Este trabalho objetivou estudar a reprodução da tartaruga-da-Amazônia (Podocnemis expansa) através dos resultados obtidos em 25 anos de manejo executados pelo Projeto Quelônios da Amazônia. Para tanto foi descrito um capítulo introdutório que situa o histórico e atual situação da espécie na Amazônia brasileira destacando a importância do manejo de quelônios para a conservação e alternativas de uso sustentável. No capitulo dois, o Projeto é apresentado e analisado, tendo como objetivo a proteção e manejo da reprodução dos quelônios amazônicos, principalmente da tartaruga. Neste trabalho apresentamos os resultados obtidos do manejo nos rios Purus (AC e AM), Juruá e Uatumã (AM), Amazonas (AP, PA), Araguaia (GO, TO), Crixás- Açú (GO), das Mortes (MT), Xingú, Trombetas e Tapajós (PA), Guaporé (RO) e Branco (RR). Os resultados de 52 milhões de filhotes mostram os principais incrementos no recrutamento de fêmeas e no manejo da produção de filhotes tendo como referências os rios Tapajós (PA), Xingu (PA), Branco (RR), das Mortes (MT), Purus (AM) e Amazonas (AP). No capitulo três foi estudada alometria reprodutiva em P. expansa em três praias nos rios Branco (RR), Trombetas (PA) e Araguaia (GO), entre setembro de 2002 a fevereiro de 2003. Relações alométricas foram obtidas através de regressão linear. As fêmeas com classe de massa corpórea entre 25 e 30 kg produziram mais ovos. As classes de massa corpórea das fêmeas variando de 20 a 30 kg para o Araguaia, 25 a 40 kg para Roraima, e 25 a 35 kg para Trombetas, produziram mais filhotes. Os resultados subsidiarão planos de manejo com a espécie, possibilitando ajustes em programas de ranching e farming existentes. / This study aimed to analyze the reproduction of Giant Amazon Turtle (Podocnemis expansa) based on the results from 25 years of management carried out by the Projeto Quelônios da Amazônia (Project of Chelonian species in the Amazon). The historic process and the situation in nowadays of the species in the Brazilian Amazon, pointing out the importance of chelonian management for their conservation and sustainable use is presented in the introductory chapter. The objectives of the Project related to the protection and management of the reproduction of Chelonian species in the Amazon, specially the Giant Amazon, is presented and analyzed in the chapter two. The results obtained from the management of the turtle in the Purus River (AC, AM), Juruá and Uatumã Rivers (AM), Amazonas River (AP, PA), Araguaia River (GO, TO), Crixás-Açú River (GO), das Mortes River (MT), Xingú, Trombetas and Tapajós Rivers (PA), Guaporé River (RO) and Branco River (RR) are presented in this chapter. The results from the 52 millions of young turtles showed the main increments in the females recruitment and in the management of the production of young turtles in the Tapajós River (PA), Xingu River (PA), Branco River (RR), das Mortes River (MT), Purus River (AM) and in the Amazonas River (AP). The allometry of reproduction of P. expansa in the three beaches in the Branco River (RR), Trombetas River (PA) and Araguaia River (GO) between December 2002 and December 2003 is presented in the chapter three. Allometric relationships were obtained by linear regression. The females with body mass varying from 25 to 30 kg produced more eggs. The classes of females varying from 20 to 30 kg in the Araguaia, from 25 to 40 kg in the Roraima, and from 25 to 35 kg in the Trombetas produced more young turtles. The results could be used as a basis for the species management plan, allowing the improvement of ranching and farming programs.

Orientador: Louis Bernard Klaczko / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T08:34:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Brianti_MitsueTaukeuti_D.pdf: 10353784 bytes, checksum: 0344027abe18c39b3dd4826fe982299a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Acredita-se que no gênero Drosophila, o subgênero Drosophila é procedente do subgênero Sophophora e deu origem a outros gêneros e subgêneros e, particularmente, a duas radiações: virilis-repleta e immigrans-Hirtodrosophila. Esta última teve uma origem paleotropical, onde inicialmente se diversificou e se expandiu, enviando a radiação tripunctata aos Neotrópicos. A radiação tripunctata sofreu uma diversificação neotropical importante e atualmente é composta por 9 grupos de espécies adaptadas a áreas florestais. Este projeto se insere num amplo contexto de compreender a evolução da radiação tripunctata de Drosophila. Para isso foram usadas duas abordagens: a) analisamos a posição do rDNA nos cromossomos mitóticos de 16 espécies da radiação tripunctata; b) e, com cromossomos politênicos, focalizamos nossa atenção no estudo detalhado de um agrupamento monofilético dentro do grupo tripuntata - o agrupamento de espécies relacionadas com D. mediopunctata (D. mediopunctata, D. unipunctata e D. roehrae) - usando métodos de citogenética clássica e molecular. Deste modo os objetivos deste trabalho foram: - Examinar a variação da posição dos genes codificantes do RNA ribossomal (rDNA) em espécies da radiação tripunctata. - Produzir fotomapas de cromossomos politênicos de D. roehrae e D. unipunctata. - Caracterizar as inversões cromossômicas (pontos de quebra) que ocorrem em populações de D. roehrae e D. unipunctata - Identificar os elementos cromossômicos de Muller pela localização, através de hibridação in situ, de genes de cópia única de D. melanogaster em cromossomos politênicos das espécies D. mediopunctata, D. roehrae e D. unipunctata. As conclusões gerais foram: - A presença de uma NOR em cada cromossomo sexual é uma condição ancestral no gênero Drosophila e este caráter é bem conservado neste gênero. - Os cromossomos politênicos das três espécies são bem similares, sendo possível determinar com relativa facilidade a homologia dos cromossomos menos polimórficos. - Existe um padrão de polimorfismo de inversões entres os elementos de Muller nestas espécies: o elemento E é o mais polimórfico, com muitas inversões em cada espécie; o elemento C é o segundo mais polimórfico, enquanto B e D são os menos polimórficos. - Drosophila unipunctata apresenta uma conformação cariotípica singular, a despeito das espécies D. mediopunctata e D. unipunctata serem consideradas filogeneticamente mais próximas que D. roehrae, o que sugere uma rápida evolução cromossômica / Abstract: In the genus Drosophila, the subgenus Drosophila arose from the subgenus Sophophora and subsequently gave rise to various subgenera and genera, and to two particularly important radiations: virilis-repleta and immigrans-Hirtodrosophila. The latter originated in the Paleotropics, where it initially diversified and expanded, taking the tripunctata radiation to the Neotropics. The tripunctata radiation suffered significant Neotropical diversification and, at present, is composed of nine species groups adapted to forest habitats. The ultimate aim underlying this project is to understand the evolution of the tripunctata radiation of Drosophila. To address this matter, two approaches were used: a) we investigated the rDNA position, on mitotic chromosomes, in 16 species of the tripunctata radiation; b) and, with polytene chromosomes, we focused our attention in the detailed study of three closely related species of the tripunctata group. (d. mediopunctata, D. unipunctata and D. roehrae) - using classical and molecular cytogenetic analysis. More specifically, we aimed to: - investigate the rDNA position in species of tripunctata radiation through in situ hybridization on mitotic chromosomes. - prepare photomaps of the polytene chromosome of D. roehrae and D. unipunctata, locating the breaking points of the inversions. - identify Muller's elements, in polytene chromosomes of D. mediopunctata, D. roehrae and D. unipunctata through in situ hybridization using genes of D. melanogaster as probes. Our conclusions were: - The presence of a single nucleolus organizer region (NOR) on each sex chromosome is an ancestral and conserved state in the genus Drosophila. - Drosophila mediopunctata, D. roehrae and D. unipunctata have similar polytene chromosomes, which allowed us to establish the homology of chromosomal elements through the comparison of banding patterns. - In these species, the distribution of breaking points through the Muller's elements is non-random: element E is the most polymorphic, with many inversions in each species; and element C is the second most polymorphic; while B and D are the least polymorphic. - With the help of molecular genetic markers it has been previously established that D. mediopunctata is more closely related to D. unipunctata than to D. roehrae. However, D. unipunctata shows a notably different karyotype configuration, which suggests rapid chromosomal evolution / Doutorado / Genetica Animal e Evolução / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-12-10T09:47:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Allison Filipe Lopes Martins - 2015.pdf: 3205167 bytes, checksum: 5c24397e18241a8a809af753bb233428 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-12-10T10:03:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Allison Filipe Lopes Martins - 2015.pdf: 3205167 bytes, checksum: 5c24397e18241a8a809af753bb233428 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-10T10:03:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Allison Filipe Lopes Martins - 2015.pdf: 3205167 bytes, checksum: 5c24397e18241a8a809af753bb233428 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-27 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The Central Giant Cell Lesion (CGCL) is an intraosseous lesion that can be classified into non aggressive and aggressive. Due to the aesthetic and functional defects of surgical treatment of CGCL, therapies with drugs have been reported, such as glucocorticoid injections and calcitonin. The studies reported in the literature support the use of these drugs through the investigation of the presence of glucocorticoid receptors (RGC) and calcitonin (RCT) in CGCL; however there is no consensus if all lesions express these receptors and if there is any difference between non aggressive and aggressive lesion. In addition, there are no studies that evaluated the bone formation potential through the investigation of Osteocalcin (OC) in aggressive and non-aggressive lesions. The aim of this study was to compare, using immunohistochemistry, the GR and CTR and osteocalcin protein (OC) expression in non aggressive (n = 20) and aggressive (n = 11) CGCL, and the correlation between the OC expression and these receptors determined in both groups of lesions. The number of mononuclear cells in mitosis (MOC), and the number of multinucleated giant cells (MGC) were also investigated using immunohistochemical techniques (hematoxylin and eosin). Our results show that all the cases express the GR and CTR and that there is no difference in the expression of these receptors or the number of mitosis between non aggressive and aggressive lesions. The OC expression was rare and higher in non aggressive lesions, however, not statistically significant (p> 0.05). There was a correlation between the CTR expression in MOC and MGC (r = 0.45; p <0.01). Considering the different variants of CGCL, there was a correlation between CTR expression in MOC and MGC in non aggressive lesions (r = 0.66; p <0.01) and between the CTR and OC expression in MGC (r = 0.718; p = 0.01). There was a higher number of MGC in aggressive lesions (p = 0.01). The results indicate that all cases express GR and CTR and that there are no differences between non aggressive and aggressive CGCL lesions of these receptors expression, these results strengthens CGCL treatment with glucocorticoids and calcitonin. Aggressive lesions have a higher number of MGC. The CGCL express glucocorticoid and calcitonin receptors and this finding give biological basis to the CGCL treatment with intralesional glucocorticoid and calcitonin either in non aggressive and aggressive cases. It was also identified osteocalcin positive cells, that may be related to bone repair, it is believed that these cells may also serve as a therapeutic target. / A Lesão Central de Células Gigantes (LCCG) é uma lesão intraóssea que pode ser classificada em não agressiva e agressiva. Devido aos defeitos estéticos e funcionais do tratamento cirúrgico da LCCG, terapias medicamentosas tem sido relatadas, como injeções de glicocorticoide e calcitonina. Há na literatura estudos que suportam o uso desses medicamentos através da investigação da presença de receptores de glicocorticoides (RGC) e de calcitonina (RCT) em LCCG. No entanto não existe consenso se todas as LCCG expressam esses receptores e se existe alguma diferença entre lesões agressivas e não agressivas. Além disso, não existem estudos sobre a avaliação do potencial de formação óssea através da Osteocalcina (OC) em lesões agressivas e não agressivas. O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar comparativamente, por meio de imunohistoquímica, a expressão de RGC e RCT e da OC em LCCG não agressivas (n= 20) e agressivas (n= 11) e a correlação entre a expressão da OC e desses receptores nos dois grupos de lesões estudados. O número de mitoses nas células mononucleares e o número de células gigantes multinucleadas também foram investigados, utilizando técnica histoquímica (hematoxilina e eosina). Nossos resultados mostram que todos os casos analisados expressam o RGC e RCT e que não existe diferença na expressão do RGC, RCT ou do número de mitoses entre lesões não agressivas e agressivas. A expressão de OC em células mononucleares foi rara e maior em lesões não agressivas, no entanto, sem diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p>0,05). Houve correlação entre a expressão do RCT em células mononucleares e células gigantes multinucleadas (r=0,45; p<0,01). Considerando as diferentes variantes foi verificada correlação do RCT entre o componente mononuclear e as células gigantes multinucleadas nas lesões não agressivas (r=0,66; p<0,01) e entre a expressão de OC e RCT em células gigantes multinucleadas (r= 0,718; p=0,01). Houve maior número de células gigantes em lesões agressivas (p= 0,01). Os resultados indicam que todos os casos expressam RGC e RCT e que não há diferenças entre lesões agressivas e não agressivas de LCCG quanto à expressão desses receptores, fortalecendo a recomendação o tratamento da LCCG com o uso de glicocorticoide e calcitonina. Lesões agressivas apresentam maior número de CGM. As células da LCCG expressam o RGC e RCT e esse achado pode fornecer bases biológicas para o tratamento com injeções intralesionais de glicocorticoides e o uso de calcitonina, seja em lesões não agressivas ou agressivas. Adicionalmente, foram identificadas células expressando OC, que podem estar relacionadas ao reparo ósseo, acredita-se que essa linhagem celular também pode se tornar um alvo terapêutico.

Orientador: Luís Eduardo Evangelista de Araujo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T04:46:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BecerraCastro_EmilioManuel_D.pdf: 3066640 bytes, checksum: 3e7ff0e58dae7364f9f6d0b5f37924eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Neste tese apresentamos um estudo teórico dos efeitos de coerência atómica em vapor atómico com o propósito de estudar teoricamente efeitos óticos não-lineares transversais a baixas intensidades de luz. Sob a condição da transparência induzida eletromagneticamente, um meio atómico pode desenvolver não-linearidades óticas gigantes, possibilitando a observação de efeitos óticos não-lineares a baixas intensidades. Investigamos três efeitos transversais: emissão cónica, focalização induzida e feixes de vórtices induzidos eletromagneticamente. Todos estes três efeitos têm origem na modulação de fase cruzada entre um laser de prova e um laser sinal, ambos fracos, com intensidades abaixo da intensidade de saturação das transições às quais estão acopladas. Em emissão cónica, descrevemos a formação de anéis ao redor de um feixe de prova fraco. No estudo de focalização induzida, descrevemos como que a aplicação de uma máscara de intensidade ao feixe sinal pode levar à formação de lentes GRIN no vapor atómico, induzindo à focalização do laser de prova. Por último, estudamos a conversão do feixe de prova em um feixe de vórtice ótico pela aplicação de uma máscara de intensidade espiral ao feixe sinal / Abstract: In this thesis we present theoretical study of the effects of atomic coherence in atomic vapor for the purpose of studying theoretically transverse nonlinear optical effects at low light levels. Under the conditions of electromagnetically induced transparency, an atomic medium can develop giant optical nonlinearities, allowing the observation of nonlinear optical effects to low intensities. We investigate three transverse effects: conical emission, induced focusing and electromagnetically induced vortices. All three of these effects stem from cross-phase modulation between probe and a signal laser, both weak with intensities below the saturation intensity the transitions to they coupled. In conical emission, we describe the formation of rings around a weak probe beam. In the study of induced focusing, we describe how applying an intensity mask to the signal beam can lead to the formation of GRIN lenses the atomic vapor, leading to focusing of the probe laser. Finally, we studied the conversion of the probe beam into an optical vortex beam by applying a spiral intensity mask to the signal beam / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

Ce manuscrit présente des travaux originaux sur la théorie de la formation des planètes.Le but fondamental est de connecter la composition chimique des planètes géantes etdes petits corps avec les processus physiques et chimiques prenant lieu dans le disqueprotoplanétaire.1. Dans le chapitre 1 j'introduis les propriétés fondamentales des disques protoplané-taires ainsi que les bases de la théorie de formation des planètes.2. Dans le chapitre 2 j'attaque le problème du rapport C/O supersolaire mesurérécemment dans WASP 12b. J'élabore un modèle qui suit la distribution et transportde l'eau et du CO gazeux et solides à travers leurs di_usion, condensation,coagulation, gaz drag et sublimation afin de quantifer la variation du rapport C/Odans le disque en fonction du temps et de la distance. Mon modèle montre que,au fur et à mesure du temps, les vapeurs vont être enlever de l'intérieur de leurlignes de glaces respectives, avec le vapeur CO enlevé beaucoup plus lentement quela vapeur d'eau. Cette effet va augmenter le rapport C/O à l'intérieur de la lignede glace de l'eau d'une valeur initiale solaire (0.55) vers une valeur au voisinagede l'unité, permettant de former des planètes géantes avec des rapports C/O _ 1,comme WASP 12b. Je fnis ce chapitre en discutant les preuves observationnellesde cette enlèvement des vapeurs à l'intérieur des lignes de glaces.3. Dans le chapitre 3 j'utilise le même modèle pour interpréter la composition chimiqued'Uranus et Neptune. Je montre comment la formation de ces deux planètessur la sur-densité de glaces prédite par mon modèle sur la ligne de glace de CO peutexpliquer pourquoi ces planètes sont à la fois riches en carbone, pauvres en azote etavec des valeurs D/H sous-cométaires.4. Dans le chapitre 4 je change de sujet vers les propriétés chimiques des météoriteschondritiques, surtout leurs rapports D/H. J'utilise un modèle de disques à 2 couches(actif et morte) avec une code d'évolution D/H pour vérifier si les profiles thermiquesnon monotone trouvés dans ces disques peuvent expliquer la large gamme des valeursD/H trouvé entre les différents familles chondritiques. Je finis ce chapitre en discutantles implications de ce modèle des disques contenant des zones mortes sur laformation de Jupiter.5. Finalement je résume nos résultats dans Conclusions & perspectives, et finis enposant des questions que j'espère voir résolus prochainement. / In this manuscript I present multiple original works on planets formation theory. Themain goal is to connect the chemical composition of giant planets and small bodies to thephysical and chemical processes taking place in the protoplanetary disk.1. In chapter 1 I introduce the fundamental properties of disks and the basics ofplanets formation theory.2. In chapter 2 I tackle the supersolar C/O and subsolar C/H ratios measured recentlyin WASP 12b. I elaborate a model that tracks water and CO vapors and icesevolution through di_usion, condensation, coagulation, gas drag and sublimation inorder to quantify the variation of the C/O ratio as a function of distance and time.My model shows that, over time, vapors will get permanently depleted inside oftheir respective snowlines with CO getting depleted much slower than water. Thiswill increase the C/O ratio inside of the water snowline from the solar value of 0.55to near unity, allowing the formation of giant planets with C/O _ 1, such as WASP12b. I end this chapter by discussing the observational proofs for the existence ofsuch vapor depletions inside the icelines3. In chapter 3 I use the same model to interpret the chemical composition of Uranusand Neptune. I show how the formation of both planets on the CO snowline's icesoverdensity predicted by this model can explain why both planets are rich in carbon,poor in nitrogen and have subcometary D/H ratios.4. In chapter 4 I shift the discussion to the chemical properties of chondritic meteorites,mainly their D/H ratios. I use a snapshot from a layered (active + dead)zones disk model with a D/H ratio evolution code to check if the non monotonicthermal pro_les in these disks can explain the wide range of D/H ratios measuredin the di_erent chondritic families. I end this chapter by discussing the implicationsof the dead zone disk models for the formation of Jupiter.5. I _nally summarize my results in Conclusions & perspectives, and _nish bypointing out several relevant open questions to be hopefully resolved soon.

We study the motion of giant stars in the Solar neighbourhood and what they tell us about the dynamics of the Galaxy: we thus contribute to the huge project of understanding the structure and evolution of the Galaxy as a whole. <p><p>We present a kinematic analysis of 5952 K and 739 M giant stars which includes for the first time radial velocity data from an important survey performed with the CORAVEL spectrovelocimeter at the Observatoire de Haute Provence. Parallaxes from the Hipparcos catalogue and proper motions from the Tycho-2 catalogue are also used.<p><p>A maximum-likelihood method, based on a bayesian approach, is applied to the data, in order to make full use of all the available stars, and to derive the kinematic properties of the subgroups forming a rich small-scale structure in velocity space. Isochrones in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram reveal a very wide range of ages for stars belonging to these subgroups, which are thus most probably related to the dynamical perturbation by transient spiral waves rather than to cluster remnants. A possible explanation for the presence of young group/clusters in the same area of velocity space is that they have been put there by the spiral wave associated with their formation, while the kinematics of the older stars of our sample has also been disturbed by the same wave. The emerging picture is thus one of "dynamical streams" pervading the Solar neighbourhood and travelling in the Galaxy with a similar spatial velocity. The term "dynamical stream" is more appropriate than the traditional term "supercluster" since it involves stars of different ages, not born at the same place nor at the same time. We then discuss, in the light of our results, the validity of older evaluations of the Solar motion in the Galaxy. <p><p>We finally argue that dynamical modeling is essential for a better understanding of the physics hiding behind the observed kinematics. An accurate axisymmetric model of the Galaxy is a necessary starting point in order to understand the true effects of non-axisymmetric perturbations such as spiral waves. To establish such a model, we develop new galactic potentials that fit some fundamental parameters of the Milky Way. We also develop new component distribution functions that depend on three analytic integrals of the motion and that can represent realistic stellar disks. / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation physique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Rationnel : L’artérite à cellules géantes (ACG) est une vascularite primitive des gros vaisseaux dont le diagnostic repose sur la mise en évidence d’un infiltrat inflammatoire et de cellules géantes à la biopsie d’artère temporale (BAT). On note également un remodelage de la paroi vasculaire lié à une prolifération des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires (CMLV) pouvant aboutir à une occlusion artérielle. Objectif : Caractériser les auto-anticorps dirigés contre les cellules endothéliales (CE) et les CMLV au cours de l’ACG et préciser le rôle des CMLV dans le remodelage pariétal. Méthodes : La recherche d’auto-anticorps a reposé sur un immunoblot 2D couplé à la spectrométrie de masse. Les protéomes des CMLV d’artère ombilicale, d’artère pulmonaire et d’aorte humaines normales a été comparés par protéomique différentielle (2D-DIGE). Nous avons utilisé la 2D-DIGE et des puces d’expression pan-génomiques pour comparer les CMLV issues de BAT de patients suspects d’ACG (avec un diagnostic final d’ACG ou non), afin d’identifier les mécanismes contribuant à la prolifération des CMLV. Résultats : Chez 15 patients atteints d’ACG, nous avons notamment identifié la lamine, la vinculine et l’annexine A5 comme cible des auto-anticorps anti-CMLV. Les antigènes cibles identifiés sont liés à Grb2, une protéine adaptatrice impliquée dans la prolifération des CMLV. Nous avons mis en évidence des protéomes différents au sein des CMLV humaines normales selon leur origine vasculaire et avons principalement identifié des protéines du cytosquelette et du métabolisme énergétique.A partir des CMLV isolées des BAT et à l’aide d’Ingenuity®, nous avons identifié l’endothéline 1 (ET-1) et la paxilline comme des molécules impliquées dans le remodelage vasculaire. En immunohistochimie et par qPCR, nous avons confirmé l’expression de l’ET-1 et de ses récepteurs ETAR et ETBR au sein des artères temporales de patients atteints d’ACG. Enfin, nous avons inhibé la prolifération des CMLV avec du macitentan, un inhibiteur d’ETAR et en particulier avec son métabolite actif, mais pas avec d’autres inhibiteurs des récepteurs de l’ET-1. Conclusion : Nous avons identifié chez les patients atteints d’ACG des anticorps anti-CMLV dont le rôle pathogéne potentiel reste à définir. Les différences protéiques observées à partir des CMLV humaines normales pourraient correspondre à des phénotypes différents. A partir d’un matériel biologique unique, nous avons pu montrer que la prolifération excessive des CMLV au cours de l’ACG pouvait être inhibée par le macitentan ce qui permet d’envisager un usage thérapeutique de cette molécule. / Background : Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a large vessel vasculitis and its diagnosis usually relies on the identification of an inflammatory infiltrate made of mononuclear cells and giant cells upon temporal artery biopsy. There is also a remodeling process in the arterial wall due to an excessive proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) which can sometimes lead to arterial occlusion. Purpose: Identify auto-antibodies targeting either endothelial cells (EC) and/or VSMC during GCA and better understand the role of VSMC in the remodeling process. Methods : Auto-antibodies were detected by a 2-dimensionnal immunoblot and their target antigens were identified by mass spectrometry. Proteoms of umbilical artery, pulmonary artery and aorta VSMC were compared by 2 dimension differential in gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). In order to identify mechanisms involved in VSMC proliferation in GCA, we used both 2D-DIGE and pan genomic chips in order to compare VSMC isolated at the time of temporal artery biopsy (TAB) from patients with a final diagnosis of GCA or another diagnosis. Results : In 15 patients with GCA, we identified lamin, vinculin and Annexin A5 as target antigens of anti-VSMC antibodies. Target antigens were linked with Grb2, an adaptator protein involved in VSMC proliferation. Normal VSMC originating from different vascular beds have differ in protein contents with differential expression of cytoskeleton and energy metabolism proteins. We compared VSMC from TAB with Ingenuity software and identified endothelin-1 (ET-1) and paxillin as proteins involved in vessel remodeling. We confirmed by immunohistichemistry and qPCR that ET-1 and its receptor ETAR and ETBR were expressed in temporal arteries from patients with GCA. Last, we reduced VSMC proliferation with Macitentan, an ETAR and ETBR antagonist and significantly inhibited VSMC proliferation with its active metabolite whereas other ET-1 inhibitors had no effect. Conclusion : We identified anti-VSMC auto-antibodies in patients with GCA. Their pathogenic role remains to be determined. Normal VSMC from different vascular locations differ in protein conten which might reflect different phenotypes and different properties. The escessive proliferation of VSMC from patients with GCA was inhibited by Macitentan. This drug might constitute a future therapeutic option.

Malgré leur rôle fonctionnel au sein des écosystèmes coralliens, les populations de bénitiers (Tridacninae) sont en déclin à travers le monde en raison de leur surexploitation. En Nouvelle-Calédonie, 1 à 9 tonnes sont prélevées par an. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse a pour principaux objectifs de fournir des indications quant aux connectivités démographiques et évolutives des populations de deux espèces de bénitiers en Nouvelle-Calédonie, Tridacna maxima et Hippopus hippopus afin d'estimer les échelles spatiales de dispersion larvaire, comprendre leur dynamique et proposer des mesures de conservation adaptées. La connectivité des populations a été estimée via l'analyse de marqueurs génétiques microsatellites spécifiquement développés pour ces deux espèces. L'échantillonnage a permis l'identification de deux nouvelles espèces en Nouvelle-Calédonie. A l'échelle d'un récif et de quelques kilomètres, les tests de parenté montrent des taux d'auto-recrutement variables, jusqu'à 8% pour T. maxima dans le lagon sud-ouest et 29% pour H. hippopus dans le lagon nord-est. Les échelles spatiales de dispersion larvaire varient selon les espèces, jusqu'à au moins 35km pour H. hippopus. A l'échelle du territoire, les populations de bénitiers sont peu structurées, indiquant une connectivité évolutive certaine. Néanmoins, des différences significatives ont été observées entre la Grande Terre et Chesterfield, les Iles Loyautés et les atolls d'Entrecasteaux pour H. hippopus et entre la côte ouest et les Îles Loyautés pour T. maxima. Ces résultats fournissent d'importants éléments de réponse relatifs aux échelles spatiales de dispersion des bénitiers en Nouvelle-Calédonie. / Despite their functional role in coral reef ecosystems, giant clams (Tridacninae) are in decline worldwide due to their overexploitation. In New Caledonia, 1 to 9 tons are harvested per year. In this context, the main objectives of this thesis are to provide information about the demographic and evolutionary population’s connectivity for two species of giant clams in New Caledonia, Tridacna maxima and Hippopus hippopus, in order to estimate the spatial scales of larval dispersal, understand their population dynamics and propose appropriate conservation measures. The connectivity of populations was estimated by analyzing microsatellite genetic markers specifically developed for these two species. Sampling allowed the identification of two new species in New Caledonia. At reef scale and up to a few kilometers, parentage analysis showed that giant clam populations have varying self-recruitment rates, up to 8% for T. maxima in southwest lagoon and 29% for H. hippopus in northeastern lagoon. The spatial scales of larval dispersal varied for the two species, up to at least 35km for H. hippopus. At the scale of the territory, giant clam populations showed a weak genetic structure, highlighting evolutionary connectivity among sampled sites. However, significant differences were observed between the Mainland and Chesterfield, Loyalty Islands and Entrecasteaux for H. hippopus and between the west coast and the Loyalty Islands for T. maxima. These results provide important answers related to the spatial scales of larval dispersal in giant clams in New Caledonia.

La berce du Caucase (Heracleum mantegazzianum) est une espèce envahissante provoquant des photodermatites lors d’un contact avec la sève. Son éradication laisse le sol à nu, facilitant ainsi sa réinfestation. L’objectif de mon projet est d’évaluer l’effet de l’ensemencement d’un couvert végétal pour empêcher l’établissement de la berce par phénomène de compétition. J’ai d’abord effectué une expérience en mésocosme utilisant cinq mélanges d’espèces herbacées afin de tester l’effet de la composition sur la germination, la croissance et la survie de la berce du Caucase. Trois mélanges, incluant ceux contenant Solidago canadensis, ont réduit le nombre de semences ayant germé. Tous les mélanges ont réduit la croissance et la survie des semis. Afin de déterminer si l’allélopathie pouvait être le mécanisme responsable de ce phénomène, j’ai testé l’effet de substances allélopathiques, extraites des feuilles et des racines du S. canadensis, sur la germination des semences de la berce. Bien qu’elle montre un effet allélopathique sur une espèce modèle (le radis), mon expérience n’a pas permis de détecter d’effet négatif sur la germination de la berce. Étant donné que celle-ci peut se faire dans l’obscurité, un mécanisme autre que la lumière ou l’allélopathie serait la cause de la réduction du taux de germination chez certains mélanges. Par contre, la réduction de la lumière par le couvert végétal serait la cause probable de la diminution de croissance et de la survie des semis. En définitive, un mélange composé majoritairement de graminées et produisant rapidement un couvert végétal dense aurait un meilleur potentiel pour la restauration suite à des travaux de lutte. / Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) is an invasive species that causes human skin photodermatitis after contact with the sap. Control techniques of the plant often produced a soil devoid of vegetation cover, which facilitates reinvasion. The objective of my project was to evaluate the effect (competition) of plant seeding on the establishment of Giant Hogweed. First, I conducted a mesocosm experiment using five herbaceous plant mixtures in order to test the effect of composition and associated cover on germination, growth and survival of Giant Hogweed. Three mixtures, especially those with Solidago canadensis, reduced germination rate. Every mixture reduced growth and survival of Giant Hogweed seedlings. In order to identify the mechanism responsible for this phenomenon, I tested the effect of allelopathic substances, extracted from leaves and roots of S. canadensis, on germination of Giant Hogweed seeds. Although an allelopathic effect on a model species (radish) was detected, the substances did not impede Giant Hogweed germination. Considering germination occurs in darkness, a mechanism other than light or allelopathy would be responsible for the reduction of germination rate in certain plant mixtures. However, the reduction of light through plant cover would likely be the cause for the decrease of growth and survival of Giant Hogweed seedlings. A seed mixture mostly composed of grasses and rapidly producing a dense plant cover has a good potential for restoration following weeding.

Magneto-transport study on high mobility electron systems in both 2D- and 3D- case has attracted intense attention in past decades. This thesis focuses on the magnetoresistance behavior in 3D topological insulator Bi2Te3 and GaAs/AlGaAs 2D electron system at low magnetic field range 0.4T the first drop at T~3.4K to tndium superconductor and considered the second drop at lower temperature as the proximity effect that occurred near the interface between these two materials. On the other hand, GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure, as a III-V semiconductor family, has been extensively studied for exploring many interesting phenomena due to the extremely high electron mobility up to 10^7 cm^2/Vs. In this thesis, two interesting phenomena are present and discussed in a GaAs/AlGaAs system, which are the electron heating induced tunable giant magnetoresistance study and phase inversion in Shubnikov-de Haas oscillation study, respectively. By applying elevated supplementary dc current bias, we found a tunable giant magnetoresistance phenomenon which is progressively changed from positive to giant negative magnetoresistance. The observed giant magnetoresistance is successfully simulated with a two-term Drude model at all different dc biases, I_{dc}, and temperature, T. In addition, as increasing the dc current bias, a phase inversion behavior was observed in Shubnikov-de Haas oscillation, which was further demonstrated by the simulation with an exponential damped cosine function. This thesis also presents an ongoing project, which is the observation and fabrication of 2D layered materials. The studied 2D layered materials includes graphene, biron nitride, Molybdenum disulfide, etc. At the end, a future work about fabrication of the 2D layered materials devices as well as the suggestion about the measurement are discussed.