Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:32:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FelipeRM.pdf: 2960586 bytes, checksum: f36dd0983baaaf9fe7c3bb48e095490e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-12 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Central giant cell lesion (CGCL) and peripheral giant cell lesion (PGCL) of the jaws have a distinct clinical behavior, although they share histopathologic features. It is still unclear whether these clinical differences are supported by a distinct pattern of immunoexpression of markers for multinucleated giant cells (GC) and mononuclear cells (MC). The purpose of this study was to compare the immunohistochemical expression of VEGF, MMP-9 in CG and MC and measure the vascularization by vWF to check whether there are differences in expression of these biomarkers between CGCL and PGCL. Paraffin wax blocks of 20 cases of LCCG and 20 LPCG were retrieved. MMP-9 immunoreactivity was greater in the CM of PGCL compared to VEGF (p<0.05). VEGF expression was greater in the CM of CGCL compared to PGCL (p<0.05) and it was greater in the overall expression of CGCL compared to PGCL (p<0.05). Vascularity was quantified by microvascular counting (MVC). MVC was greater in the PGCL compared CGCL (p<0.05). MMP-9 showed a greater tendency of expression in CGCL, though was not significant (p>0.05). We tested correlation between the proteins studied in each group and found a significant negative correlation between VEGF and vWF in CGCL (p<0.05). These results suggest that there are differences in the expression of VEGF in CM and overall expression between the lesions, although no statistically significant difference in the overall expression of the MMP-9. Then, there was a trend in increased expression of MMP-9 and VEGF in CGCL, possibly by the involvement of both proteins in osteoclastogenesis. Additionally, the results of this study indicate a higher degree of vascularization in PGCL compared to CGCL, fact that can be directly linked to the reactive nature of the PGCL, where the inflammatory process with its rich angiogenesis contributes significantly to these findings. / Les?es centrais (LCCG) e perif?ricas de c?lulas gigantes (LPCG) dos maxilares possuem um comportamento cl?nico distinto, embora compartilhem caracter?sticas histopatol?gicas semelhantes. Ainda ? obscuro se essas diferen?as cl?nicas s?o apoiadas por um padr?o distinto de imunoexpress? o de marcadores para c?lulas gigantes multinucleadas (CG) e mononucleadas (CM). O escopo do presente trabalho foi realizar um estudo imuno-histoqu?mico comparativo, analisando quantitativamente c?lulas gigantes multinucleadas e mononucleadas imunorreativas ? MMP-9 e ao VEGF e mensurar a vasculariza??o atrav?s do FvW para verificar se h? ou n?o diferen?as de express?o desses biomarcadores entre as LCCG e LPCG. Foram selecionados 20 casos de LCCG e 20 de LPCG emblocados em parafina. Constatou-se diferen?a significativa (p<0.05) em rela??o ? imunorreatividade na CM para MMP-9 e VEGF nas LPCG, sendo a MMP-9 mais expressa. O VEGF foi mais expresso nas CM das LCCG em rela??o ?s LPCG (p<0.05), assim como sua express?o global (p<0.05). A MMP-9 apresentou uma tend?ncia maior de express?o nas LCCG, embora n?o significativa estatisticamente (p>0.05). Na mensura??o dos vasos atrav?s da contagem microvascular (MVC), verificou-se maior MVC nas LPCG do que nas LCCG (p<0.05). Testou-se correla??o entre as prote?nas estudadas em cada grupo de les?es e constatou-se uma correla??o negativa significativa entre VEGF e FvW nas LCCG (p<0.05). Diante dos achados deste estudo, observa-se que h? diferen?a na express?o do VEGF nas CM, bem como na express?o global entre as les?es. Observou-se uma tend?ncia na maior express?o da MMP-9 nas LCCG, embora n?o significativa estatisticamente. Dessa forma, sugere-se que a maior express?o de ambas as prote?nas nas LCCG esteja mais relacionada possivelmente com a osteoclastog?nese. Adicionalmente, os resultados do presente estudo apontam um maior grau de vasculariza??o nas LPCG quando comparadas com as LCCG, fato este que pode estar relacionado diretamente com a natureza reacional das primeiras, em que o processo inflamat?rio com sua rica angiog?nese contribui sobremaneira para estes achados.

This thesis deals with DBA algorithms used in XG-PON networks. It describes reference appearance of the DBA algorithm, as well as, three specific DBA algorithms discussed in professional articles. Particularly speaking about GIANT, HYRA and modified Max-Min Fair DBA. The thesis provides description of frames utilized by DBA algorithms in XG-PON networks, specifically XGEM frame and XGTC frames. The thesis also presents a simulation tester of DBA algorithms tested on a virtual XG-PON network. Finally, it contains the results of testing these DBA algorithms with a description.

Crustacean muscle fibers are some of the largest cells in the animal kingdom, with fiber diameters in the giant acorn barnacle (Balanus nubilus) exceeding 3 mm. Sessile animals with extreme muscle sizes and that live in the hypoxia-inducing intertidal zone – like B. nubilus – represent ideal models for probing the effects of oxygen limitation on muscle cells. We investigated changes in metabolism and structure of B. nubilus muscle in response to: normoxic immersion, anoxic immersion, or air emersion, for acute (6h) or chronic (6h exposures twice daily for 2wks) time periods. Following exposure, we immediately measured hemolymph pO2, pCO2, pH, Na+, Cl-, K+, and Ca+ then excised tergal depressor (TD) and scutal adductor (SA) muscles to determine citrate synthase (CS) activity, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and D-lactate levels. We also prepared a subset of SA and TD muscles from the chronic barnacles for histological analysis of fiber diameter (Feret’s), cross-sectional area (CSA), mitochondrial distribution and relative density, as well as nuclear distribution and myonuclear domain size. There was a significant decrease in hemolymph pO2 and pCO2 following acute and chronic anoxic immersion, whereas air emersion pO2 and pCO2 was comparable to normoxic levels. Fiber CSA and diameter did not change significantly in either tissue, while myonuclear domain size in SA muscle was significantly lower in the anoxic and emersion groups than the normoxic control. Neither CS, nor LDH activity, showed any significant treatment effect in either tissue, whereas both muscles had significantly higher D-lactate levels after air emersion following acute (though not chronic) exposure. Thus far, our findings indicate that B. nubilus experience a general reduction in aerobic metabolism under anoxia, emersion is only mildly oxygen-limiting, and that muscle plasticity is occurring during chronic emersion and anoxia.

Die vorliegende Arbeit ist ein Beitrag zur Theorie des spinabhängigen Transports in magnetischen Vielfachschichten. Es wird erstmalig eine parameterfreie Beschreibung des Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) vorgelegt, welche detaillierte Einsichten in die mikroskopischen Vorgänge gestattet. Die ab-initio Berechnung der Elektronenstruktur der magnetischen Vielfachschichten basiert auf der Spindichtefunktionaltheorie unter Verwendung eines Screened Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker-Verfahrens. Die Streueigenschaften von Punktdefekten werden über die Greensche Funktion des gestörten Systems selbstkonsistent bestimmt. Die Transporteigenschaften werden durch Lösung der quasiklassischen Boltzmann-Gleichung unter Berücksichtigung der Elektronenstruktur der Vielfachschicht und der Anisotropie der Streuung an Fremdatomen berechnet. Die Boltzmann-Gleichung wird iterativ unter Einbeziehung der Vertex-Korrekturen gelöst. Der Formalismus wird auf Co/Cu- und Fe/Cr-Vielfachschichten, die Standardsysteme der Magnetoelektronik, angewandt. Es werden die Abhängigkeit der Streuquerschnitte, der spezifischen Restwiderstände und des GMR von der Art und der Lage der Übergangsmetalldefekte in Co/Cu- und Fe/Cr-Vielfachschichten diskutiert. Darüber hinaus wird der Einfluß des Quantum Confinements auf den GMR eingehend untersucht. Vorteile und Grenzen der vorliegenden theoretischen Beschreibung werden aufgezeigt. / A new theoretical concept to study the microscopic origin of Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) from first principles is presented. The method is based on ab-initio electronic structure calculations within the spin density functional theory using a Screened Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method. Scattering at impurity atoms in the multilayers is described by means of a Green's-function method. The scattering potentials are calculated self-consistently. The transport properties are treated quasi-classically solving the Boltzmann equation including the electronic structure of the layered system and the anisotropic scattering. The solution of the Boltzmann equation is performed iteratively taking into account both scattering out and scattering in terms (vertex corrections). The method is applied to Co/Cu and Fe/Cr multilayers. Trends of scattering cross sections, residual resistivities and GMR ratios are discussed for various transition metal impurities at different positions in the Co/Cu or Fe/Cr multilayers. Furthermore the relation between spin dependence of the electronic structure and GMR as well as the role of quantum confinement effects for GMR are investigated. Advantages and limits of the approach are discussed in detail.

This project evaluates the opportunity to convert a three-cylinder automobile piston engine (the Tiny Friendly Giant) to an aircraft engine from an environmental and practical point of view. The problem of increased emissions from aviation calls for technical and socioeconomic solutions, which is the reason why this report is written. The main goals are to choose the best fuel for the piston engine in aviation, as well as to study emissions, engine cooling and practical challenges with conversion. The structure resembles a feasibility study where the problem is solved using literature in a trade study, together with emission estimations using The Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Technologies Model framework and Boeing Fuel Flow Method 2. An estimation for engine cooling is done using a semiemprical method from Lycoming, showing air cooling can be sufficient for the Tiny Friendly Giant in aviation. The results furthermore show that none of the alternative automobile fuels are appropriate for use in aviation and that alternative pathways to jet fuel are more suited for high altitude. The conclusion is thus that the engine should be converted to jet fuel compatibility. To avoid large turning moment fluctuations, two-stroke can be applied. Conversion and use of the engine in aviation is not considered to be feasible because of practical limitations - instead the study concludes designing a new engine from scratch is easier and most likely quicker. The study shows that reducing carbon dioxide emissions also lead to reductions in water and sulfur- and nitrous oxides. However, the same mitigation strategy leads to increase in carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. In general, the conclusion is that alternative fuels can significantly reduce aircraft emissions. / Detta examensarbete utvärderar möjligheten att konvertera en trecylindrig bilkolvmotor (Tiny Friendly Giant motorn) till en flygplansmotor från en miljömässig och praktisk synvinkel. Problemet med ökade utsläpp från flyget kräver tekniska och socioekonomiska lösningar, vilket är anledningen till att detta arbete är genomfört. De största målen går ut på välja det bästa bränslet för kolvmotorn inom flyget, samt att studera utsläpp, motorkylning och praktiska utmaningar med konvertering. Strukturen liknar en förstudie där problemet löses med hjälp av litteratur i en paramterstudie, tillsammans med utsläppsuppskattningar med hjälp av The Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Technologies Model ramverket och Boeing Fuel Flow Method 2. En uppskattning för motorkylning är beräknat med en semiemprisk metod från Lycoming, som visar att luftkylning vara tillräckligt för Tiny Friendly Giant motorn inom flyg. Resultaten visar vidare att inget av de alternativa bilbränslena är lämpliga för användning inom flyget och att alternativa vägar till flygbränsle är mer lämpat för hög höjd. Slutsatsen är att motorn bör konverteras till flygbränslekompatibilitet. För att undvika stora vridmomentfluktuationer kan tvåtakt användas. Konvertering och användning av motorn inom flyget anses inte vara genomförbart på grund av praktiska begränsningar - istället drar studien slutsatsen att design av en ny motor från grunden är enklare och med största sannolikhet snabbare. Studien visar att minskade koldioxidutsläpp också leder till minskningar av vatten och svavel- och dikväveoxider. Samma strategi leder dock till en ökning av kolmonoxid och kolväten. Generellt sett är slutsatsen att alternativa bränslen avsevärt kan minska flygplanens utsläpp.

The Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) will be featured with two Gregorian secondary mirrors, an adaptive secondary mirror (ASM) and a fast-steering secondary mirror (FSM). The FSM has an effective diameter of 3.2 m and built as seven 1.1 m diameter circular segments, which are conjugated 1:1 to the seven 8.4m segments of the primary. Each FSM segment contains a tip-tilt capability for fine co-alignment of the telescope subapertures and fast guiding to attenuate telescope wind shake and mount control jitter. This tip-tilt capability thus enhances performance of the telescope in the seeing limited observation mode. As the first stage of the FSM development, Phase 0 study was conducted to develop a program plan detailing the design and manufacturing process for the seven FSM segments. The FSM development plan has been matured through an internal review by the GMTO-KASI team in May 2016 and fully assessed by an external review in June 2016. In this paper, we present the technical aspects of the FSM development plan.

Endocytose joue un rôle dans l'activation du récepteur Notch. Des mutations dans le gène drosophilien lethal giant discs (lgd), provoque une prolifération cellulaire en perturbant l'endocytose de Notch. Les orthologues murins mlgd1 et 2 peuvent sauver ce phénotype, démontrant une fonction conservée. Cependant, des publications récentes suggèrent que les orthologs humains de lgd (hgd1/2) sont nucléaires. Dans cette étude, il est démontré que chez la Drosophile, le mutant dlgd(08) provoque l'accumulation de Notch dans des vésicules et une surprolifération de neuroblastes . Ceci suggère que Notch est activé a l'intérieur des endosomes dans les neuroblastes. L'immunohistochimie de cellules Hela indique que hlgd1 et 2 ne sont pas nucléaires, mais associés à des strctures endosomales. Enfin, la baisse d'expression par shRNA des gènes murins mlgd1 et mlgd2 provoque une différenciation accélérée des cellules souches hématopoïétiques dans la lignée lymphopoïèse T et bloque la transition DN3 / CD4+CD8+, suggérant une suractivation de Notch. / Endocytosis plays a role in the activation of the Notch receptor. Mutations in the Drosophila gene lethal giant discs (lgd), causes cellular overgrowth by perturbing Notch endocytosis. This Drosophila phenotype is rescued by the murine orthologs mlgd1 and 2, indicating conserved function. However, recent publications suggest that the human orthologs (hlgd1/2) are nuclear. This study demonstrates that the dlgd(08) mutant in Drosophila causes accumulation of Notch in vesicles and the overproliferation of neuroblasts. This suggests Notch is activated from within endosomes in neuroblasts. Immunohistochemistry of Hela cells indicates that hlgd1 is associated with early endosome while, hlgd2 with later endosome and lysosome, and not with the nucleus. Finally, down regulation of murine mlgd1 and mlgd2 by shRNA caused an accelerated differentiation of hematopoietic stem cell into the T lymphopoiesis lineage and blocked the DN3 to CD4+CD8+ transition, suggesting that Notch is overactivated in these cells.

This M.A. thesis contributes to the research of regional marked features in the region under the Giant Mountains (Podkrkonoší), which is a part of the north-eastern dialectal group of the Czech language. The aim of the thesis is to describe spontaneous language of the speakers both in rural (Nová Ves nad Popelkou, Syřenov, Újezdec, Žďár u Kumburku) and urban areas (Lomnice nad Popelkou, Semily), with special regard to phonology and morphology. The research was restricted to the oldest generation only, that means to the people who were born in 1951 and earlier. The data were obtained by recording semi- structured interviews with informants. These data were then analyzed, compared and described in terms of Common Czech, regional and local dialect features. One part of the thesis consists of short description of the idiolect of each spokesman and of speech samples of informants. The results of the research are presented separately for each feature for both groups investigated (rural and urban speakers). In the conclusion of the thesis, the author summarizes the results gained. The rural speakers of the Lomnice microregion still use some dialectal features typical for the region under the Giant Mountains (Podkrkonoší), whereas in the urban areas these features are not present to such a high degree....

Possibilities of remote sensing in grassland vegetation and management interventions monitoring in the Giant Mountains Abstract The aim of this thesis was to evaluate suitability of WorldView-2 imagery for grassland associations classification in the model area of Giant Mountains. The classification was based both on the legend compiled by a botanist, and on the legend of Natura 2000. In order to eliminate the effects of other types of land cover on the classification accuracy, a mask of grasslands was created. Using discriminant analysis, the significance of spectral bands of WorldView-2, as well as signifikance of selected vegetation indices and components from Principal Component Analysis (PCA) - to distinguish particular classes of grassland vegetation were evaluated. Based on the results of discriminant analysis, classifications using neural networks method and also maximum likelihood method were performed in ENVI 4.7 version software. The results of the both method were compared Key words: remote sensing, meadows association, classification, Giant mountains, WorldView 2

The purpose of the diploma thesis is the analysis of alpine timberline shifts in the Giant Mountains between 18th and 21st century. The altitudinal position of alpine timberline is a sensitive indicator which reflects human impacts as well as the climatic changes. Methodical approach included the reconstruction of alpine timberlines from the old maps (published in 1765, 1851-52, 1879, 1906) and their comparison with the newer data, which were evaluated from a series of aerial photographs dated 1936 and 2002 (actualized 2005; data provided by supervisor). Data obtained from the old maps and aerial photographs (1936) were compared and verified with old photos and postcards from Giant Mountains. The average altitude of alpine timberline increased during the study period. The increase in elevation of alpine timberline is significant between 19th and first half of 20th century, e. g. in period when the human influence in Giant Mountains decreased. It is concluded that position of alpine timberline in Giant Mountains depended on human influence. Key words: tree line, alpine timberline, human influence, Giant Mountains