The contemporary urban development pattern in the United States is characterized by land consumptive nature of development, such as a sprawled development pattern. Out of concern that the social and environmental costs of this development pattern outweigh their benefits, cities, counties and states have created a wide range of policy instruments designed to manage urban growth and to protect open spaces from development. The present research deals with such strategies in three study areas namely Portland Metropolitan Area, OR; Montgomery County, MD; and Orange County, FL in order to find out if growth management strategies have been able to reduce sprawl and promote a compact form of development. Based mainly on secondary sources of information, the research evaluates the characteristics, effectiveness, strengths and weaknesses of selected growth management strategies employed in each of these areas and analyses their implications for promoting a compact form of development.

Les villes sont le lieu d’installation privilégié des instances étatiques, des décideurs économiques et des entités scientifiques. Aucun gouvernement ne peut donc engendrer davantage de croissance économique, sans élaborer judicieusement au préalable des plans précis concernant le système urbain. Cependant dans les pays en voie de développement les gouvernements ne regardent que les aspects strictement économiques des villes et ils en oublient leurs autres responsabilités sociales et politiques face à la croissance urbaine.Ce travail s’inscrit dans une approche interdisciplinaire combinant l’économie spatiale et la macroéconomie. L’économie spatiale est l’analyse des comportements des individus économiques dans l’espace. Dans cette thèse, nous mettons en évidence la liaison entre géographie et économie.Dans le travail présent, après avoir présenté le phénomène de l’urbanisation et le système urbain, nous avons examiné la loi de Zipf, loi de Gibrat et le coefficient spatial de Gini pour le cas de l’Iran et de la France. Ensuite nous avons estimé le modèle de la croissance urbaine pour les deux pays, selon les travaux de Henderson. / Cities are the host of people as well as government officials, decision-makers, economic and academic elite institutions. Therefore, it is not possible to having any plan without understanding of urban systems can be made. Regardless of the importance of this matter, governments of developing countries often neglect their responsibilities and duties with regards to the city. This work is a combination of Spatial Economic and macroeconomics. Spatial Economic has been defined as identifying and analyzing the performance of the people in a same geographic location.In this paper, first step is introducing the phenomenon of urbanization and urban systems and then, next aim is estimating the Zipf and Gibrat’s laws and Spatial GINI Coefficient for the case of Iran and France. The urban growth model for Iran and France is measured based on the Henderson theories.In this paper, after introducing the phenomenon of urbanization and urban systems, we estimated the Zipf's and Gibrat lows and Spatial GINI' Coefficient for the case of Iran and France. By using the Henderson theories we measured the urban growth model for Iran and France

Thesis advisor: Richard Arnott / This research examines the relationship between urban characteristics in 1990 and urban population growth between 1990 and 2000, primarily investigating the impact of creative and talented people on growth. Findings establish correlations between metropolitan statistical area (MSA) growth and natural and urban amenities. Urban growth in the 90's is positively correlated with dry, warmer weather and to the Bohemian index, a new measure of cultural amenities. This research produced results to suggest that creative capital or the Creative Class did not significantly impact urban growth in the 90's. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2004. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics. / Discipline: College Honors Program.

Biofiltros em Areia (BFAs) estão sendo aperfeiçoados e testados no Brasil com intuito de auxiliar comunidades carentes que são menos favorecidas em relação à água de boa qualidade. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a qualidade da água tratada pelos BFAs a partir de bioensaios de toxicidade, utilizando larvas do inseto Chironomus sancticaroli, oligoqueto Allonais inaequalis e peixes da espécie Danio rerio, analisando possíveis efeitos tóxicos que possam estar presentes quando a água entra em contato com o PVC do corpo do BFA, além de avaliar a toxicidade da água do poço (AP), captada para abastecimento do BFA. Nos testes de toxicidade agudo (com duração de 96h), crônico (8 dias) e testes mais longos (16 dias) com Chironomus sancticaroli, utilizou-se 240mL da solução-teste (água proveniente do BFA ou AP) em 60g de sedimento controle (areia branca fina para aquário) em 4 réplicas, sendo utilizados 6 larvas de IV ínstar por réplica no teste de toxicidade agudo e de I ínstar nos testes de toxicidade crônico e testes mais longos, alimentadas com 5mL de solução contendo 1000mL de água deionizada e 5,0g de ração tipo Tetramim®. Nos testes de toxicidade agudo e crônico com Allonais inaequalis, foram utilizados 100mL da solução-teste em 5g de sedimento controle em quatro réplicas, sendo utilizados 6 organismos por réplica, alimentados com 5mL de solução contendo 1000mL de água deionizada e 2,0g de ração tipo Tetramim® , com duração de 96h e 10 dias, respectivamente. Foram realizados apenas testes de toxicidade agudo com D. rerio no qual utilizou-se 1000mL de solução-teste e 2 organismos por réplica, em duas réplicas, com duração de 48h, sem alimentação. Os resultados apontam para uma baixa toxicidade do Biofiltro em Areia em relação às três espécies testadas. Além de um índice alto de sobrevivência, a espécie C. sancticaroli concluiu seu ciclo em testes mais longos (16 dias), além de reproduzir-se; a espécie A. inaequalis apresentou 100% de sobrevivência em todos os testes realizados; e não houve mortalidade nos testes de toxicidade agudo com D. rerio. Porém, é importante destacar que estes resultados indicam apenas dados toxicológicos para fauna em relação as efluentes testados, não sendo possível responder a questões de potabilidade da água tratada pelo BFA. Esta dissertação é parte integrante de um projeto financiado pela FAPESP (Processo nº 2014/12712-8), intitulado \"Construção e desempenho de filtros lentos domiciliares conforme a realidade das comunidades isoladas do Brasil\" que esteve sob coordenação da Profa. Dra. Lyda Patricia Sabogal Paz e do Prof. Dr. Juliano José Corbi. / Sand Biofilters (SBFs) are being refined and tested in Brazil. These studies are intended to assist needy communities with difficulties to access drinking water. The aim of the current study is analyze the quality of water treated by SBFs, using toxicity bioassays with larvae of fly Chironomus sancticaroli, oligochaete Allonais inaequalis and zebrafishes Danio rerio, as well as verify the occurrence of possible toxic effects of PVC (Polyvinyl chloride), a material component of SBFs\' structure, and also evaluate the toxicity of well water quality (AP), extracted to supply the SBF. In the acute toxicity tests (lasting 96h), chronic (lasting 8 days) and longer tests (lasting 16 days), all involving Chironomus sancticaroli, it was placed 240mL of sample solution (water from SBF or AP) in 60g of sterile sediment (fine white sand for aquarium) in four replicates, where was added 6 larvae (IV instar) in each replicate for the acute toxicity test, and larvae of I instar for chronic toxicity tests, even as in the longer tests. The organisms were fed by 5mL of Tetramim ® solution (5g/L). In the acute and chronic toxicity tests with Allonais inaequalis, it was applied 100mL of sample solution with 5g of sterile sand in four replicates, as above, it was added 6 organisms by replicate, fed by Tetramim ® (2,0g/L) for both tests, with lasting of 96h and 10 days, respectively. It was performed only tests of acute toxicity for D. rerio in which was added 1000mL of sample solution and 2 organisms for each replicate, with two replicates, with duration of 48h, without feeding. The results showed a low toxicity of sand Biofilters\' effluent in relation to the three species exposed to the liquid. Furthermore, the results demonstrate a high index of survival, even in longer tests (16 days lasting) with C. sancticaroli when the organisms could conclude their life cycle. However, besides the 100% of survival in all test, for the A. inaequalis were also observed reproduction; and in the acute toxicity tests for D. rerio it wasn\'t noticed mortality. Although, it is important to highlight that these results represent only toxicological data concerning to aquatic wildlife exposed to effluents, what is not regarding to potability issues of the water treated by SBF. This dissertation is a constituent part of a project financiad by FAPESP (Process number 2014/12712-8), entitled \"Building and performance of domiciliary slow filters according to the isolated comunities reality in Brazil\" which was coordinated by Professors PhD. Lyda Patricia Sabogal Paz and PhD. Juliano José Corbi.

A RegiÃo Metropolitana de Fortaleza possui grande potencial natural e socioeconÃmico para o desenvolvimento da mineraÃÃo de agregados. A diversidade litolÃgica garante boa oferta desse material de uso imediato na construÃÃo civil e o crescimento econÃmico associado à demanda reprimida por construÃÃes habitacionais e ainda, as deficiÃncias da estrutura urbana formam o cenÃrio favorÃvel à expansÃo dessa atividade na regiÃo. A mineraÃÃo à uma atividade de impactos ambientais no meio fÃsico e no meio socioeconÃmico notÃrios, tanto positivos como adversos. à responsÃvel pela geraÃÃo de empregos e receita pÃblica, à uma atividade imprescindÃvel ao crescimento de outros ramos da economia e no desenvolvimento urbano e, ao mesmo tempo, provoca sÃrias alteraÃÃes na paisagem e no meio ambiente. Na RegiÃo Metropolitana de Fortaleza, muitas empresas de mineraÃÃo nÃo seguem os cuidados necessÃrios nas suas atividades para mitigar os impactos que ela causam no seu entorno. Outro ponto crÃtico à a questÃo dos conflitos de uso e ocupaÃÃo do solo. A mineraÃÃo disputa com outras formas de ocupaÃÃo e atividades como a indÃstria, a agricultura e o prÃprio crescimento da malha urbana, espaÃo territorial na regiÃo. Somam-se a isso, as limitaÃÃes naturais do meio fÃsico da regiÃo metropolitana e as Ãreas de interesse ambiental na forma de Unidades de ConservaÃÃo e Ãreas de PreservaÃÃo Permanente, onde a mineraÃÃo deve ser proibida ou executada com limitaÃÃes mais rigorosas. A RegiÃo Metropolitana de Fortaleza possui um bom conjunto de Ãreas de interesse ambiental legalmente instituÃdas, mas carece de planejamento territorial que leve em conta a importÃncia da mineraÃÃo no crescimento da regiÃo e amenize ou evite os conflitos de uso e ocupaÃÃo do solo, assegurando a oferta dos agregados à economia local, insumo bÃsico ao seu crescimento. / The Metropolitan Area of Fortaleza has great potential natural and economic for the development of mining of aggregates. Diversity of lithology ensures good supply of material for immediate use in civil construction and economic growth associated pent-up demand by building housing and also the deficiencies, of urban structure form the scenery favorable to expansion of this activity in the region. It is a activity of environmental impacts in the physical and social, both positive and adverse. Is responsible for the generation of jobs and revenue publics, an activity very important the growth of other branches of economy and urban development and at the same time causes serious changes on landscapes and environment. In The Metropolitan Area of Fortaleza, many companies do not observe care in their activities to mitigate the consequences it can have on their surroundings. Another important is the conflicts of soil use. The mining dispute with other forms of occupation and activities such as industry, agriculture and the urban growth, territorial space in the region. Added to this, limitations natural and physical environment of regions and metropolitan areas of environmental interest in the form of Units Conservation e Areas of Permanent Preservation, where mining should be prohibited or limitations performed with more stringent. The Metropolitan Area of Fortaleza has a good set of areas of environmental interest established legally, but lacks territorial planning that takes into account the importance of mining in the growth of regions reduce or avoid conflicts of use and occupancy of the soil, ensuring the supply of aggregates the local economy, input to its growth.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-01-20T14:02:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Carlos Leonardo G. Fernandes.pdf: 12443585 bytes, checksum: a22825d1ff38a09c0fc8b3239a24887d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-20T14:02:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Carlos Leonardo G. Fernandes.pdf: 12443585 bytes, checksum: a22825d1ff38a09c0fc8b3239a24887d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-09 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This work aims to study how Mangaratiba City has been planning and enabling the issue of sanitation (water and sewage) under the pressure exerted by demographic changes that came from mega-projects installed in the Sepetiba Bay area last decades. Since past decades, megaprojects (steel industry, logistics and the military industry) have been both setting up and expanding local economic growth. Population flows are been detecting as part of this new economic pathway as well the consequently increasing of households within a territory that has geographical aspects unfavorable to this fast expansion. By these issues there is the need for urban planning headed by municipal government in order to creating public policies and programs that aim to improve the population quality of life. The work has as a temporal focus the decades between 2000/2010 because important historical descriptions were detected. Bibliographical research, data analysis and field research were used as methodological tools having been fundamentals to conclusion: the existing concern of the precarious situation of the municipality with the basic sanitation sector. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo identificar como o munic?pio de Mangaratiba vem se planejando e capacitando na quest?o de saneamento b?sico (abastecimento de ?gua e esgotamento sanit?rio) diante da press?o exercida pelas mudan?as demogr?ficas influenciadas pelos megaempreendimentos localizados na zona costeira da ba?a de Sepetiba. Ao longo das ?ltimas d?cadas, megaempreendimentos ligados ao setor sider?rgico, ? estrutura log?stica e ? constru??o de submarinos est?o se instalando/ampliando nessa regi?o, influenciando no aumento populacional e consequentemente, no aumento de domic?lios dentro de um territ?rio que possui aspectos geogr?ficos pouco favor?veis a sua expans?o. Diante desses fatores, ocorre a necessidade de planejamento por parte da administra??o p?blica municipal, criando pol?ticas p?blicas, planos e programas que tenham como objetivo melhorar a qualidade de vida da popula??o permanente, de uso ocasional e tamb?m tur?stica. O enfoque temporal deste trabalho ? para a d?cada 2000/2010, por?m ocorrem descri??es hist?ricas importantes a partir da d?cada de 1970, servindo como base para a principal d?cada em estudo. Atrav?s de pesquisas bibliogr?ficas, an?lise de dados e pesquisa de campo, este trabalho foi elaborado diante da preocupa??o existente da situa??o prec?ria do munic?pio com o setor de saneamento b?sico. A incapacidade de demanda do munic?pio com abastecimento de ?gua e a n?o exist?ncia de tratamento e coleta de esgoto, fazem com que, respectivamente, a maioria da popula??o utilize ?gua de nascentes (sem tratamento) e que grande parte dos domic?lios continuem poluindo o meio ambiente, atingindo de forma direta a popula??o. Lan?ado no ano de 2013, o Plano Municipal de Servi?o P?blico de Abastecimento de ?gua e Esgotamento Sanit?rio n?o entrou em opera??o em sua grande parte e, de acordo com a Prefeitura, vem sendo revisado e adequado, por?m sem prazo para estar finalizado

本論文是從都市成長過程的觀點來討論釜山內部空間結構之變遷。釜山在1876年開港，並具備了日據時期都市之形態。後來由於1945年的光復與1950年的韓戰，使都市空間結構起了變化。在此時期急速的人口增加及1960年代後數次的經濟發展計劃，帶動了釜山急速的都市化，另外由於此地出現跟釜山的地形條件相異的都心區位的偏在，再加上因國家政策的變化與都市成長而使土地的供需不均衡，結果使釜山產生了低成長。 　　本文以空間結構的多種因素，來觀察此種釜山都市成長的過程。釜山初期的空間發展，是由於都心區位的偏在與背山臨海的地理條件，則釜山的空間結構，以海岸地帶及中央路的沿邊為中心，發展成為帶狀的形態。但因釜山的大都市化，使都市各種土地利用出現了多機能及多核化的形態。然而商業機能的空間分布是從單核結構的帶狀型，隨著居住地域之擴大而形成若干副都心，因而變成多核結構之形態。共同住宅的空間分布是隨著人口移動的方向，以同心圓的形態擴散分布到市外圍地區。製造業的空間分布，初期無計劃的區位在港口附近的海岸地區及都心附近，而後因確保工業用地與‘限制整備法’‘工業配置法’等，遷移到都市各方向的外圍地區的扇型分布著。尤其往釜山西南、西北方向的海岸及洛東江地區為主的發展較突出，另外釜山由於工業用地的缺乏，也有不少廠商遷移到臨近區域。公園綠地的空間結構為，要從目前形式上在都市外圍及山地為主的區位脫逃，並為了使其能夠真正扮演，是市民休閒空間之機能，再來為了使其能夠與一般生活互相連繫，因此以市民方便利用的市區內為主的分布為妥當。另外也需要能夠發揮釜山的自然條件而開發獨特的空間。本論文是以如此的內容為中心，並共分為八章三十三節十三萬餘言。

The Houston-Galveston-Brazoria Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (Houston CMSA) has experienced rapid population growth during the past decades and is the only major US metropolitan area with no zoning regulations. We use SLEUTH, a spatially explicit cellular automata model, to simulate future (2002-2030) urban growth in the Houston metropolitan area, one of the fastest growing metropolises in the United States during the past decades. The model is calibrated with historical data for the period 1974-2002 that are extracted from a time series of satellite images. The dataset consists of four historical urban extents (1974, 1984, 1992, 2002), two land use layers (1992, 2002), five transportation layers (1974, 1984, 1990, 2002, 2025), slope layer, hillshade layer, and excluded layer. Future growth patterns are predicted based on growth coefficients derived during the calibration phase. After calibrating the model successfully, the spatial pattern of urban growth of the Houston CMSA for the period from 2002 to 2030 is predicted. Within SLEUTH, growth in the Houston CMSA is predominately "organic" with most growth occurring along the urban/rural fringe. Projected increases in urban area from 2002 to 2030 parallel projected increases in population growth within the Houston CMSA. We design three specific scenarios to simulate the spatial consequences of urban growth under different environmental conditions. The first scenario is to simulate the unmanaged growth with no restrictions. The second scenario is to project the moderate growth trend by taking into consideration environmental protection, specifically for agricultural areas, forests and wetlands. The last scenario is to simulate the managed growth with maximum environmental protection. Adjusting the level of protection for different land cover types was found to markedly affect the land use changes in the Houston CMSA. Without any protection on resource lands, Houston CMSA is estimated to lose 2,000 km2 of forest land by 2030, about 600 km2 of agricultural land, and approximately 400 km2 of wetland. Approximately half of all resource land could be saved by the third scenario, managed growth with maximum protection.

The aim of this paper is to analyse the urban development in Dubai by means of the fourquadrant model, presented by DiPasquale and Wheaton, which represents the market for real estate use and assets. The focus is on factors such as economic growth, access to oil, population growth and the incentive of the government to promote developments in Dubai, to study how they affect the real estate market. It is observed how all these factors contribute to the expansion of the construction sector and thereby the stock of space. However, because Dubai's economy is independent of the oil sector, access to oil is solely assumed to contribute to a higher amount of disposable capital and therefore does not have any upward pressure on the rent and the price level as the remaining factors.

Rapid urban growth and unprecedented rural to urban transition, along with a huge population growth are new phenomena for both high and low income countries, which started in the mid-20th century. However, urban growth rates and patterns are different in developed countries and developing ones. In less developed countries, urbanization and rural to urban transition usually takes place in an unmanaged way and they are associated with a series of socioeconomical and environmental issues and problems. Identification of the city growth trends in past decades can help urban planners and managers to minimize these negative impacts. In this research, urban growth in the city of Isfahan, Iran, is the subject of study. Isfahan the third largest city in Iran has experienced a huge urban growth and population boom during the last three decades. This transition led to the destruction of natural and agricultural lands and environmental pollutions. Historical and recent remotely sensed data, along with different remote sensing techniques and methods have been used by researchers for urban land use and land cover change detection. In this study three Landsat TM and ETM+ images of the study site, acquired in 1985, 2000 and 2009 are used. Before starting processing, radiometric normalization is done to minimize the atmospheric effects. Then, processing methods including principal component analysis (PCA), vegetation indices and supervised classification are implemented on the images. Accuracy assessment of the PCA method showed that the first PC was responsible for more than 81% of the total variance, and therefore used for analysis of PCA differencing. ΔPC1t1-t2 shows the amount of changes in land use and land cover during the period of study. In this study ten vegetation indices were selected to be applied to the 1985 image. Accuracy assessments showed that Transformed Differencing Vegetation Index (TDVI) is the most sensitive and accurate index for mapping vegetation in arid and semi-arid urban areas. Hence, TDVI was applied to the 2000 and 2009 images. ΔTDVIt1-t2 showed the changes in land use and land cover especially the land use transformation from vegetation cover into the urban class. Supervised classification is the last method applied to the images. Training sites were assigned for the selected classes and accuracy was monitored during the process of training site selection. The results of classification show the expansion of urban class and diminishment in natural and agricultural lands.