Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

L'objectif principal de cette dissertation est d'analyser les rapports entre l'associativisme sportif et les représentations de l'identité culturelle germano-brésilienne, à Porto Alegre (RS, Brésil) dans la période comprise entre 1867 et 1945. Le processus d'émergence et d'expansion de l'associativisme sportif à Porto Alegre a été identifié en relation avec l'identité culturelle germano-brésilienne. De plus ont été évaluées les répercussions des mesures de nationalisation implantées par le gouvernement brésilien sur les associations sportives germano-brésiliennes. L'investigation exploratoire réalisée dans cette dissertation est structurée en trois études basées sur la consultation des documents imprimés (journaux, almanachs, albums, livres commémoratifs, revues, parmi d'autres) et sur des témoignages oraux d'athlètes (n = 8) ayant vécu entre 1867 et 1945. En conclusion, l'émergence d'associativisme sportif à Porto Alegre fut le fruit de l'initiative volontaire des brésiliens d'origine allemande et son expansion fut le résultat d'une émulation entre cette population et les tentatives de nationalisation du gouvernement brésilien. Encore de nos jours, l'identité culturelle allemande fait partie intégrante des associations sportives. Cette identité s'affirme dans le maintien de la langue allemande et dans l'adoptions de symboles representatifs de la Patrie d'origine. / O principal objetivo desta dissertação foi analisar as relações entre o associativismo desportivo e as representações da identidade cultural teuto-brasileira, em Porto Alegre (RS, Brasil), no período de 1867 a 1945. O processo de emergência e expansão do associativismo desportivo em Porto Alegre e as representações da identidade cultural teuto-brasileira e sua ligação com o associativismo desportivo foram identificadas, e as repercussões das medidas de nacionalização impetradas pelo governo brasileiro nas associações desportivas teuto-brasileiras foram avaliadas. A investigação exploratória realizada nesta dissertação estruturou-se em três estudos, baseados na consulta de documentos impressos (jornais, almanaques, álbuns, livros comemorativos, revistas, entre outros) e depoimentos orais de atletas (n = 8) que vivenciaram o período de 1867-1945. Concluiu-se que a emergência do associativismo desportivo em Porto Alegre foi fruto da iniciativa voluntária dos teuto-brasileiros, e sua expansão resultou do confronto entre os teuto-brasileiros e as tentativas de nacionalização do governo brasileiro. Ainda, as associações desportivas constituíram-se num espaço de representação da identidade cultural da comunidade teuto-brasileira em Porto Alegre. Esta identidade foi afirmada especialmente nas práticas desportivas, na manutenção da língua alemã e na adoção de símbolos representativos da Pátria de origem. / The main purpose of this dissertation was to analyze the relation between sportive associations and representations of the Teutonic-Brazilian cultural identity in Porto Alegre (RS, Brazil), in 1867-1945. The rise and expansion of the sportive associations in Porto Alegre, and the representations of Teutonic-Brazilian cultural identity and its connection with the sportive associations were investigated, and the results of the nationalization actions taken by the Brazilian government on the sportive associations were evaluated. The exploratory methodology used in this dissertation was structured in three studies, based on documentation research (newspapers, albums, commemorative books, magazines, among others) and oral interviews with athletes (n = 8) that lived between 1867 and 1945. It was concluded that the sportive associations in Porto Alegre were created by voluntary actions taken by the teutonic-brazilians, and its expansion resulted from conflicts between the teutonic-brazilians and the nationalization actions taken by the Brazilian government. Furthermore, the sportive associations produced a space for the representation of the Teutonic-Brazilian cultural identity in Porto Alegre. Such identity was strengthened by sports, by the maintenance of the German language, and by using representative symbols of Germany.

L'objectif principal de cette dissertation est d'analyser les rapports entre l'associativisme sportif et les représentations de l'identité culturelle germano-brésilienne, à Porto Alegre (RS, Brésil) dans la période comprise entre 1867 et 1945. Le processus d'émergence et d'expansion de l'associativisme sportif à Porto Alegre a été identifié en relation avec l'identité culturelle germano-brésilienne. De plus ont été évaluées les répercussions des mesures de nationalisation implantées par le gouvernement brésilien sur les associations sportives germano-brésiliennes. L'investigation exploratoire réalisée dans cette dissertation est structurée en trois études basées sur la consultation des documents imprimés (journaux, almanachs, albums, livres commémoratifs, revues, parmi d'autres) et sur des témoignages oraux d'athlètes (n = 8) ayant vécu entre 1867 et 1945. En conclusion, l'émergence d'associativisme sportif à Porto Alegre fut le fruit de l'initiative volontaire des brésiliens d'origine allemande et son expansion fut le résultat d'une émulation entre cette population et les tentatives de nationalisation du gouvernement brésilien. Encore de nos jours, l'identité culturelle allemande fait partie intégrante des associations sportives. Cette identité s'affirme dans le maintien de la langue allemande et dans l'adoptions de symboles representatifs de la Patrie d'origine. / O principal objetivo desta dissertação foi analisar as relações entre o associativismo desportivo e as representações da identidade cultural teuto-brasileira, em Porto Alegre (RS, Brasil), no período de 1867 a 1945. O processo de emergência e expansão do associativismo desportivo em Porto Alegre e as representações da identidade cultural teuto-brasileira e sua ligação com o associativismo desportivo foram identificadas, e as repercussões das medidas de nacionalização impetradas pelo governo brasileiro nas associações desportivas teuto-brasileiras foram avaliadas. A investigação exploratória realizada nesta dissertação estruturou-se em três estudos, baseados na consulta de documentos impressos (jornais, almanaques, álbuns, livros comemorativos, revistas, entre outros) e depoimentos orais de atletas (n = 8) que vivenciaram o período de 1867-1945. Concluiu-se que a emergência do associativismo desportivo em Porto Alegre foi fruto da iniciativa voluntária dos teuto-brasileiros, e sua expansão resultou do confronto entre os teuto-brasileiros e as tentativas de nacionalização do governo brasileiro. Ainda, as associações desportivas constituíram-se num espaço de representação da identidade cultural da comunidade teuto-brasileira em Porto Alegre. Esta identidade foi afirmada especialmente nas práticas desportivas, na manutenção da língua alemã e na adoção de símbolos representativos da Pátria de origem. / The main purpose of this dissertation was to analyze the relation between sportive associations and representations of the Teutonic-Brazilian cultural identity in Porto Alegre (RS, Brazil), in 1867-1945. The rise and expansion of the sportive associations in Porto Alegre, and the representations of Teutonic-Brazilian cultural identity and its connection with the sportive associations were investigated, and the results of the nationalization actions taken by the Brazilian government on the sportive associations were evaluated. The exploratory methodology used in this dissertation was structured in three studies, based on documentation research (newspapers, albums, commemorative books, magazines, among others) and oral interviews with athletes (n = 8) that lived between 1867 and 1945. It was concluded that the sportive associations in Porto Alegre were created by voluntary actions taken by the teutonic-brazilians, and its expansion resulted from conflicts between the teutonic-brazilians and the nationalization actions taken by the Brazilian government. Furthermore, the sportive associations produced a space for the representation of the Teutonic-Brazilian cultural identity in Porto Alegre. Such identity was strengthened by sports, by the maintenance of the German language, and by using representative symbols of Germany.

L'objectif principal de cette dissertation est d'analyser les rapports entre l'associativisme sportif et les représentations de l'identité culturelle germano-brésilienne, à Porto Alegre (RS, Brésil) dans la période comprise entre 1867 et 1945. Le processus d'émergence et d'expansion de l'associativisme sportif à Porto Alegre a été identifié en relation avec l'identité culturelle germano-brésilienne. De plus ont été évaluées les répercussions des mesures de nationalisation implantées par le gouvernement brésilien sur les associations sportives germano-brésiliennes. L'investigation exploratoire réalisée dans cette dissertation est structurée en trois études basées sur la consultation des documents imprimés (journaux, almanachs, albums, livres commémoratifs, revues, parmi d'autres) et sur des témoignages oraux d'athlètes (n = 8) ayant vécu entre 1867 et 1945. En conclusion, l'émergence d'associativisme sportif à Porto Alegre fut le fruit de l'initiative volontaire des brésiliens d'origine allemande et son expansion fut le résultat d'une émulation entre cette population et les tentatives de nationalisation du gouvernement brésilien. Encore de nos jours, l'identité culturelle allemande fait partie intégrante des associations sportives. Cette identité s'affirme dans le maintien de la langue allemande et dans l'adoptions de symboles representatifs de la Patrie d'origine. / O principal objetivo desta dissertação foi analisar as relações entre o associativismo desportivo e as representações da identidade cultural teuto-brasileira, em Porto Alegre (RS, Brasil), no período de 1867 a 1945. O processo de emergência e expansão do associativismo desportivo em Porto Alegre e as representações da identidade cultural teuto-brasileira e sua ligação com o associativismo desportivo foram identificadas, e as repercussões das medidas de nacionalização impetradas pelo governo brasileiro nas associações desportivas teuto-brasileiras foram avaliadas. A investigação exploratória realizada nesta dissertação estruturou-se em três estudos, baseados na consulta de documentos impressos (jornais, almanaques, álbuns, livros comemorativos, revistas, entre outros) e depoimentos orais de atletas (n = 8) que vivenciaram o período de 1867-1945. Concluiu-se que a emergência do associativismo desportivo em Porto Alegre foi fruto da iniciativa voluntária dos teuto-brasileiros, e sua expansão resultou do confronto entre os teuto-brasileiros e as tentativas de nacionalização do governo brasileiro. Ainda, as associações desportivas constituíram-se num espaço de representação da identidade cultural da comunidade teuto-brasileira em Porto Alegre. Esta identidade foi afirmada especialmente nas práticas desportivas, na manutenção da língua alemã e na adoção de símbolos representativos da Pátria de origem. / The main purpose of this dissertation was to analyze the relation between sportive associations and representations of the Teutonic-Brazilian cultural identity in Porto Alegre (RS, Brazil), in 1867-1945. The rise and expansion of the sportive associations in Porto Alegre, and the representations of Teutonic-Brazilian cultural identity and its connection with the sportive associations were investigated, and the results of the nationalization actions taken by the Brazilian government on the sportive associations were evaluated. The exploratory methodology used in this dissertation was structured in three studies, based on documentation research (newspapers, albums, commemorative books, magazines, among others) and oral interviews with athletes (n = 8) that lived between 1867 and 1945. It was concluded that the sportive associations in Porto Alegre were created by voluntary actions taken by the teutonic-brazilians, and its expansion resulted from conflicts between the teutonic-brazilians and the nationalization actions taken by the Brazilian government. Furthermore, the sportive associations produced a space for the representation of the Teutonic-Brazilian cultural identity in Porto Alegre. Such identity was strengthened by sports, by the maintenance of the German language, and by using representative symbols of Germany.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this study, it has been carried out quantum molecular dynamics simulations for the hydrogen abstraction reaction from methane, silane, germane and stannane by H, F, Cl and I atoms and being or not being induced by femtosecond laser pulses with the aim to favor the dissociation of the M-H (M = C, Si, Ge and Sn). All the simulations have been performed using a simulation scheme based on ab initio calculations of molecular dynamics, where the motion of the atomic nuclei is described classically while the electrons are treated quantically by the Density Functional Theory (DFT). The results of the molecular dynamics simulations for the hydrogen abstraction reaction from methane, that is a very inert molecule, show that only the fluorine atom is able to promote the dissociation of the C-H bond. For the simulations performed in the presence of the electromagnetic radiation, it was possible to observe that the femtosecond laser pulse could induce the hydrogen abstraction from methane when the reaction occurs with the hydrogen or fluorine atom. The results of the molecular dynamics simulations for the hydrogen abstraction reaction from silane show that also the fluorine as the hydrogen atoms are able to dissociate effectively the Si-H bond in silane. In the case of the hydrogen abstraction from silane by the chlorine atom, the effective Si-H dissociation does not happen. In the simulations including the pulsed electromagnetic radiation, it is observed that it was possible to favor even more the hydrogen abstraction reaction from silane by the hydrogen and fluorine atoms, moreover, it was possible to turn effective the dissociation of the Si-H bond by the chlorine atom. The GeH4 and SnH4 molecules could be easily dissociated by the hydrogen, fluorine and chlorine atoms. About the iodine atom, it was not able to promote the hydrogen abstraction reaction in germane and stannane, even in the presence of the femtosecond laser pulse. / Neste trabalho foram realizadas simulações de dinâmica molecular quântica para as reações de abstração de hidrogênio nas moléculas de metano, silano, germano e estanano por átomos de H, F, Cl, e I sendo realizadas simulações sem e com o uso do pulso de laser de femtosegundos com o objetivo de favorecer a quebra das ligações M-H (M = C, Si, Ge ou Sn). Todas as simulações foram realizadas utilizando um esquema baseado em cálculos ab initio de dinâmica molecular, onde o movimento dos núcleos atômicos é descrito classicamente, enquanto os elétrons são tratados quanticamente pela Teoria do Funcional de Densidade (DFT). Os resultados das simulações de dinâmica molecular das reações de abstração de hidrogênio no metano mostram que, por esta molécula ser bastante inerte, somente o átomo de flúor é capaz de promover a dissociação da ligação C-H. Para as simulações realizadas na presença da radiação eletromagnética, foi possível observar que o pulso de laser consegue favorecer a abstração de hidrogênio no metano quando a reação acontece com o átomo de hidrogênio ou flúor. Os resultados das simulações de dinâmica molecular para a reação de abstração de hidrogênio no silano mostram que tanto o átomo de flúor quanto o de hidrogênio são capazes de promover a captura do átomo de hidrogênio promovendo a quebra da ligação Si-H. No caso da reação de abstração de hidrogênio na molécula de silano por átomo de cloro, a quebra efetiva da ligação Si-H não acontece. Nas simulações com a radiação eletromagnética pulsada observa-se que foi possível favorecer ainda mais as reações de abstração de hidrogênio no silano por átomos de flúor e hidrogênio, além de tornar efetiva a ruptura da ligação Si-H na reação com o átomo de cloro. As ligações químicas Ge-H e Sn-H nas moléculas de GeH4 e SnH4 conseguiram ser quebradas facilmente nas reações de abstração de hidrogênio por átomos de hidrogênio, flúor e cloro. Quanto ao átomo de iodo, este não foi capaz de promover a reação de abstração de hidrogênio nas moléculas de germano e estanano, mesmo na presença do pulso de laser de femtosegundos.

Physical properties of materials and their constituents are interrelated. Though the basic structural unit involved also plays a role in deciding the properties, this can be manipulated to a certain extent, by carefully selecting the basic ingredients or by varying the composition. In order to tailor the properties of the materials according to the need, the relationship between the properties and the structure has to be established. Glasses, due to their inherent disorder, don’t have the privilege of using symmetry as enjoyed by their crystalline counterparts. Given their components and composition there is no immediate and easy way of predicting all the observed properties of glasses. This is not considering computer simulations and DFT calculations. Hence we go back to play with nature, i.e., do experiments. Technological applications like LASERs, optic fibers, photosensitive semiconducting thin films, solid state batteries for energy storage etc. have greatly increased the interest in the fundamental properties of disordered materials. Large coefficient of linear expansion of germanate glasses is made use in glass-to-metal seals for ultra high vacuum. More over, many germanate based glasses with specially tailored dispersion properties have been developed. GeO2 based glasses are in fibre optics in the IR region of 1.5 to 1.8 microns. Borate glasses are resistant to thermal and chemical attack. They lower the melting temperature of glasses thus facilitating large scale production.Both borates and germanates have been worked upon extensively. Alkali boro germanate systems are interesting inherently. Borates and Germanates both are glass formers by themselves. The continuous random network formed by this base glass is modified by the presence of alkali ions. It is interesting to see to what extent the alkali ions can maintain the local charge neutrality in their neighborhood by creating non bridging oxygen atoms and how the presence of two formers is stabilizing the glass matrix. Present Work This thesis work is an attempt to understand the structure of alkali borogermanate glasses 25R2O-25GeO2-(50-x)B2O3-xNd2O3:(R=Li, Na, K and Rb; x=0,0.5). A variety of experimental techniques are available to give a good insight of the structure of glass systems. In this thesis, we have carried out  Optical studies at room temperature to probe the environment of RE ion  AC conductivity at high temperature to probe the alkali ion dynamics  11B MASS NMR of doped systems at room temperature to probe the Boron sites  Raman and Mid-IR experiments at room temperature to probe the various structural groups to get a comprehensive understanding of the structure of these glasses. To facilitate the analysis of the data and discussion of the results from these experiments, the thesis is divided in to four chapters excluding the introduction as categorized above and is presented accordingly. The second chapter begins with the preparation of the glass samples and their characterization. We have used Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), powder XRD and elemental analysis using ICP-OES for characterizing the sample. We have also measured the density and refractive index of the glasses under study. After this section, we describe the results from Optical Absorption and Photoluminescence studies. A brief description of Judd-Ofelt (JO) theory used for the analysis of the results is given. We have calculated the optical parameters and JO parameters and the energy levels of Nd ions in the glass matrix based on absorption studies using program written in Matlab. The procedure to calculate these parameters and their relevance in estimating the important quantities like radiative transfers, branching ratios are discussed. The effect of variation of the alkali ions on these properties is also discussed. In the third chapter, we have investigated AC conductivity in these glasses. These experiments are carried out both as a function of frequency (40 Hz - 15 MHz) and temperature (220 C – 500 C) using a home made portable furnace with a temperature controller. The cable compensation using open and short standards were done at the high temperature end. The data has been analyzed in Electric modulus (M*) formalism using Kohlrausch William Watts (KWW) function. The other basic models used in the literature like Debye, Cole-Cole, Cole Davidson and Havriliak Negami are briefly discussed. The frequency dependence of conductivity in these systems has been ascribed to the hopping motion of the alkali ions. Non-symmetric nature of the imaginary part of M* shows an evidence of non-exponential relaxation. Activation energies were estimated from the temperature variation of the KWW and DC. The fit parameters KWW and KWW shows interesting behavior. KWW in LGBNd and NGBNd show an initial increase with increasing temperature reaching a value of 1, while a contrasting behavior is observed in KGBNd and RGBNd. Barton-Nakajima-Namikawa (BNN) plot of the present study gives a value of 0.67 and 0.7 for the slope parameter p for doped and un-doped samples respectively. BNN plot is used to correlate the ac and dc conductivities in the sample. The deviation of the slope parameter from unity may be an indication of different charge carriers for ac and dc transport. Fourth Chapter describes the room temperature 11B MASS NMR studies in Nd doped glass system. The relevant theory of Zeeman, Dipolar, Quadrupolar and Chemical shift interactions are discussed briefly before the results. The principle used in obtaining high resolution NMR in solids by means Sample spinning is also described. NMR line shape for the central transition (1/2  -1/2) of I=3/2 nuclei (11B) was simulated in Mathematica and fitting was tried in Matlab. Using this background we have analyzed the line shape. In the next part, the results of 11B MASS NMR experiments of doped glasses carried out using Bruker DSX300 at 96.3MHz are presented. The fraction of contribution from four and three co-ordinated 11B to NMR line-shape were identified and calculated. The results show unambiguously the presence of two 3 coordinated 11B sites which were differentiated on the basis of the quadrupolar parameters. In the last chapter we discuss the results of Raman and Mid-IR investigations carried out in these glasses at room temperature. These two important techniques are well established in identifying the structural groups in glass systems. Raman bands observed in the range 200 cm-1 to 1600 cm-1 in these glasses are deconvoluted using gaussian peaks and they have been assigned to various modes of possible structural groups. Two broad MIR absorption bands were observed between 600cm-1 - 1600cm-1 in both doped and undoped glasses. Each band was resolved into gaussian peaks. The band shifts and the changes in the intensities are ascribed to the effects of variation of alkali, as the presence of GeO2 (up to 25mol%) is known not to affect the borate bands as it is a former by itself.

Les questions identitaires sont depuis des années au cœur des débats et des réflexions chez les Germano-Canadiens; les évènements du XXe siècle les ont poussés à constamment (re)définir leur identité face à la majorité (anglo-)canadienne. C’est notamment par le biais de médias ethniques qu’ils ont été en mesure de réfléchir à ces questions, sujettes aux débats les plus houleux. Le Kanada Kurier, un hebdomadaire germanophone du Canada, publié à l’échelle nationale pendant plus de cent ans, leur permettait notamment de s’exprimer sur cette question. Le mémoire s’interroge sur le discours identitaire produit par ce groupe et vise à mieux le décrire. Par une analyse de contenu des lettres de lecteurs de 1981, nous mettons en lumière les thèmes qui animent la communauté. Le corpus permet d’abord de voir la place importante qu’occupe la politique allemande, de constater la présence d’un discours identitaire duel, puisant ses références dans les contextes tant allemand que canadien, renforcé par des idéologies (politiques) communes chez certains germanophones du Canada et d’Europe. L’utilisation du concept de transnationalisme permet de soulever la question de la Heimat, sujet devenu éminemment politique après 1945, et illustre la complexité de la notion de patrie dans le cas allemand, surtout face aux revendications des « revanchistes » qui souhaitaient récupérer les territoires annexés par la Pologne et l’URSS après 1945. Au cœur de la majorité des lettres, nous apercevons le rapport complexe qu’entretiennent les Germano-Canadiens avec la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, véritable lieu de mémoire de la communauté. Finalement, le corpus montre surtout un journal dont le rôle aura été multiple et qu’on peut en définitive qualifier de journal diasporique. / German-Canadians have reflected on questions of identity for a number of years. Some events occurring during the 20th century have indeed forced them to constantly (re)define their particular identity vis-à-vis the (English-speaking) majority in Canada. Ethnic newspapers have been central to the community’s reflection on a number of those identity issues, including some very heated debates. The Kanada Kurier, a weekly German publication distributed across Canada for about a century, had been a forum for German-Canadians trying to define and express themselves. This thesis will thus interrogate and describe German-Canadian identity discourse as it came to be embodied in the Kurier. The identity discourse and the issues the community was concerned with will be highlighted via an analysis of the comments from the newspaper’s readers’ section published in 1981. First, the body of letters illuminates that German politics were central to German-Canadians’ dual identity; this identity being forged by references to the Canadian as well as the German context and reinforced by politics shared by Germans in Canada and Europe. Using the concept of transnationalism, the thesis will interrogate the Heimat, a highly political topic after 1945, and illustrate the complexity of the fatherland/motherland motif in the German case, especially in the context of demands from the Revanchists for territories taken over by Poland and the USSR after 1945. Central to most of the letters analysed is the difficult relationship Germans-Canadians continued to have with the events of World War II, which serves as one of the community’s lieu de mémoire. Finally, a deep analysis of the Kanada Kurier reveals a medium that was exploited in multiple ways and a newspaper that has definite diasporic qualities. / Identitätsfragen stehen seit Jahren im Mittelpunkt der Debatten und Überlegungen der Deutsch-Kanadier, die durch die Geschehnisse des 20. Jahrhunderts ständig gezwungen wurden, ihre Identität der (anglo-)kanadischen Mehrheit gegenüber neu zu bedenken und zu definieren. Vor allem durch ethnische Medien waren sie in der Lage, über diese heikle Frage zu reflektieren. Der Kanada Kurier, eine seit mehr als hundert Jahren im gesamten Kanada veröffentlichte deutschsprachige Wochenzeitung, ermöglichte ihnen, sich über diese Fragen zu äußern. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht den Identitätsdiskurs dieser Gemeinschaft. Anhand einer Inhaltsanalyse der Leserbriefe von 1981 soll dargestellt werden, was die Gruppe am meistens bewegt. Das Korpus zeigt erstens den wichtigen Platz auf, den die deutsche Politik einnimmt, zweitens beleuchtet er einen dualen Identitätsdiskurs, der sich teils auf den deutschen, teils auf den kanadischen Kontext bezieht, und der durch gemeinsame (politische) Ideologien bei den Deutschsprachigen in Kanada und in Europa verstärkt wurde. Das Konzept des Transnationalismus wirft die Heimatfrage auf, ein nach 1945 hoch diskutiertes politisches Thema, und veranschaulicht die komplexe Heimatvorstellung im Fall der Deutschsprachigen, besonders bezüglich der Forderung der „Revanchisten“, die die von Polen und der UdSSR annektierten Gebiete nach dem Kriegsende zurückerlangen wollten. Die Mehrheit der Leserbriefe verdeutlicht den komplexen Zusammenhang der Deutsch-Kanadier mit dem Ereignis des Zweiten Weltkrieges, der insofern als Erinnerungsort zu bezeichnen ist. Schließlich beleuchtet das Korpus die vielfältigen Rollen, welche die Wochenzeitung in der Gemeinschaft einnahm, und kann infolgedessen als eine Diasporazeitung bezeichnet werden.

The different topics covered in this thesis include photosensitivity in germanosilicate fibers/glasses and application of fiber Bragg grating sensors in simultaneous strain and temperature discrimination. Fiber Bragg Gratings are wavelength dispersive refractive index structures manufactured through ultra-violet (UV) exposure of optical fibers. Their applications range from wavelength division multiplexing filters, dispersion compensators and fiber laser resonators for telecommunication applications to different types of point or distributive sensors for a variety of applications. One aim of this thesis has been to understand the mechanism of photosensitivity in germanosilicate fibers/preforms. Studies undertaken in this part of the thesis include thermal dynamics of Fiber Bragg Gratings and nano-indentation on ultra-violet irradiated germanosilicate glass preforms. An interesting, periodic appearance of a new peak has been observed in the reflected spectrum of Bragg grating inscribed in a germanosilicate fiber during thermal treatment. The new peak occurs on the longer wavelength side of the spectrum during heating and on the shorter wavelength side during cooling, following an identical reverse dynamics. A commercial grating with 99.9% reflectivity also shows a similar decay dynamics. The observed temperature induced distortion in refractive index modulation profile has been understood in the light of compaction-densification model. It is proposed that during the fabrication process of a grating, the modulation in the thermal expansion coefficient brought about by the interference fringes results in a non-uniform expansion throughout the grating length which in turn results in the distortion of the refractive index profile with increase/decrease in temperature. Since the reflection spectrum of a grating can be approximated as the Fourier transform of the refractive index profile, any distortion in the index profile results in the observed anomalous behaviour in the reflection spectrum. Nano-indentation studies have been performed to measure the changes in mechanical properties of a glass preform subjected to different levels of ultra-violet exposure. The results reveal that short term exposure leads to an appreciable increase in the Young’s modulus suggesting the densification of the glass, confirming the compaction-densification model. However, on prolonged exposure, the Young’s modulus decreases, which provides the first direct evidence of dilation in the glass leading into the Type IIA regime. The present results rule out the hypothesis that continued exposure leads to an irreversible compaction and prove that index modulation regimes are intrinsic to the glass matrix. In the second part of the thesis, three different schemes have been proposed for the use of Fiber Bragg Gratings as strain-temperature discriminating sensors: (a) The first method is based on the measurement of the different characteristic wavelength shifts of two types of gratings. Strain and temperature sensitivities of a Type I Bragg grating (G1) in germania doped silica fiber, fabricated under normal conditions, and zero strain, are compared with that of a Bragg grating inscribed under pre-strained condition (G2). Experimental results show that both, strain and temperature sensitivities of G1 and that of G2 are different. Based on this study, we have proposed an approach which enables simultaneous discrimination of axial strain and temperature. (b) In the second method, a single sensing element has been used to encode strain and temperature into an additional parameter other than the wavelength shift. The thermal out-diffusion of germanium from the core of a photosensitive fiber under elevated temperature is exploited to form a Fabry-Perot filter with a single Fiber Bragg Grating. The filter is fabricated using the standard phase-mask technique and one-time exposure. Energy Dispersive X-Ray analysis is used to measure the out-diffusion. The filter is used as a sensor for simultaneous measurement and discrimination of strain and temperature. The proposed technique, where a single grating is used to discriminate the parameters, provides a large advantage over other existing methods. (c) In the third method, a compact design based on cross-wire arrangement of Fiber Bragg Gratings having identical Bragg resonance and different reflectivity is proposed for simultaneously sensing strain (uniaxial) and temperature. Two gratings are assembled orthogonal to each other on an aluminium base. The cross-wire design allows the two sensors to experience the same temperature but different strain. The gratings are identified by their respective reflectivity and, strain and temperature are resolved from the shift in Bragg wavelength. The proposed design exploits the fact that strain is a vector and temperature is a scalar parameter. This sensor has wide industrial application in discriminating strain from temperature effects.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a relação entre história, literatura e construção permanente da identidade a partir do corpus literário escolhido - Vinte e Zinco do moçambicano Mia Couto, Dona Pura e os Camaradas de Abril do cabo-verdiano Germano Almeida, e Vale a Pena Ter Esperança do português Carlos Brito, que fazem parte da Coleção Caminhos de Abril do Editorial Caminho, que comemorou o vigésimo quinto aniversário do fim do Estado Novo português. A Revolução dos Cravos pôs fim ao regime salazarista, que oprimiu portugueses e africanos por quase meio século e que deixou suas marcas até a atualidade, interferindo na constituição da identidade cultural dos sujeitos envolvidos neste processo. Essa análise enfatiza a interação, por muitas vezes conflituosa, entre culturas tão diversas como a portuguesa e a africana, recorrendo a Homi Bhabha (1998), Stuart Hall (2003) e Edward Said (1995). Para compreendermos as particularidades do imperialismo português, utilizamos Margarida Calafate Ribeiro (2003), Boaventura de Sousa Santos (1999) e Eduardo Lourenço (1978, 1994 e 1999). / El presente trabajo analiza la relación entre historia, literatura y construcción permanente de la identidad, partiendo del corpus literario elegido - Vinte e Zinco del mozambicano Mia Couto, Dona Pura e os Camaradas de Abril del cabo verdiano Germano Almeida y Vale a Pena Ter Esperança del portugués Carlos Brito, las cuáles forman parte da Coleção Caminhos de Abril del Editorial Caminho, la cuál conmemora el vigésimo quinto cumpleaños del fin del Estado Novo portugués. La Revolución de los Claveles terminó con el régimen salazarista, que oprimió portugueses y africanos por casi medio siglo, y que dejó sus marcas hasta la actualidad, interfiriendo en la constitución de la identidad cultural de los sujetos envueltos en este proceso. Este análisis enfatiza la interacción por muchas veces conflictiva entre culturas tan diversas como son la portuguesa y la africana, recurriendo a Homi Bhabha (1998), Stuart Hall (2003) y Edward Said (1995). Para comprender las particularidades del imperialismo portugués utilizamos Margarida Calafate Ribeiro (1993) , Boaventura de Sousa Santos (1999) y Eduardo Lourenço (1978, 1994 e 1999).

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a relação entre história, literatura e construção permanente da identidade a partir do corpus literário escolhido - Vinte e Zinco do moçambicano Mia Couto, Dona Pura e os Camaradas de Abril do cabo-verdiano Germano Almeida, e Vale a Pena Ter Esperança do português Carlos Brito, que fazem parte da Coleção Caminhos de Abril do Editorial Caminho, que comemorou o vigésimo quinto aniversário do fim do Estado Novo português. A Revolução dos Cravos pôs fim ao regime salazarista, que oprimiu portugueses e africanos por quase meio século e que deixou suas marcas até a atualidade, interferindo na constituição da identidade cultural dos sujeitos envolvidos neste processo. Essa análise enfatiza a interação, por muitas vezes conflituosa, entre culturas tão diversas como a portuguesa e a africana, recorrendo a Homi Bhabha (1998), Stuart Hall (2003) e Edward Said (1995). Para compreendermos as particularidades do imperialismo português, utilizamos Margarida Calafate Ribeiro (2003), Boaventura de Sousa Santos (1999) e Eduardo Lourenço (1978, 1994 e 1999). / El presente trabajo analiza la relación entre historia, literatura y construcción permanente de la identidad, partiendo del corpus literario elegido - Vinte e Zinco del mozambicano Mia Couto, Dona Pura e os Camaradas de Abril del cabo verdiano Germano Almeida y Vale a Pena Ter Esperança del portugués Carlos Brito, las cuáles forman parte da Coleção Caminhos de Abril del Editorial Caminho, la cuál conmemora el vigésimo quinto cumpleaños del fin del Estado Novo portugués. La Revolución de los Claveles terminó con el régimen salazarista, que oprimió portugueses y africanos por casi medio siglo, y que dejó sus marcas hasta la actualidad, interfiriendo en la constitución de la identidad cultural de los sujetos envueltos en este proceso. Este análisis enfatiza la interacción por muchas veces conflictiva entre culturas tan diversas como son la portuguesa y la africana, recurriendo a Homi Bhabha (1998), Stuart Hall (2003) y Edward Said (1995). Para comprender las particularidades del imperialismo portugués utilizamos Margarida Calafate Ribeiro (1993) , Boaventura de Sousa Santos (1999) y Eduardo Lourenço (1978, 1994 e 1999).