Optická odezva BiTeX (X = I, Cl, Br) polovodičových materiálů s obřím spinovým štěpením Rashbova typu je studována za nízkých teplot do vysokých magnetických polí, kde je směr magnetické indukce kolmý na povrch vzorku (Faradayova konfigurace). Na rozdíl od reflexního uspořádání nám transmisní uspořádání umožňuje přímé pozorování přechodů mezi Landauovými hladinami v blízkosti křižiště vodivostních pásů - Diracův bod. Optická odezva BiTeX sloučenin je srovnána s teoretickým modelem spočteným v rámci Kubo-Greenwoodova formalismu z Rashbova hamiltonianu.

Si de nombreuses études ont été consacrées à l’analyse des grands tours préparatoires aux sorties, aux sorties elles-mêmes et aux lâchers de barre en barre fixe ou barre supérieure de barres asymétriques, les éléments avec envol pour passer d’une barre à l’autre aux barres asymétriques (lâcher la barre inférieure pour saisir la barre supérieure ou l’inverse) n’ont, à notre connaissance, pas fait l’objet de telles études. Cette thèse de doctorat présente dans sa première partie une analyse cinématique du « pieds barre temps de ventre » ainsi qu’une analyse des moments cinétique et d’inertie mis en jeu par deux groupes de gymnastes, des expertes et des novices, lors de la réalisation de ce mouvement. La deuxième partie met en évidence des lois de contrôle moteur utilisées par les deux groupes pour réaliser l’élément. Afin de déterminer si les mouvements des deux groupes sont susceptibles d’améliorations et si la trajectoire créée au lâcher de la barre inférieure ou la gestuelle mise en jeu influence davantage la performance, une optimisation du pieds barre temps de ventre est proposée dans la troisième partie. Enfin, l’effet de l’introduction d’une loi de contrôle moteur dans le processus d’optimisation sur le réalisme des mouvements optimisés est envisagé. / Many studies were dedicated to the analysis of backward giant circles prior to release, releases itself or release-regrasp skills on high bar or uneven bars. To our knowledge, skills with flight phase to release low bar and regrasp high bar or the contrary were not studied yet. The first chapter of this doctoral thesis is dedicated to a kinematic analysis of the “counter movement forward in flight” on uneven bars and to the moment of inertia and angular momentum recorded for two groups of gymnasts performing this task: an expert group and a novice group. The second chapter highlights motor control laws used by the gymnasts of both groups. An optimization of the counter movement forward in flight was carried out in the third chapter in order to know if the movements of both groups may be improved and whether body mass center trajectory or body movements in flight most influence final performance. Effects of introducing a motor control law in the optimization process on the realism of optimized movements were studied.

Meadows, as an integral part of the Giant Mountains, depend on regular management, without it they can get degraded. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the impact of different types of management (mulching, mowing with or without fertilization) on change in coverage, biomass and establishment of plants. The experiment took place in years 1997-2011 on the site called Sněžné Domky in Giant Mountains on 3 sites which differ in humidity and trophy. The effect of management on vegetation change was statistically conclusive. Mulching was preffered the most by Geranium sylvaticum, mulching and fertilization was preffered especially by these species: Holcus mollis, Alopecurus pratensis and Crepis conyzifolia. Mulching and no fertilization: Achillea millefolium. Avenella flexuosa preferred particularly mowing. Mowing and fertilization was preffered by Festuca rubra, Luzula luzuloides, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Agrostis capillaris, Veronica officinalis and Hieracium lachenalii. Mowing without fertilizazion was preffered by Potentilla erecta. The effect of management on the amount of biomass appeared statistically inconclusive (except for amount of old biomass). Biomass is more correlated by the weather and the trophy of the site than the type of management. The effect of management on establishment of plant...

We consider a simplified model based on the Navier-Stokes-Fourier system coupled to a transport equation and the Maxwell system, proposed to describe radiative flows in stars. We establish global- in-time existence for the associated initial-boundary value problem in the framework of weak solutions. Next, we study a hydrodynamical model describing the motion of internal stellar layers based on compressible Navier-Stokes-Fourier-Poisson system. We suppose that the medium is electrically charged, we include energy exchanges through radiative transfer and we assume that the system is steadily rotating. We analyze the singular limit of this system when the Mach number, the Alfven number, the Peclet number and the Froude number go to zero in a certain way and prove convergence to a 3D incompressible MHD system with a stationary linear transport equation for transport of radiation intensity. Finally, we show that the energy equation reduces to a steady equation for the temperature corrector.

In mammalian cells, homeostasis and fate during development relies on the proper transport of membrane-bound cargoes to their designated cellular locations. The hetero-tetrameric adaptor protein complexes (APs) are required for sorting and concentration of cargo at donor membranes, a crucial step during targeted transport. AP2, which functions at the plasma membrane during clathrin-mediated endocytosis, is well characterized. In contrast, AP1 a clathrin adaptor mediating the delivery of lysosomal hydrolases via mannose 6-phosphate receptors (MPRs) and AP3 an adaptor ensuring the proper targeting of lysosomal membrane protein are difficult to study by classic cell biology tools. To gain new insights on these APs, our lab has previously designed an in vitro system. Reconstituted liposomes were modified with small peptides mimicking the cytosolic domains of bona fide cargoes for AP1 and AP3 respectively and thereby enabling the selective recruitment of these APs and the identification of the interacting protein network. In the study at hand we utilize above-described liposomes to generate supported lipid bilayers and Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs), large-scale membrane systems suited for analysis by fluorescence microscopy. By using cytosol containing fluorescently-tagged subunits, we visualized clathrin coats on artificial membranes under near physiological conditions for the first time. Moreover, we demonstrated clathrin-independent recruitment of AP3 coats on respective GUVs. Presence of active ARF1 was sufficient for the selective assembly of AP1-dependent clathrin coats and AP3 coats on GUVs. By using dye-conjugated ARF1, we show that ARF1 colocalized with AP3 coats on GUVs and that increased association of ARF1 with GUVs coincided with AP1-dependent clathrin coats. Our previous study identified members of the septin family together with AP3 coats on liposomes. Here we show on GUVs, that active ARF1 stimulated the assembly of septin7 filaments, which may constrain the size and mobility of AP3 coats on the surface. Subsequent cell biology studies in HeLa cells linked septins to actin fibers on which they may control mobility of AP3-coated endosomes and thus their maturation. An actin nucleation complex, based on CYFIP1 was identified together with AP1 on liposomes before. Here we show on GUVs, that CYFIP1 is recruited on the surface surrounding clathrin coats. Upon supply of ATP, sustained actin polymerization generated a thick shell of actin on the GUV surface. The force generated by actin assembly lead to formation of long tubular protrusions, which projected from the GUV surface and were decorated with clathrin coats. Thereby the GUV model illustrated a possible mechanism for tubular carriers formation. The importance of CYFIP1-reliant actin polymerization for the generation of MPR-positive tubules at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) of HeLa cells was subsequently demonstrated in our lab. The notion that tubulation of artificial membranes could be triggered by actin polymerization allowed us to perform a comparative mass spectrometry screen. By comparing the abundance of proteins on liposomes under conditions promoting or inhibiting actin polymerization, candidates possibly involved in stabilization, elongation or fission of membrane tubules could be identified. Among the proteins enriched under conditions promoting tubulation, we identified type I phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinases. Their presence suggested an involvement of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) in tubule formation. By cell biology studies in HeLa we show, that down regulation of these enzymes altered the dynamics of fluorescently-tagged MPRs, illustrating the importance of locally confined PI(4,5)P2 synthesis during formation of coated carriers at the TGN. Bin–Amphiphysin–Rvs (BAR) domains are known to sense membrane curvature and induce membrane tubulation. Among various BAR domain proteins, Arfaptin2 was enriched under conditions allowing tubulation of liposomes. By microscopy studies on HeLa cells we show, that Arfaptin2 as well as its close paralog Arfaptin1 were present on AP1-coated MPR tubules emerging from the TGN. We further show, that tubule fission occurred at regions were Arfaptin1 is concentrated and that simultaneous down regulation of both Arfaptins lead to increased number and length of MPR tubules. Since fission of coated transport intermediates at the TGN is poorly understood, our findings contribute a valuable component towards a model describing the entire biogenesis of coated post-Golgi carriers. In conclusion, combining artificial membrane systems and cell biology studies allowed us to propose new models for formation as wall as for fission of AP1-coated transport intermediates at the TGN. Further we gained new insights on AP3 coats and the possible involvement of septin filaments in AP3-dependent endosomal maturation.

Long-distance dispersal of Rumex alpinus was studied in the Giant Mountain in the National Park. The invasion of R. alpinus is there kind of problem. The work builds on a thesis from year 2007 (20007 Červenková), in which was made the model of the invasion of R. alpinus in the area of the Giant Mountain. The measurements of the seeds spread take place at four localities, three of them were for measuring of water dispersal and one was for measuring of winter dispersal. Anemochory was measured using traps in the meadow up to a distance of 50 m. The seeds were dispersed by wind to a distance of 20 meters. Hydrochory was measured using a network's traps in the streams up to 100 m. The largest measured water dispersal was 100 m. Hydrochory therefore proved to be an important factor, which influenced the invasion of R. alpinus. The storms and flood had the great influence on the hydrochory and anemochory. The prediction exponential curves were compiled from the data about the wind dispersal. The curves express the spread to more than a measured distance. The field dispersion curves were compared with theoretical curves, which were used in the model of the invasion from 2007. It turned out that the theoretical curves overestimate the spread of R. alpinus by wind. The dispersion of seeds was underestimated in the...

Sorted patterned ground are a group of periglacial microforms which create more or less symmetrical forms due to frost action and especially repeated freeze-thaw cycles. The origin of sorted patterned ground in the Giant Mts. is presumed in late Pleistocene and they are suggested to be recently inactive (with the exception of sorted circles). Their occurrence is linked to the topmost localities with flat surfaces and intense wind action which causes low snow cover and allow deep soil freezing. The submitted diploma thesis deals with the influence of site characteristics (such as microclimatic extremity, terrain morphology and lithology) on morphology and sorting degree of sorted patterned ground. Field research was carried out along a transect tracing the microclimatic extremity gradient (represented by altitude and so-called relative snow height) in area of Mt. Luční hora in the eastern part of the Giant Mts. which in relatively homogeneous from the viewpoint of lithology and wind exposure. The transect was further extended across the Modré sedlo Saddle to the Mt. Studniční hora where there also occur various types of fossil sorted patterned ground or quasi- active sorted circles in the Modré sedlo Saddle, respectively. However, there is a variability of lithological as well as altitude...

Thesis Writing of Capital Letters in Toponyms in Hiking Maps of Czech part of Krkonoše (the Giant Mountains) deals with the capitalization in toponyms in Czech. The work uses the theoretical framework of the text unit of naming item and its division into so-called generic and proprial components. The work analyses the current codification of this part of the spelling and notes its inconsistencies, inaccuracies and also the types of names, the writing of which does not the codification regulate. Using the example of toponyms from selected hiking maps of the Czech part of the Giant Mountains, it shows problematic types of toponyms in terms of capitalization as they appear in the usus. Based on this research, the most problematic appear to be the names of type Some/Someone's s/Something, the prepositional names and the names with the generic component preceding the proprial component. Based on a critical analysis of codification and research analysis of Krkonoše (the Giant Mountains) toponyms, it proposes possible improvements to codification, which consist in its clarification, supplementation and possible revision.

The burgeoning frequency of genome sequencing in recent years is a testament to both the improvements in sequencing technologies and the utility of genomic analyses for biological discovery. The rapid proliferation in technological advancements and availability of complementary data types and techniques has obfuscated the optimal process of genome assembly and raised the barrier to entry to unprecedented levels. In this dissertation, we describe the genome assemblies performed for several marine teleosts and discuss the algorithms and applications required for genome assembly, including some of our specific contributions to the genome assembly and annotation space. In Chapter 1 and Chapter 2, we review the taxonomy, life history, and biogeography of the Roundjaw Bonefish (Albula glossodonta) and describe its genome assembly. The genome assemblies with some analyses are described for the Bluefin (Caranx melampygus) and Giant (Caranx ignobilis) Trevallies in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4, respectively. Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 define and assess algorithms for the annotation of simple sequence repeats in genomic sequences. Publicly available annotations of carbapenem-resistance plasmids were epidemiologically analyzed in Chapter 7. The resiliency of phylogenetic trees to the removal of taxa is explored with a new nodal stability metric and algorithm, TANOS, in Chapter 8. Finally, in Chapter 9, a review of and commentary on vertebrate genome assembly is presented with recommendations for new projects. The aim of this dissertation, and the final chapter in particular, is to explore genome assembly methods and reduce the barrier to entry for new entrants.

The Milky Way's halo is an approximately spherical distribution of stars surrounding the Galaxy that carries the history of the Milky Way. The outer halo is a Galactic region with long dynamical timescales largely built up by accreted material. Probing its stellar constituents has been historically difficult due to the distances of outer halo stars, making them appear faint. To characterise the distant halo and unravel the history of our galaxy, we thus need to use stars that are intrinsically bright, i.e. giant stars. To draw useful conclusions about the distant halo, these target giants should have metallicity and kinematics information. Therefore a catalogue of distant halo giants with Pristine survey metallicities, Gaia mission data and distances has been created in this work. The cuts used to create this catalogue are made to remove as many dwarf stars as possible and have been tested on a training sample containing spectroscopic metallicities and surface gravities as well as Gaia mission data. Defining giants as being all stars with log(g) < 3.5 dex, we can calculate the purity and completeness of the sample after the cuts have been applied to test which cuts optimise the catalogue. The methods used to cut away the dwarfs are to first plot all stars with positive Gaia parallaxes and fractional parallax uncertainties smaller than 50% in a colour-absolute magnitude diagram and remove all stars from the sample that in this plot populate the main sequence. We then colour-code the colour-apparent magnitude diagram by purity and completeness after this parallax cut has been performed, and select a region in this diagram in which both purity and completeness are maximised, with the final region being (GBP,0 - GRP,0) > 0.8 and G0 < 17.6. The distances to the stars in this region are then computed by comparing their apparent magnitudes to the absolute ones of isochrones. These cuts are then applied to a sample of 6,884,547 stars with Pristine survey and Gaia mission data. The final catalogue is kinematically unbiased and contains 345,303 halo giants. It contains 78% giants and only 4% of giants are erroneously deselected.  With the final sample we are able to probe as deep as 103 kpc into the halo and have created preliminary metallicity distribution functions of different regions of the halo. This sample will be used to further investigate the distant halo metallicity structure and its substructure that was created through merger events.