activity. Fumaroles are a surface manifestation of this interaction. We use time series of soil temperature data and numerical models of the hydrothermal system to investigate volcanic, hydrologic and geologic controls on this diffuse degassing. Soil temperatures were measured in a low-temperature fumarole field located 3.5 km from the summit of Masaya volcano, Nicaragua. They respond rapidly, on a time scale of minutes, to changes in volcanic activity also manifested at the summit vent. The soil temperature response is repetitive and complex, and is characterized by a broad frequency signal allowing it to be distinguished from meteorologic trends. Geophysical data reveal subsurface faults that affect the transport of fumarole gases. Numerical modeling shows that these relatively impermeable faults enhance flow through the footwall. On a larger scale, modeling suggests that uniform injection of fluid at depth causes groundwater convection in a permeable 3-4 km radial fracture zone transecting the entire flank of the volcano. This focuses heat and fluid flux and can explain the three distinct fumarole zones located along the fracture. We hypothesize that the rapid response of fumarole temperature to volcanic activity is due to increased flow of gas through the vadose zone, possibly caused by changes in the subsurface pressure distribution. Numerical models show that an abrupt injection of hot gas, at approximately 100 times background rates, can cause the rapid increase in temperature observed at the fumaroles during volcanic activity. A decrease in hot fluid injection rate can explain the gradual decrease in temperature afterwards. Mixing with surrounding vadose-zone fluids can result in the consistent and abrupt decreases in temperature to background level following hot gas injection. Fumaroles result from complex interaction of the volcanic-hydrologic-geologic systems, and can therefore provide insight into these systems. Increases in fumarole temperature correspond to increased gas flux related to changes in volcanic activity, suggesting that monitoring of distal fumaroles has potential as a volcano monitoring tool, and that fumarole temperatures can provide insight into the response of shallow gas systems to volcanic activity.

No description available.

The Understen-Märket trench is located in the Southern Quark and is the only deep-water connection between the Baltic Propper and the Gulf of Bothnia. Bathymetric mapping reveals a number of eroded channels and drift deposits exists on the seafloor, indicating that the area is heavily affected by current activity. Bottom current behavior in the area is not thoroughly understood, but generally in the BalticBasin, there is southward flowing fresh surface waters compensated by denser northward-flowing more saline bottom waters. The dominant direction of flow for bottom waters in the Southern Quark is northward. Northward speeds often exceed the threshold required to erode fine material on the seafloor. Using geophysical data and marine sediment cores, this study shows that current eroded channels and drift deposits in the Understen-Märket trench were initially formed in the late Holocene between 3 – 4kyr BP, during the transition from the Littorina to the Post Littorina stages of the Baltic Sea. Application of the sortable silt (SS) proxy for current sorting show three distinct regimes that closely match the assigned lithologic units (LU) based on core descriptions. Downcore grain size analysis of three marine sediment cores reveals a gradual boundary to sandy sediments that caps two of the cores recovered from an eroded channel. The third core was recovered from the drift deposit which mostly consists of silt. The progressive coarsening suggests that the current activity has increased during the late Holocene. A simplified model is presented that shows how moderate (20-50 m) shallowing of the sill, which has occurred in response to isostatic rebound between 8 and 4 kyr BP, could have generated the higher current speeds seen today. However, this should be explored using more advanced paleo-circulation models.

Determination of the subsurface geology is very important for the rock quarry industry. This is primarily done by drilling and mapping of the surface geology. However in Sweden the bedrock is often completely covered by Quaternary sediments making the prediction of subsurface geology quite difficult. Incorrect prediction of the rock-mass quality can lead to economic problems for the quarry. By performing geophysical measurements a more complete understanding of the subsurface geology can be determined. This study shows that by doing 2D-parallel data sampling a 3D inversion of the dataset is possible, which greatly enhances the visualization of the subsurface. Furthermore the electrical resistivity technique together with the induced polarization method proved to be very efficient in detecting fracture frequency, identification of major fracture zones, and variations in rock-mass quality all of which can affect the aggregate quality. With this technique not only the rock-mass quality is determined but also the thickness of the overburden. Implementation of geophysics can be a valuable tool for the quarry industry, resulting in substantial economic benefits. / QC 20101118

It is often desirable to study simulated turbulent flows at steady state even if the flow has no inherent source of turbulence kinetic energy. Doing so requires a numerical forcing scheme and various methods have been studied extensively for turbulence that is isotropic and homogeneous in three dimensions. A review of these existing schemes is used to form a framework for more general forcing methods. In this framework, the problem of developing a forcing scheme in Fourier space is abstracted into the two problems of (1) prescribing the spectrum of the input power and (2) specifying a force that has the desired characteristics and that adds energy to the flow with the correct spectrum. The framework is used to construct three forcing schemes for horizontally homogeneous and isotropic, vertically stratified turbulence. These schemes are implemented in large-eddy simulations and their characteristics analyzed. Which method is “best” depends on the purpose of the simulations, but the framework for specifying forcing schemes enables a systematic approach for identifying a method appropriate for a particular application.

Geophysical methods have been widely used to investigate the subsurface in various ap-plications, such as mineral exploration, geotechnical and environmental studies. Among these methods, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) has gained popularity due to its non-invasive and high-resolution capability in mapping subsurface resistivity variations. In this report, we provide an overview of the theoretical principles behind ERT and discuss its practical applications. We highlight the importance of inversion in ERT data processing and explain how different filtering methods and parameters can affect the results. Our investigation shows that running 2D and 3D inversion in a cloud service is more than feasible and that filtering can significantly reduce the error between the model and reality. We demonstrate that the error can be reduced to less than a 0.1 % in the tested dataset with careful parameter selection. Overall, our findings emphasize the potential of ERT as a powerful tool for subsurface characterization and shed light on its practical implementation for various geophysical applications. / Geofysiska metoder har använts flitigt för att utforska underjordiska strukturer inom olikaforskningsområden, såsom mineralutforskning, geotekniska studier och miljöstudier. Bland dessa metoder har elektrisk resistivitetstomografi (ERT) vunnit popularitet på grund av dess icke-invasiva natur och förmågan att kartlägga resistivitetsvariationer med hög noggrannhet. I detta arbete presenterar vi en översikt över de teorier bakom ERT och diskuterardess praktiska tillämpningar. Vi poängterar betydelsen av inversion vid bearbetningen av ERT-data och förklarar hur olika filtreringsmetoder och parametrar kan påverka resultatet. Vår undersökning visar att det är fullt genomförbart att utföra 2D- och 3D-inversion i en molntjänst och att filtrering kan signifikant minska felet mellan modellen och verkligheten. Vi demonstrerar att felet kan reduceras till mindre än 0,1 %. Sammantaget belyser våra fynd potentialen hos ERT som ett kraftfullt verktyg för karakterisering av underjorden och belyser dess praktiska implementering inom olika geofysiska områden.

No description available.

A rock mass is characterised by the properties of the intact rock and the fractures. Considering the impact of both constituents is of vital importance for assessing the behaviour of the rock mass. In particular in the case of complex or heterogeneous rock mass compositions. A discrete approach, by using the Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) methodology, enables for the consideration of these aspects.This master’s thesis concerns the evaluation of elastic properties of the Singö deformation zone. A discrete approach has been applied by three-dimensional discrete fracture network modelling, using previously evaluated DFN parameters. The elastic properties have then been obtained by analytical means by using the methodology developed by Davy et al. (2018).The results show that in comparison to earlier evaluations of the elastic properties of the Singö zone, the respective Young’s moduli and Poisson’s ratios obtained by this thesis may indicate a weaker material. However, this study differs from the earlier evaluation by more extensive DFN modelling and the application of a state of stress which is more representative of the surroundings of the zone in Forsmark. The analysis indicates that theadequate model size is slightly larger than the maximum studied DFN model size. A suggested future improvement would be a re-evaluation and updating of the DFN parameters. As a concluding remark, the methodology of Davy et al. (2018) may prove successful in the future for the application to deformation zones. / En bergmassa karakteriseras av egenskaperna hos det intakta berget och dess sprickor. Det är därmed av vikt att båda dessa beståndsdelar beaktas vid utvärdering av bergmassans beteende, speciellt vid komplexa eller heterogena bergartssammansättningar.Detta examensarbete syftar till att utvärdera deformationsegenskaper för den så kallade Singözonen. Ett diskret angreppsätt har tillämpats genom modellering av tredimensionella diskreta spricknätverk med hjälp av tidigare utvärderade DFN-parametrar. Deformationsegenskaperna har sedan utvärderats med hjälp av metodiken som presenteras i Davy et al. (2018).Jämfört med tidigare utvärderade deformationsegenskaper hos Singözonen så indikerar resultaten av denna masteruppsats en svagare bergmassa, med hänsyn till uppskattade värden på E-moduler och tvärkontraktionstal. Däremot skiljer sig modelleringsprocessen i detta arbete mot de som utförts i de tidigare studierna. Detta med hänsyn till omfattningen av DFN-modelleringen samt tillämpandet i detta arbete av en spänningsansats som är mer representativ för Forsmarksområdet. Vidare indikerar resultaten att den representativa modellvolymen är något större än den största modellvolym som tillämpats i detta arbete. Förslagsvis kan en utvärdering och eventuell uppdatering av de använda DFN-parametrarna utgöra en möjlig utveckling eller förbättring av det arbete som utförts i detta mastersarbete. Slutligen kan det konstateras att framtida tillämpningar av den metodik som tagits fram av Davy et al. (2018) verkar lämplig att applicera på deformationszoner.

Supporting huge population, megacities are definitely the hot spots of production, consumption, and waste generation. Without careful investment and planning, megacities will be overwhelmed by burgeoning negative impacts on the environment, natural resources, and human health, as well as a host of social and economic issues. The unprecedented combination of economic and population growth since the Reform and Open Policy has led China into transition from a largely rural society to a predominantly urban one. Chinese cities, without question, have not escaped the danger of the series of problems during the rapid progress of urbanization. Therefore, monitoring the spatial-temporal patterns of urban sprawl and their impact on the environment is of critical importance for urban planning and sustainable development, especially in developing Chinese cities such as Shanghai. To date, few studies have focused on the urban trajectories of Shanghai over the past 30 years from a remote sensing perspective. Most of the studies were concentrated on the technical issues of image processing and classification. Moreover, research on spatial metrics has focused on analyzing remote sensing classification results rather than on the use of interpreting, assessing, and verifying urban simulation results. Furthermore, many researches merely focused on baseline projection and very few studies took into consideration urban growth scenarios so far. As yet there have been no reported scenario simulations of future Shanghai growth with several land-use categories within urban areas. The overall objective of this research is to investigate the integration of remote sensing, spatial metrics, and spatial-temporal models in the monitoring, analysis, and simulation of urban growth in Shanghai, China. The specific objectives are to: 1). monitor urban dynamics over time with multi-sensor remote sensing images; 2). quantify spatial-temporal properties of urban growth and representing the urban morphological structures by means of spatial metrics; and 3). simulate the geographic extent, patterns, and detailed catalogs of urban growth under different scenarios using Markov-Cellular Automata (Markov-CA) model to support decision making for a more sustainable Shanghai. Through this study, the combined approach using remotely sensed data with change detection techniques, spatial metrics, and a scenarios-based simulation model proved to be effective to understand, represent, and predict the spatial-temporal dynamics of urban growth. In detail, the segmented-based hierarchy classification and visual interpretation were effective methods to extract urban and industrial land with high-resolution remotely sensed images. Direct change detection using variables derived from tasseled cap transformation was efficient for monitoring impervious surface sprawl. Spatial metrics is a quick and executable way to assessing the impact of urban sprawl on landscape dynamic. Markov-CA model is a useful tool to simulate the scenarios of future urban developments and therefore provides the policy options for sustainable urban planning. The research results of urban trajectories and impervious surface sprawl showed that Shanghai experienced high-speed urban sprawl and the rate of urban expansion, however, was not homogeneous spatially and temporally. The general annual urban expansion speed was 34.8 km2 per year; nevertheless, it reached 80.2 km2 per year recent six years from 2001 to 2007, while it touched the bottom speed around 14.3 km2 per year during 1979-1989. The expanded area in the Puxi region was 5.23 times of its original area while that of Pudong region was 19.94 times of its original area during 1979-2007. The research results of landscape analysis demonstrated that greenbelt becomes fractured while infrastructural and commercial area is more and more aggregated in the central Shanghai area, and satellite images such as SPOT Pan, XS and Landsat TM with 10-30 meter resolution are sufficient for the landscape dynamic research in central Shanghai area. The results of scenarios-based simulation indicated that built-up areas in Shanghai will increase significantly in 2025 and Shanghai will experience less urban sprawl and retain a better environment in 2025 under service-oriented center (SOC) than under baseline (NS) or manufacturing-dominant center (MDC) scenario. If favorable policy for MDC scenario is adopted, however, there will be a lot of manufacturing industries gathering in Shanghai and more agricultural lands will be encroached. The present research focused on the analysis of physical and morphological aspects of urban growth. Urban land-use dynamics are, however, intrinsically linked with socio-economic, political, or demographic drivers. Trying to fill in the missing link between traditional urban geography and urban remote sensing & urban simulation and to improve understanding of the interactions between human and natural aspects in the urban socio-ecosystem is the major focus in the next phase of the Ph.D. research. Keywords: Urban growth, Spatial-temporal pattern, Remote sensing, Spatial metrics, Scenarios-based simulation, Shanghai / QC 20110224