The local authority building records of Worcester and Gloucester, two provincial county towns, were used to illustrate how aspects of urban development revealed by other research were evident in provincial towns between c.1870 and 1940. Local economic activity influenced the timing of building cycles, the extent and timing of which were discernible from the sequence of architectural styles used. The vernacular architecture of each town before 1914 had its own character. Development was influenced by the pre-existing pattern of land division, and by decisions taken by individual landowners when selling land for development. Gloucester Corporation was a major landowner, and the control exerted over local authorities by central government in the mid 19th century resulted in a distortion in the pattern of development around that city. Local building practice did not change dramatically after the introduction of bye-laws in 1858 because house types and street layouts used in both towns conformed with the byelaw requirements well before 1858. The scale of housebuilding projects was smaller than in other towns researched, and speculative builders did not operate far from their base before 1914. Qualified architects played very little part in the design of houses in Gloucester before 1914.

The main purpose of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the impact of urban growth and change on sustainability based on a comparative study of municipalities comprising Gyeonggi Province within the Seoul Metropolitan Region, Korea over the 1990-2000 period. To examine the impact of urban growth and change on sustainability, this study selected 38 sustainability indicators (population density, waste recycling rate, time spent commuting, etc.) and then measured progress towards sustainability in 31 study areas for the years 1990, 1995 and 2000. Data for this study were drawn from the 1990-2000 censuses and local government publications. Statistical methods such as t-test, analysis of variance and factor analysis were used to answer the research questions. This study led to five major findings. First, the study areas with higher densities showed the lower mean values of sustainability. This result implies that increased density does not necessarily result in improved sustainability. Second, the level of sustainability has increased over time in urban areas with green belt, but the mean differences were not statistically significant. On the contrary, the level of sustainability continued to decline in their surrounding areas over the study period. In particular, there was a significant decline between 1995 and 2000. Third, for the entire region, the overall level of sustainability has not improved over the study period. However, different trends of sustainability have emerged within different parts of the region. Fourth, there were significant differences in the mean values for the level of sustainability among three zones within the region. Overall, the level of sustainability was much higher in the nature preservation zone (where development projects are strictly controlled to protect natural resources) than in the growth management zone (where urban development consistent with the planned land use is allowed) and the over-concentration control zone (where further development is discouraged to control population growth) during the study period. Fifth, although there were some variations in elements affecting the pattern of sustainability for each year, key elements influencing the pattern of sustainability remained relatively stable over the study period.

1 / SPK / archives@tulane.edu

Thesis (M.Sc.(Town and Regional Planning)) -- University of Pretoria, 2009. / Abstract in English. Includes bibliographical references.

During the last four decades, Iraq, like most other developing countries, faced very rapid urban growth. Due to thr absence of definite urbanisation policies, the major part of the urban growth went to the main cities, in particular , the capital Baghdad. Such a pattern of growth created many socio-economic problems at the national, as well as the urban level. This study represents an attempt toward developing a methodology of dealing with urban growth problems on a regional level in Iraq. It aims at finding what is thought to be, under the prevailing socio-economic and physical constraints, the most efficient urban growth pattern in the Upper Euphrates Region (U.E.R.) up to 1985. To achieve this aim the study first reviews and critically examines a wide range of urban growth theories and models. Despite the lessons that were learned from this review and the adoptation of many of their principles in developing this study, they did not provide a ready made answer to the problem of urban growth in the region Secondly, for the better understanding of urbanisation on and spatial development policies in Iraq and the U.E.R. a thorough examination of these and other aspects has been dealt with in part two. Thirdly, after examining the basic techniques that could be used in analysing the urban growth problem, such as the cost-benefit analysis and its refinement the planning balance sheet, threshold analysis and the goals-achievement analysis, it is found that the latter, at this stage of development in Iraq could be applied in studying such a problem. Finally, three alternative urban growth patterns were considered, i.e., the expansion of the largest urban centre in each urban node, the expansion of the proposed smaller urban centres and the establishment of a new town in each urban node and a set of socio-economic, physical, environmental and structural, factors that were thought to affect strongly the proposed urban growth patterns were incorporated in the analysis. From these it was found that the expansion of the largest urban centre in each urban nod e is the most suitable solution at this stage of the socio-economic development of the region. The vitality of this conclusion was tested by applying sensitivity analysis which supported it.

No description available.

In the United States, the urban sprawl debate has closely paralleled urban growth trends over the past few decades. Many studies indicate that it is the pattern, density, and rate of new urban growth that create the appearance of sprawl. Population dynamics are often cited as a driving force behind urban sprawl. This thesis uses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) mapping and land cover change analysis, neighborhood statistics, community surveying, key-informant interviews with planners and developers, and planning documents to measure sprawl. The study area includes the jurisdictions that comprise the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) of Richmond (The City of Richmond, Chesterfield County, Hanover County, and Henrico County). Urban land cover increased by one-fourth, from approximately 559 square kilometers to approximately 746 square kilometers from 1992 to 2001. Over the nine year time period, population within The City of Richmond decreased from 203,056 in 1990 to 197,790 in 2000, while Chesterfield, Henrico, and Hanover Counties increased in population from 1990 to 2001. Until the early part of the 20th century, cities in the United States experienced dramatic densification as industry set up shop in the city and workers flocked there in large numbers to claim jobs. As population grew and technology became more advanced, many people left rural farming areas to settle near industrialized urban core areas. This allowed the population to earn more money and with the introduction of cheap transportation in the form of the automobile, suburbanization began to take place. With more cars came the need for more roads. With more roads came more opportunities for people and employment to move away from the city into rural areas, thereby setting up communities which some refer to as sprawling developments. GIS maps suburbanization in the form of urban land cover, transportation networks, and population densities within and outside core urban areas over any given time period in order to assess trends in urban growth. This study analyzes urban land cover data as well as interviews with local developers and planning documentation to understand development trends in Richmond from 1992 to 2001. These dates reflect the availability of National Land Cover Data (NLCD), which I reclassified in the GIS to show only those classes that represent urbanized land. I then compared the two years to show the level of urban growth over the nine year time period. Next, I analyze patterns of urban expansion by using mapping capabilities within the GIS and neighborhood statistics in order to show the density and connectivity of patches of new growth. Based on the density and connectivity of new growth areas, I classify patterns as one of three types of sprawl: linear along highways, cluster, and leapfrog. My threshold densities are; 0 to 400 30 meter pixels per square kilometer for low density, 401 to 700 for medium density, and 701 to 1200 for high density. I also interviewed local developers and planners to gauge their opinions on the issue of urban sprawl versus urban growth. Developers do not see themselves as contributors to sprawl while planners see their roles as buffers between unfettered growth and market forces. The results indicate that the Richmond MSA did experience an increase in urban land from 1992 to 2001 and that urban growth in the study area can be classified as urban sprawl with the use of GIS mapping, neighborhood statistics, and analysis of jurisdictional planning documentation coupled with interviews with developers, land owners, and local planners. The density of new development is greatest in Henrico and Chesterfield, but the pattern and character with which development has occurred in Hanover is synonymous with sprawl. Sprawl is also facilitated by inexpensive land with available infrastructure (water, sewer lines). / Master of Science

This thesis examines the process of urbanization in Malawi, with special reference to the new capital city, Lilongwe. At independence Malawi inherited an extremely underdeveloped urban system. It is argued that colonial Nyasaland's involvement in the migrant labour system and its reluctant membership of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland were contributory factors, both of which related to Nyasaland's economically and politically subordinate position in Southern Africa. Analysis of the static and dynamic nature of independent Malawi's urban system shows it to be very simplistic. It is emphasized that the growth of the truly 'urban' population in most of the small centres in the urban hierarchy has been slow, and that institutional hindrances and government perceptions of the urban process may dissipate the impact of policies designed to promote their development. The major aspect of urban policy since 1964 has been the development of Lilongwe, which the government emphasized had two objectives: to create a new capital replacing the colonial creation of Zomba, and to develop a growth centre to promote greater regional equality and act as a counterattraction to the commercial 'capital' of Blantyre. President Banda's key role in the: instigation of this project is empahasized, and it is suggested that the second objective was rhetorically promoted as a justificatory expedient. The results of original research on urban policy implementation and private sector investment in Blantyre and Lilongwe support the contention that government commitment to Lilongwe as a growth centre is weak, and also draws attention to problems inherent in applying such strategies in small, underdeveloped economies such as Malawi's. Lilongwe's economic development has not been in theoretical accordance with that of a growth centre. Nevertheless although it is proposed that a new capital programme per se cannot be used as a surrogate for a regional development policy, major infrastructural developments in Lilongwe have allowed it to provide a degree of economic competition to Blantyre. These are argued to be mainly associated with government commitment to its development as the capital city rather than its weakly developed growth centre role.

From the incipient and occasional town planning solutions of the late medieval period, to the Renaissance model of the "ideal city", there was primarily a process of conceptualisation of the dream urban environment. Order and utility were the main premises conforming to the structuring of a rational approach to knowledge and to the organisation of societies. The Baroque period developed and put extensively into practise the above referred to town planning schemes. They were carried out according to a defined economic, social and political context. Ports and capital cities became major elements in the urban-network. Their impressive growth was the reflection of a fast evolving society. Architectural excellence and regular spatial layout became the main town planning premises. In the eighteenth century, these concepts evolved to architectural embellishment and public utility. Apart from the unquestionable symbolic character of architecture, there was also an emerging concern with more wide-ranging issues: the social dimension of town planning was gaining an increasing relevance. The Enlightenment looked at the city as a coherent urban unit, which should be able to supply to its citizens a favourable environment. The Enlightened city was an ideological statement, which only made sense by its practical implementation. It was a conceptual model that determined a precise and operative town planning program. Utopia was gradually turning into an attainable vision of the city. Pombaline Lisbon, the New Town of Edinburgh and London's West End are three specific, yet comparable, town planning situations. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as large and important European cities, Lisbon, Edinburgh and London underwent a parallel process of urban growth and urban planning. They were all confronted with uncontrolled and deficient building, sanitary problems, traffic congestion and criminality. In Lisbon, the political and military circumstances determined the structuring of a sober and pragmatic architectural and town planning trend. The military engineering directed and developed the latter. At the eve of the earthquake of the 1st November 1755, the military engineers possessed simultaneously the knowledge and the skills to set up a major town planning venture. They built a new city, which was designed to promote progress. The New Town of Edinburgh was born from two concomitant premises: the need to give to the middle class a suitable residential area and the desire to improve the city's image. The model was indisputably the Enlightened city. Pombaline Lisbon and the New Town of Edinburgh depict a low cost and efficient urban ensemble that was also able to enhance their image in an international context. London served unquestionably as an example, given the spacious and agreeable new West End squares. London's expansion was a major financial enterprise, which used established schemes of building procedures. The aim was to improve London's urban conditions, yet the drive was its financial benefit. London's main town-planning procedures suggested already a new urban context: the industrial city.

Esta tese trata das mudanças ocorridas no processo de urbanização no município de Campinas, sobretudo a partir dos anos 1970, e em especial no eixo da Rodovia Dom Pedro I. Essas mudanças consistem na formação de um novo padrão de urbanização em escala regional, que está intimamente relacionado ao surgimento de novos padrões de tecidos urbanos. Podemos dizer que diversos fatores propiciaram a formação desse novo padrão de urbanização regional, entre eles: a implantação de novas redes de infraestrutura de transporte, abastecimento e comunicações, novas legislações ambientais e de parcelamento do solo, mudanças econômicas nas esferas da produção e do consumo, além de mudanças culturais. Como reflexo destas transformações, verificamos no tecido urbano o surgimento e difusão de condomínios residenciais horizontais, loteamentos unifamiliares fechados, shopping centers, centros empresariais, loteamentos e condomínios fechados industrais. Esta tese procura mostrar que, ao contrário do que se costuma afirmar, o surgimento dessas tipologias está menos relacionado à violência urbana, ou a simples cópia de um modelo estrangeiro de urbanização, e mais ligado a esse novo padrão de urbanização em escala regional que já vinha ocorrendo muito antes do acirramento das tensões sociais ou da abertura da economia brasileira em meados dos anos 1990. / This thesis deals with the changes in the process of urban growth in the city of Campinas, from the year 1970 onwards, more specifically in the areas surrounding the axis of Highway Dom Pedro I. These changes consist in the formation of a new pattern of urban growth in a regional scale, which is closely related to the emergence of new patterns of urban fabric. We can say that several factors provided the formation of this new pattern of regional urban growth, including: the deployment of new networks of transportation, supply and communications infrastructure, new environmental and urban laws, economic and cultural changes in the spheres of production and consumption. As a result, we notice the appearance of air condos, gated communities, business parks, shopping malls and closed industrial enclaves in the urban fabric. This thesis intends to explicit that, contrary to what is often said, the emergence of these new typologies has more factors involved in its making than a mere reaction to urban violence or the reproduction of a foreign model of urbanization. This new pattern of regional urban growth has been occurring long before the rise of social tensions or the opening of the Brazilian market in the mid 1990s.