Prohexadione-calcium (P-ca), as ApogeeTM, was evaluated in 2000 and 2001 for impact to grape vegetative and reproductive development. In 2000, P-ca (250 mg/L) was applied to Seyval, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Cabernet franc (125, 250, and 375 mg/L). P-ca reduced primary shoot growth for all cultivars and decreased cane pruning weight of Seyval. P-ca (375 mg/L) increased Cabernet franc canopy gaps but increased Cabernet Sauvignon lateral leaf area and leaf layer number. P-ca reduced components of yield for all cultivars. In 2001, P-ca (250 mg/L) was applied singularly at weekly intervals to Cabernet Sauvignon clusters and pre and post-bloom to Cabernet franc and Chardonnay canopies. Application at E-L stages 21 and 23 decreased Cabernet Sauvignon fruit set whereas application at E-L stages 26, 27, and 29 reduced berry weight without impacting fruit set. Berry weight reduction correlated to higher color intensity (420+520 nm), anthocyanins, total phenols and phenol-free glycosyl-glucose (PFGG). Cabernet franc vegetative and reproductive development was generally not affected yet treatment increased absorbance at 280, 420, and 520 nm, color intensity, anthocyanins and total phenols. Pre-bloom applications inhibited Chardonnay vegetative development, and reduced components of yield, and fruit chemistry values: hydroxycinnamates, total phenols, flavonoids, PPFG and absorbance at 280 and 320 nm. Post-bloom applications did not affect Chardonnay vegetative or reproductive development, yet increased PFGG. Treatment did not affect Chardonnay wine chemistry but two post-bloom applications increased Cabernet franc wine anthocyanins and total phenols. Wine aroma and flavor triangle difference tests did not indicate significant treatment differences. / Master of Science

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:48:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fioreze_sl_me_botfca.pdf: 515942 bytes, checksum: 36e6e68c9485cd45059afbe0dccf4ee9 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Melhorar o potencial produtivo de plantas cultivadas através de práticas de cultivo é um dos principais desafios da pesquisa frente à crescente demanda de alimentos em nível mundial. Assim, o presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar as alterações morfofisiológicas ocorridas no colmo principal e em perfilhos, bem como caracterizar os processos envolvidos com a plasticidade do desenvolvimento de plantas de trigo em função da densidade de semeadura e da aplicação de regulares vegetais. O experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola de 2010 na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, UNESP, em Botucatu (SP). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas foram formadas por quatro densidades de semeadura (30, 50, 70 e 90 plantas m-1), cultivar IAC 370, enquanto as subparcelas foram formadas pela aplicação de reguladores vegetais [controle, (Ax+GA+CK), Etil-Trinexapac e (Ax+GA+CK) + Etil-Trinexapac]. Foram avaliados a emissão de perfilhos, o acúmulo de matéria seca em perfilhos e no colmo principal, a altura de plantas, as trocas gasosas, características morfofisiológicas da folha bandeira e sua relações com a espiga, além dos componentes da produção para perfilhos e colmo principal e da produtividade final da cultura. Ao final do experimento foram determinadas a participação de perfilhos no desenvolvimento e na produção de grãos, bem como o potencial produtivo de perfilhos em relação ao colmo principal. A aplicação de Etil- Trinexapac resultou em alterações morfofisiológicas em plantas de trigo, como altura de plantas, redução da distância entre fonte e dreno, teor de clorofila e comprimento da folha bandeira, não afetou a produtividade de grãos, tampouco as relações entre colmo principal e perfilhos de trigo. O aumento do número de plantas por unidade de área... / Improve on yield potential of plants by crop management is the main research challenge due to the growing of food demand worldwide. The objective of this work was to study morphological and physiological changes in main stem and tillers, and to characterize the processes involved on developmental plasticity of wheat plants affected by sowing densities under plant growth regulators application. The experiment was carried out at Faculdade de Ciencias Agronômicas – Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu (SP) in 2010 crop season. The experimental design was split-plot with four replications. The plots were consisted by four plant densities (30, 50 70 and 90 plants m-1) and the subplots were consisted by plant growth regulators [control, (Ax+GA+CK), Trinexapac- Ethyl e (Ax+GA+CK) + Trinexapac-Ethyl]. Tiller emission, main stem and tiller dry mass accumulation, plant height, gas exchange, morphological and physiological characteristics of flag leaf, main stem and tiller yield components and yield were determined. The contribution of main stem and tillers on grain yield and yield potential of tillers in relation to main stem were evaluated at the end of the crop cycle. Trinexapac-Ethyl application resulted in decreasing of plant height, source-sink distance, flag leaf length and chlorophyll content, however, the grain yield was not affected. The increase in the number of plants per unit area resulted in linear lower emission of tillers, dry matter accumulation and relationship between main stem and tillers, with direct relation to the yield. The increase in yield of the lower plant populations occurred due to the higher number of grain weight per spike, offsetting the decrease in the number of spikes per square meter. The competition for production factors resulted in decreasing in contribution of tillers on grain yield and yield potential... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Parthenocarpy, or seedless fruit development, has an agronomic importance in many horticultural crops. In most fruit, fertilization or seed set usually determines whether fruit growth is sustained. Naturally occurring parthenocarpy results from a genetic lesion that permits fruit to develop in the absence of fertilization and seed development. Parthenocarpy can also be induced artificially with cytokinin, gibberellin or auxin plant growth regulators applied to anthesis pistils. This thesis describes genetic research using Arabidopsis as a model plant to identify integral mechanisms that control parthenocarpy and the initiation of fruit development. The growth and structure of the Arabidopsis pistil was determined post-fertilization. Experiments were designed to understand how plant growth regulators induce Arabidopsis silique (fruit) development in emasculated anthesis stage pistils. Exogenous gibberellin (GA3) induced growth and cellular differentiation most comparable to pollinated pistils. Dependencies on gibberellins during silique development were examined in mutants defective for gibberellin biosynthesis (ga1, ga4-1, ga5-1) or perception (spy-4, gai-1). Although exogenous GAs are effective at inducing parthenocarpy, mutant studies concluded that GAs are not the sole cue for fruit development in Arabidopsis. Mutants blocked in GA perception could develop siliques in response to pollination, auxin, cytokinin but not to exogenously applied gibberellins. Silique structure in pollinated gai-1 and ga5-1 provided strong evidence for a model supporting evidence of an auxin-like signal regulating structural development and that GAs limit anticlinal cellular division. A specialized function for GAI and related GRAS family members in controlling cellular division during fruit development was uncovered. A mutant that forms parthenocarpic siliques without fertilization (fwf), was also characterized. The presence of surrounding floral whorls reduced the extent of parthenocarpic silique formation in fwf. Silique growth in the fwf background was examined when hormone perception, ovule and carpel identity functions were removed genetically. This established that FWF functions independent of GAI-mediated GA perception. Carpel identity conferred by FUL was critical for parthenocarpic silique elongation and ovule development beyond integument initiation, nucellar specification and subsequent morphogenesis, was essential for parthenocarpic silique development in fwf. Silique elongation occurs over a four-day period post-pollination or post-anthesis. This coincides with a similar time period in which fwf ovules remained receptive to fertilization. These observations are congruent with the hypothesis that FWF potentially represses a signal transduction process initiated within the ovule that mediates subsequent transition from carpel to silique development. Further analysis revealed that aberrant testa shape (ats) a mutant defective in integument formation enhanced parthenocarpic development in fwf, indicating that an ovule located repressor other than fwf can function to affect silique formation. Other studies have shown that ethylene can modulate auxin-dependent growth in both aerial and root tissues by altering both polar and lateral auxin transport. The contribution of ethylene perception to signal transduction between ovule and carpel was also genetically assessed. Constitutive ethylene responses, conferred by ctr1-1, enhanced cellular expansion in fwf and also the autonomous silique development in fis-2, which develops autonomous endosperm. ats ctr1-1 and ino ctr1-1 double mutants were also found to be parthenocarpic. This indicates that ethylene perception and integumentary structure play an important role in autonomous silique development, conceivably by changing the polar and lateral movement of an auxin-like signal within the integumentary tissues of the ovule. fwf and ats were fine mapped on chromosome 5 of Arabidopsis. Candidate genes were identified corresponding to both mutations but only the identity of FWF was established. Auxin Response Factor 8 (ARF8) was cloned and sequenced from the fwf mutant background. The gene encodes a protein with a amino-terminal DNA binding domain and a carboxy-terminal protein binding domain which homo- and hetero- dimerizes with other ARF or Aux / IAA class proteins. ARF8 sequence from fwf mutants encoded a mutation in the translation start site. Complementation of fwf plants by the transformation of wild type copies of ARF8 into fwf plants was hampered by reduced transformation efficiency. However wild type L.er and No.O plants transformed with mutant copies of ARF8 were obtained in higher frequency, and these formed parthenocarpic siliques when primary transformants were emasculated. This indicated that an interfering protein is produced from the mutated ARF8 gene that has altered regulatory activity. Sequence analysis indicated this and found that interference resulted from functional activity of the Q-rich and carboxy-terminal domains of the ARF8 protein. This inference is consistent with other published molecular data, which has demonstrated that the carboxy-terminal domain, together with the Q-rich region of selected ARF members, can activate auxin-responses. Thus the FWF / ARF8 protein may have a dual role, repressing carpel growth development through the DNA binding domain and then ensuring activation of silique development through the carboxy-terminal domain. The combined molecular and genetic data has been used to construct models concerning the genetic control of silique development. The first model considers the role of plant hormones and how signals from floral whorls surrounding the carpel and from within the ovule control silique growth. A model is also presented for the control of adaxial growth and development of the outer integument by the INNER NO OUTER gene. Finally the role of FWF and SPY in controlling floral tissue identity and boundary tissue specification is considered in a third model. Modification of the FWF / ARF8 gene could be used as a tool to improve fruit set and retention in horticultural crops, in addition to creating seedless parthenocarpic fruit. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Agriculture and Wine, 2001.

Submitted by EDER MARQUES DA SILVA null (biodida@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-05-23T19:54:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_Eder30 04.pdf: 2779899 bytes, checksum: c45da4458d84767b126f9e3b3af87767 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-25T18:03:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_em_dr_bot.pdf: 2779899 bytes, checksum: c45da4458d84767b126f9e3b3af87767 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-25T18:03:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_em_dr_bot.pdf: 2779899 bytes, checksum: c45da4458d84767b126f9e3b3af87767 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O processo de frutificação é definido como a transição de um ovário em estágio quiescente para estágio de iniciação de formação do fruto. Esta transição é iniciada em resposta aos eventos de polinização e fertilização, os quais induzem o início dos processos fisiológicos e moleculares, que, ao final, irão originar o fruto. A frutificação é fundamental para reprodução nas plantas com flores (Angiospermas). Já foi demonstrado que hormônios (tais como auxina e giberelina) podem atuar em paralelo com fatores de transcrição durante o desenvolvimento do fruto. Alguns desses fatores de transcrição são pós-transcricionalmente regulados por microRNAs. MicroRNAs, são pequenos RNAs (20-22 nt) que regulam pós-transcricionalmente a expressão de genes endógenos, modelando o transcriptoma e a produção de proteínas.Entretanto, vias genéticas orquestradas por microRNAs associadas com o desenvolvimento de ovário, e consequentemente, do fruto em tomateiro (Solanum lycopersicum L.), permanecem pouco exploradas. Neste trabalho, foi investigada a contribuição da via SlymiR159/GAMYB-like durante o processo de desenvolvimento do ovário e frutificação em tomateiro. O miR159 e seus alvos (SlyGAMYB1 e 2) são dinamicamente expressos durante os estágios de desenvolvimento do ovário e consequentemente do fruto. Eventos transgênicos de tomateiro (cv. Micro-Tom) apresentando super-expressão do precursor SlyMIR159 (denominados OE-159) exibiram frutificação precoce quando comparadas aos controles. Notavelmente, todos os eventos OE-159 apresentaram formação de frutos partenocárpicos. Tal alteração no padrão de frutificação pode estar correlacionada a repressão do gene SlyGAMYB1 em períodos pré-antese de desenvolvimento do ovário, é possível que a atividade do fator de transcrição SlyGAMYB1 seja importante para prevenir o início da frutificação antes da polinização. Além disso, a via regulada pelo miR167/SlyARF8A mostrou-se desregulada em ovários pré-antese de plantas transgênicas OE-159. Adicionalmente, mesmo com o fenótipo de partenocarpia e frutificação precoce, não houve alterações na quantidade de hormônios (e.g. giberelina, ácido abscisico e auxina) relacionados à formação de frutos nas plantas transgênicas OE-159. Contudo, a via miR159/GAMYB-like encontra-se reprimida nos primeiros estágios da frutificação (após polinização e fertilização) e a expressão do SlyARF8A (alvo do miR167) encontra-se induzida na presença de auxina. Em conjunto, nossos dados sugerem que o crosstalk entre as vias moduladas pelos microRNAs miR159 e miR167, integrados com a via de sinalização de auxina, é importante para a frutificação em tomateiro. / Fruit set, defined as the shift from quiescent ovary to a fast-growing young fruit, is a key process for fruit production in flowering plants. It has been shown that hormones (such as auxin and gibberellin) act in parallel with transcription factors during fruit set. Some of these are post-transcriptionally regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs are a group of small non coding RNAs (21-22 nt) that act by regulating post-transcriptionally genes in plants and animals However, microRNA-regulated genetic pathways associated with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) ovary development and fruit set remain poorly exploited. Here, we investigated the functional role of miRNA159/SlyGAMYBlike in tomato ovary development and fruit set. MiR159 and its targets were dynamically expressed in developing flowers, ovaries and fruit tissues. Transgenic tomato (cv. Micro-Tom) plants over-expressing the SlyMIR159 (termed OE-159) exhibited fruit set earlier when compared with control plants. Strikingly, all transgenic lines presented parthenocarpy fruits. Such developmental modification may be a result of the repression of SlyGAMYB1 in pre-anthesis ovaries, our data suggest that SlyGAMYB1 activity is important to prevent fruit set before pollination. In addition as a consequence of this repression, the miR167 node (miR167/SlyARF8 pathway) was mis-regulated in OE-159 ovaries. In addition, we observed that levels of auxin, gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in pre-anthesis ovaries of several transgenic lines overexpressing the SlyMIR159 were similar to those of the control. Moreover, our experiments suggested that auxin and GA may act repressing the miR159 node during fruit set initiation, in order to release the miR167-targeted SlyARF8A expression during fruit set. Our data show how two microRNA nodes (miR159 and miR167) integrated with hormone signalling into a circuit that coordinates successive steps along ovary and fruit development.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:36:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3423486 bytes, checksum: 6f5dcf6dbf9fc0e69461e7967c2babfd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study was carried out to analyze the physiological, metabolic and anatomic impacts promoted by both the endogenous and/or artificial variation of gibberellins (GAs) on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.). To this end, different experiments were performed using wild-type (WT) and mutant plants in the biosynthesis of gibberellins (gib3, moderately deficient; gib2, mildly deficient and gib1, extremely deficient). In the first experiment I used WT and the mutant plants gib3, gib2 and gib1 and evaluated the effects of endogenous reduction of GA levels. It was observed that the reduced levels of GAs negatively affected the growth and that this slower growth is not associated with lower photosynthetic rates. The higher net photosynthesis (A N ) found in the mutants were associated with both increased stomatal density and higher stomatal (g s ) and mesophyll (g m ) conductances. One clear imbalance between carbon metabolism and growth seems to occur in plants with reduced GAs levels, given that reductions in the levels of the majority of the metabolites occurred concomitantly to higher A N . Moreover, higher A N was accompanied by elevated respiratory rate and increments in protein concentration, suggesting a shift of energy in the form of ATPs to other routes, since more energy production was not associated with higher biomass accumulation. In the second experiment I used plants WT and gib3, the genotype most similar to WT in the first experiment, and subjected those plants to artificial variations in the content of GAs by applying GAs and/or paclobutrazol (PBZ), a GA biosynthesis inhibitor. The results obtained allowed the identification of both metabolic and physiological changes associated with both endogenous GAs variation, as well as the artificial variation caused by varying the GAs regime. In both genotypes growth was strongly reduced in presence of PBZ whereas it was incremented when applying GAs. Lower growth rates were accompanied by higher dark respiration (R d ) and higher A N , the former being influenced by larger stomatal density and stomatal opening, leaf thickness, as well as g s and absorptance. The levels of the majority of metabolites evaluated were positively associated with GAs content. Little or no variation in chlorophyll fluorescence a and antioxidative system parameters indicated no apparent stress. Taken as a whole, the information obtained within this study provide a better understanding of the physiological, molecular and metabolic disorders associated with GA deficiency in plants; however, future metabolic and molecular studies are still required to allow us a better understanding of the effects of reduced GA levels on the metabolism of these plants. / O presente trabalho foi conduzido com intuito de analisar os impactos causados pela variação endógena e/ou artificial (aplicação de GAs e paclobutrazol-PBZ) dos níveis de giberelinas sobre a fisiologia, metabolismo e anatomia de plantas de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Para tal, diferentes experimentos foram realizados utilizando-se plantas tipo selvagem (WT) e mutantes na biossíntese de giberelinas (gib3: moderadamente deficiente, gib2: medianamente deficiente e gib1: extremamente deficiente). No primeiro experimento foram utilizadas plantas WT e os mutantes gib3, gib2 e gib1 avaliando-se os efeitos da redução endógena dos níveis de GAs. Os resultados mostraram que a redução dos níveis de GAs afetou negativamente o crescimento dessas plantas e que este menor crescimento não estaria associado a menores taxas fotossintéticas. A elevada fotossíntese (A N ) nos mutantes apresentou-se associada com uma maior densidade e abertura estomática, assim como maiores condutâncias estomática (g s ) e mesofílica (g m ). Um desbalanço entre o metabolismo do carbono e crescimento parece ocorrer plantas com redução na concentração de GAs, visto que reduções nos teores da maioria dos metabólitos ocorreram concomitantemente com elevada A N . Ademais, maior A N foi acompanhada de uma elevada taxa respiratória e incrementos na concentração de proteínas, sugerindo um desvio de energia em forma de ATPs para outras rotas, já que uma maior produção de energia não se traduziu em acúmulo de biomassa. No segundo experimento foram utilizadas plantas WT e gib3, genótipo mais semelhante ao WT no primeiro experimento, submetidas à variações artificiais no conteúdo de GAs mediante a aplicação de GAs e/ou PBZ. Os resultados obtidos permitiram a identificação de mudanças metabólicas e fisiológicas associadas tanto à variação endógena de GAs, assim como as ocasionadas pela variação artificial de GAs. Para ambos os genótipos, o crescimento foi bastante reduzido em presença de PBZ e apresentou incrementos quando da aplicação de GAs. Menores taxas de crescimento foram acompanhadas de maiores respiração no escuro (R d ) e A N , a última influenciada por maiores densidade e abertura estomática, espessura foliar, assim como g s e absortância. A maioria dos metabólitos foi positivamente correlacionada com o conteúdo de GAs. Pouca ou nenhuma variação em parâmetros da fluorescência da clorofila a e sistema antioxidativo indicam ausência de estresses aparentes. Consideradas em conjunto, as informações obtidas com o presente estudo oferecem uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos fisiológicos, moleculares e metabólicos associados à deficiência de GAs em plantas; contudo, estudos metabólicos e moleculares mais detalhados ainda serão necessários para uma melhor compreensão dos efeitos da redução dos níveis de GAs sobre o metabolismo dessas plantas.

Orientador: Fábio Tebaldi Silveira Nogueira / Resumo: O processo de frutificação é definido como a transição de um ovário em estágio quiescente para estágio de iniciação de formação do fruto. Esta transição é iniciada em resposta aos eventos de polinização e fertilização, os quais induzem o início dos processos fisiológicos e moleculares, que, ao final, irão originar o fruto. A frutificação é fundamental para reprodução nas plantas com flores (Angiospermas). Já foi demonstrado que hormônios (tais como auxina e giberelina) podem atuar em paralelo com fatores de transcrição durante o desenvolvimento do fruto. Alguns desses fatores de transcrição são pós-transcricionalmente regulados por microRNAs. MicroRNAs, são pequenos RNAs (20-22 nt) que regulam pós-transcricionalmente a expressão de genes endógenos, modelando o transcriptoma e a produção de proteínas.Entretanto, vias genéticas orquestradas por microRNAs associadas com o desenvolvimento de ovário, e consequentemente, do fruto em tomateiro (Solanum lycopersicum L.), permanecem pouco exploradas. Neste trabalho, foi investigada a contribuição da via SlymiR159/GAMYB-like durante o processo de desenvolvimento do ovário e frutificação em tomateiro. O miR159 e seus alvos (SlyGAMYB1 e 2) são dinamicamente expressos durante os estágios de desenvolvimento do ovário e consequentemente do fruto. Eventos transgênicos de tomateiro (cv. Micro-Tom) apresentando super-expressão do precursor SlyMIR159 (denominados OE-159) exibiram frutificação precoce quando comparadas aos controles. Notavelment... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Fruit set, defined as the shift from quiescent ovary to a fast-growing young fruit, is a key process for fruit production in flowering plants. It has been shown that hormones (such as auxin and gibberellin) act in parallel with transcription factors during fruit set. Some of these are post-transcriptionally regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs are a group of small non coding RNAs (21-22 nt) that act by regulating post-transcriptionally genes in plants and animals However, microRNA-regulated genetic pathways associated with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) ovary development and fruit set remain poorly exploited. Here, we investigated the functional role of miRNA159/SlyGAMYBlike in tomato ovary development and fruit set. MiR159 and its targets were dynamically expressed in developing flowers, ovaries and fruit tissues. Transgenic tomato (cv. Micro-Tom) plants over-expressing the SlyMIR159 (termed OE-159) exhibited fruit set earlier when compared with control plants. Strikingly, all transgenic lines presented parthenocarpy fruits. Such developmental modification may be a result of the repression of SlyGAMYB1 in pre-anthesis ovaries, our data suggest that SlyGAMYB1 activity is important to prevent fruit set before pollination. In addition as a consequence of this repression, the miR167 node (miR167/SlyARF8 pathway) was mis-regulated in OE-159 ovaries. In addition, we observed that levels of auxin, gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in pre-anthesis ovaries of several tran... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O cultivo de girassol e pimenta como plantas ornamentais envasadas vem se destacando na floricultura por serem produtos inovadores e de grande atratividade, fazendo-se inÃdito a produÃÃo e conduÃÃo de pesquisas com estas espÃcies nas condiÃÃes climÃticas de Fortaleza e CearÃ. Visando a manipulaÃÃo da arquitetura de plantas, na busca de menores alturas e adequados aspectos ornamentais para o cultivo em vasos faz-se necessÃrio a utilizaÃÃo de substÃncias redutoras de crescimento e de substratos para sua produÃÃo. Dentre deste foco, foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar, nas condiÃÃes climÃticas de Fortaleza, o efeito de trÃs aplicaÃÃes de diferentes concentraÃÃes do redutor de crescimento daminozide em plantas de pimenta e girassol ornamental em vasos contendo como substratos fibra de cÃco (FC) e areia. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetaÃÃo e distribuÃdos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado seguindo um esquema fatorial 2x5 constituÃdo por dois tipos de substrato (FC e areia) e cinco concentraÃÃes de daminozide (0 (controle), 2, 4, 6 e 8 g.L-1 ) na qual foram aplicadas por trÃs vezes a intervalos quinzenais. Referente ao experimento com pimenta ornamental, a primeira aplicaÃÃo do regulador foi realizada aos 25 DAS, no qual foram analisadas as seguintes variÃveis: Ãndice relativo de clorofila (spad) e trocas gasosas foliares, aos 80 DAS, altura da planta (cm), diÃmetro do caule (mm), massa seca (g) de folhas, caules, raÃzes e frutos, Ãrea foliar (cmÂ), razÃo de Ãrea foliar (cmÂ.g-1), Ãrea foliar especÃfica (cmÂ.g-1), razÃo raiz parte Ãrea, nÃmero, largura, comprimento (mm), relaÃÃo comprimento/largura dos frutos, aos 83 DAS. No experimento com girassol, a primeira aplicaÃÃo foi realizada aos 15 DAS, sendo analisadas as variÃveis: Ãndice relativo de clorofila (spad) e trocas gasosas foliares, aos 37 DAS, altura da planta (cm), diÃmetro do caule (mm), diÃmetro interno do capÃtulo (mm), dias da semeadura atà a antese, nÃmero de capÃtulos por planta, massa seca de folhas, caules e raÃzes (g), Ãrea foliar (cmÂ), razÃo de Ãrea foliar (cmÂ.g-1), Ãrea foliar especÃfica (cmÂ.g-1) e razÃo raiz parte Ãrea, aos 53 DAS.Tanto para pimenta quanto para girassol as concentraÃÃes do regulador foram eficientes em reduzir o porte das plantas nos dois substratos utilizados, notando que as plantas cultivadas na areia mostraram-se com menor altura, vigor e desenvolvimento em relaÃÃo as plantas na FC. Verificou-se em plantas de pimenta que o aumento das concentraÃÃes causou aumentos no diÃmetro de seus caules, reduÃÃo no nÃmero, largura e comprimento dos frutos, em sua Ãrea foliar, aumento na espessura de suas folhas, na qual apresentaram-se com coloraÃÃo verde intensa. Houve interaÃÃo significativa entre substratos e concentraÃÃes de daminozide na condutÃncia estomÃtica das pimenteiras, sendo sua transpiraÃÃo e fotossÃntese lÃquida influenciadas apenas pelas concentraÃÃes do regulador. Em plantas de girassol verificou-se que com o aumento das concentraÃÃes houve reduÃÃes no diÃmetro de seus caules, no diÃmetro interno dos capÃtulos, atrasos em sua antese, folhas mais espessas e com verde mais intenso e reduÃÃes em sua Ãrea foliar. CondutÃncia estomÃtica, transpiraÃÃo e fotossÃntese lÃquida nas plantas de girassol sofreram apenas efeito dos substratos, no qual plantas cultivadas fibra de coco apresentaram maior atividade fotossintÃtica. / The culture of sunflower and pepper as potted ornamental plants has been highlighted in flower farming by being innovative products of great attractiveness. And there is no record on the production and researches with these species under climatic conditions of Fortaleza and Cearà State. Aiming the manipulation of plant architecture and the search for species with lower heights and suitable ornamental traits for the culture in pots it is necessary to use growth-reducing substances and substrates that maximize their production. With this, two experiments were performed with the purpose to evaluate, under the climatic conditions of Fortaleza, the effect of three applications of different levels of the growth regulator daminozide in ornamental plants of pepper and sunflower in pots containing coconut fiber (FC) and sand. The experiments were conducted in greenhouse and distributed into a completely randomized design in a factorial scheme 2x5 composed of two types of substrate (FC and sand) and five levels of daminozide (0 (control), 2, 4, 6 and 8 g.L-1) in which were applied three times at fortnightly intervals. In relation to the ornamental pepper, the first application of the regulator was performed at 25 DAS, being analyzed the following variables: relative chlorophyll index (spad) and leaf gas exchange, at 80 DAS, plant height (cm), stem diameter (mm), dry matter (g) of leaf, stem, root, and fruit, leaf area (cmÂ), leaf area ratio (cmÂ.g-1), specific leaf area (cmÂ.g-1), dry root: dry shoot ratio, number, width, length (mm) and length:width ratio of fruits , at 83 DAS. In the experiment with the sunflower, the first application was made at 15 DAS, being analyzed the variables: relative chlorophyll index and leaf gas exchange, at 37 DAS, plant height (cm), stem diameter (mm), internal diameter of the head (mm), days from sowing to anthesis, number of head per plant, dry matter of leaf, stem and root (g), leaf area (cmÂ), leaf area ratio (cmÂ.g-1), specific leaf area (cmÂ.g1), dry root: dry shoot ratio, at 53 DAS. Both for pepper and sunflower, the levels of the growth regulator were effective to reduce the size of the plants in the two substrates, but in the sand, the plants have had lower height, vigor and development compared with the plants on the FC. In pepper plants, increased levels led to increased stem diameter, reduction in the number, width and length of fruit, in leaf area, increase in leaf thickness, which had intense green color. A significant interaction was detected between the substrates and the levels of daminozide in the stomatal conductance of pepper plants, and the transpiration rate and net photosynthesis were only influenced by the levels of the growth regulator. In sunflower plants, higher levels caused reduction in stem diameter, in internal diameter of head, late anthesis, thicker leaves with intense green color, and reduced leaf area. Stomatal conductance, transpiration, and net photosynthesis of sunflower plants were only affected by substrates, with the plants grown on FC presenting a higher photosynthetic rate.

The effect of cytokinin and gibberellin, and in particular a combination of the two, on termination of dormant potato tubers was investigated. The objective was to effectively terminate dormancy through the external application of a combination of cytokinin and gibberellin. Freshly harvested tubers were treated and either cut at the stolon end with the apical portions placed on moist cotton wool, or left intact and dry. Tuber segments treated with a high concentration of cytokinin (0.1g.Lˉ¹) or a combination of cytokinin and gibberellin sprouted within 5 days, whereas high gibberellin concentrations (0.1g.Lˉ¹) stimulated sprouting within 9 days. Untreated tuber segments supplied only with moisture terminated dormancy later than hormonal treated tubers, but much earlier than segments that were kept dry. Tuber segments treated with a combination of cytokinin and gibberellin, or a high concentration of gibberellin (0.1g.Lˉ¹), produced more and longer sprouts than tubers treated with only cytokinin (0.1g.Lˉ¹) or a low concentration of gibberellin (0.005g.Lˉ¹). Sprouts on tuber segments treated with a combination of cytokinin and gibberellin attained maximum sprout growth rate nine days after treatment, but thereafter the growth rate decreased. This decrease may be a consequence of closed plasmodesmata although membrane permeability and its affect on assimilate availability may play a role. This phenomenon deserves further research attention. Removal of wound periderm did not reactivate sprout growth. The wounding of tubers by removing a portion at the stolon end and supplying moisture greatly enhanced the termination of dormancy and subsequent sprout growth, indicating that the availability of water may be a factor in initiation of sprouts. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that cells in dormant buds are arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Cytokinin is needed to initiate cell cycling, but gibberellin is also needed to initiate and maintain cell growth. These two growth regulators are also involved in the opening of the plasmodesmata as well as the creation of new plasmodesmata witch would establish communication between the apical meristem and the rest of the tuber. / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第20438号 / 農博第2223号 / 新制||農||1049(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H29||N5059(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 植田 充美, 教授 矢﨑 一史, 教授 森 直樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM