The research objective is to analyze the legal culture of post – soviet Lithuanian society referring to the theoretical model of three dimensions and to reveal its specific features.

Darbe pateikiama būtinosios ginties ribų peržengimo lyginamoji analizė Lietuvos teisinėje sistemoje ir kitų valstybių baudžiamuosiuose įstatymuose. Darbas pradedamas apžvelgiant būtinosios ginties susiformavimo teorijas ir jos istorinę raidą, dėstomas būtinosios ginties ir jos ribų peržengimo reglamentavimas Lietuvos teisinėje sistemoje. Nagrinėjami įvairūs būtinąją gintį ir jos ribas nusakantys požymiai, analizuojama jų sudėtis, kylančios problemos, peržvelgiama Lietuvos teismų praktika, užsienio valstybių baudžiamieji įstatymai reglamentuojantys baudžiamąją atsakomybę už būtinosios ginties ribų peržengimą. Išskiriami teismų praktikoje pateikiami argumentai kvalifikuojant būtinosios ginties situaciją ar jos ribų peržengimą. Darbą sudaro būtinosios ginties teisėtumo sąlygų (pavojingumo, realumo, akivaizdumo) išsami analizė, lyginant teismų praktiką, kitų valstybių baudžiamuosius įstatymus ir reguliavimą Lietuvos teisinėje sistemoje. Aptariama tariamosios ginties kvalifikavimo problema. Kita darbo dalis nagrinėja objektyviuosius būtinosios ginties ribų peržengimo požymius. Taip pat aptariami būtinosios ginties ribų peržengimo subjektyvieji požymiai: kaltė, asmens emocinė būsena. Darbo pabaigoje aptariamos būtinosios ginties ribų peržengimas ir atskirų nusikalstamų veikų kvalifikavimo problemos. Nagrinėjama teisėto gyvybės atėmimo problemą, muštynių ir provokacijos teisinis vertinimas, būtinosios ginties nuo kėsinimosi į būstą ir nuosavybę problematika, būsto gynybos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The self-defence limits comparative analysis of the legal system of Lithuania and foreign states in criminal law is presented in the paper. The work begins with reviewing the emergence of self-defence theory and its historical development. The regulation of self-defence and its limits in the Lithuanian legal system is presented. The various self-defence and its limits attributes are characterized, and analysis of their composition, the problems, reviews the practice of Lithuanian courts, foreign criminal laws governing the criminal responsibility of the excess of limits of self-defence are discussed. The analysis of the arguments of the qualification of self-defence situation or its limits in case law is presented. The work consists of the conditions which describe legitimacy of self-defence (such as gravity, reality and evidence) a detailed analysis, comparing the case law, criminal law of other countries and the regulation in the Lithuanian legal system. The problems of qualification of quasi-self-defence are discussed. In the paper objective attributes of excess of limits of self-defence are researched. Also subjective attributes (as fault, personal emotional state) of excess of limits of self-defence are analyzed. At the end of the work the excess of limits of self-defence and qualification of separate criminal acts are discussed. The issue of legal death, the legal analysis of provocation and fights, problems of defence of house and property issues, the pre-defence of... [to full text]

Valstybė, vykdydama nusikaltimų kontrolės ir prevencijos funkcijas, nepajėgi numatyti ir užkardyti kiekvieną konkretų nusikaltimą, taip pat negali padaryti to, kas neįmanoma – apsaugoti kiekvieną individą kiekvienu jo gyvenimo momentu. Asmens teisė į būtinąją gintį yra išvestinė iš Konstitucijoje įtvirtintų žmogaus teisių į gyvybę (21 str.), į laisvės ir asmens neliečiamybę (20, 21 str.), nuosavybės ir būsto neliečiamybę (23, 24 str.), kitų prigimtinių teisių ir yra šių teisių gynimo priemonė. Taip pat teigiama ir Europos Konstitucijoje įtvirtintų žmogaus teisių į gyvybę (2 str.), kiekvienas turi teisę į pagarbą jo fizinei ir protinei neliečiamybei (3 str.), kiekvienas turi teisę į laisvę ir asmens saugumą (6 str.). Kiekvienas mūsų, nepaisant socialinės padėties, esame suinteresuoti gyventi saugioje visuomenėje. Nusipirkti ginklą šiandien nėra labai sudėtinga. Vertinant ginklų gausą, nesunku nuspėti, kad ne visi jų savininkai supranta atsakomybę. Ginklavimasis visų asmens ir turto saugumo problemų neišsprendžia, nors turi neabejotiną prevencinę naudą. Asmuo, įsigydamas ginklą, įgyja ne vien daiktą, jis kartu prisiima ir didelę atsakomybę: įgijęs ginklą, jis privalo užtikrinti, kad su juo bus saugiai elgiamasi, kad ginklas nepateks į svetimas rankas ir, naudojantis įgytu ginklu, bus išvengta nelaimingų atsitikimų. Todėl ginklų ir šaudmenų įgijimas, bet koks disponavimas jais yra griežtai reglamentuoti teisės aktais. Tyrimo problema: dabartinėje Lietuvoje nemažėja agresyvumo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Executing the functions of control and prevention of crimes the state is not able to foresee and prevent each certain crime as well as to do what is impossible, i.e. to protect each individual at each moment in his life. A person’s right to mandatory defence is a derivative from the human right to life (art. 21), freedom and personal immunity (art. 20, 21), property and home immunity (art. 23, 24) established in the Constitution, other natural rights and is the means of defence of these rights. It is also stated by the human rights to life established in the European Constitution (art. 2), that everybody has a right to respect of his physical and mental immunity (art. 3), everybody has a right to freedom and personal safety (art. 6). Regardless of the social status each of us is interested in living in a safe society. To buy a gun nowadays is not very complicated. Evaluating the abundance of guns it is not very difficult to guess that not all of their holders understand the responsibility. The armament does not solve all the personal and property safety problems even though it has undeniable preventive benefit. A person obtaining a gun obtains not only a thing, he also takes a great responsibility: obtaining a gun he must ensure that it shall be used safely, the gun does not get into the other hands and using a gun accidents shall be avoided. Therefore, acquisition of guns and ammunition, any disposal of them is strictly regulated by the legislation. The problem of the... [to full text]

Būtinoji gintis – tai socialiai reikšmingas reiškinys, įtvirtintas teisės sistemoje ir turintis tam tikrą istoriją. Visų primą, pabrėžtina, kad tai yra žmogaus prigimtinė teisė, pripažinta visame pasaulyje, tai yra istoriškai susiklostęs reiškinys, šiuolaikinėje teisėje įtvirtintas kaip atsakomybę šalinanti, o ribų peržengimo atveju, lengvinanti aplinkybė. Atsižvelgiant į sunkumus ir vienodos praktikos nebuvimą sprendžiant būtinosios ginties buvimo, ar ne faktą bei jos ribų peržengimo vertinimą, šis darbas orientuotas į šio socialiai vertingo reiškinio teisinio reglamentavimo pagrįstumo ir tinkamumo aptarimą, taikymo praktikoje metu kylančių problemų išryškinimą siūlant atitinkamus sprendimo būdus. Darbe, visų pirma, aptariama, kas tai per reiškinys – būtinoji gintis, kokia jo svarba ir reikšmė šiuolaikinėje baudžiamosios teisės sistemoje, raida besikeičiant įstatyminei bazei. Antra, darbe nurodytos ir kiek įmanoma išsamiai išanalizuotos sąlygos, būtinos būtinajai ginčiai atsirasti ir jos ribų peržengimui konstatuoti. Minėtų klausimų gana platus aptarimas darbe yra svarbus ir reikalingas, kadangi tik taip galimas išsamus ir visapusiškas darbo temos – būtinosios ginties ribų peržengimas – atskleidimas. Toliau darbe aptariama problematika nustatant ir vertinant praktikoje būtinosios ginties ribų peržengimą įvairiais aspektais ir atžvilgiais, konstatavimo problematiką baudžiamajame procese ir būtinosios ginties ribų peržengimo teisinės pasekmės. Darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Indispensable defense is a socially important phenomenon, approved in the law system and having its own history. Firstly, it should be noticed that it is a natural human right, acknowledged all over the world and it is a historically developed phenomenon. In contemporary law system it is approved as responsibility eliminating circumstances and if exceeding the bounds it becomes extenuating circumstances. Taking into account to all the difficulties and the lack of the same practice experience while evaluating the fact if it was the indispensable defense or not, and different evaluation if exceeding the bounds, this work is directed to this socially significant phenomenon in law system, its evaluation, discussion and pointing out to the problems that appear in practice and suggesting the most suitable ways of solving them. In the work, firstly, it is analyzed and discussed what indispensable defense is and its importance in contemporary law system. Secondly, in the work all the conditions of indispensable defense and extenuating circumstances are shown, discussed and analyzed in details. The analysis of such problems as indispensable defense and exceeding bounds are widely discussed, because these problems are of great importance in law system and this is the only way to reveal the main aspects of this work, thus is, to find the right answer-was it the exceeding indispensable defense or not. The main conclusions have been made at the end of the work. They have been made after... [to full text]

My study has a dual purpose; 1. To examine the explanatory power of educational theory as a means of illuminating a particular educational practice. 2. To examine the potential for practice to provide a critique of educational theory and thus contribute towards the generation of new theoretical perspectives. I do this by focusing on the possible failure of a particular opposition movement, to wit the progressive movement in Victorian secondary schools 1966-1976. I investigate the limits and possibilities of such a movement with reference to ideal conditions. There are 3 phases to this investigation: 1. a descriptive account of the progressive movement which attempts to establish its status as an oppositional movement and its context. 2. an internal analysis of its themes, intentions and practices according to the criteria of consistency and coherence . 3. an external analysis which takes up the inconsistencies or contradictions as problems in need of interpretation. Selected educational theories and studies, such as those developed by Bowles and Gintis, Sharp, Willis and Hinkson will be examined both for their power to account for the particular contradictions that emerged and their ability to illuminate broader processes of constraint which work both in and through schooling. The purpose of such an analysis is to heighten our understanding of contemporary educational theory and practice through a sharper perspective of the immediate past, drawing on, and learning from, both the mistakes and insights of the past. I offer in conclusion, some provisional remarks for use in similar situations in the future. This paper is not an empirical study or a case study, but a form of conceptual analysis using texts and theoretical perspectives.

Legal consciousness is one of the most important concepts in criminology, which defines individual or public perception of justice, expectations of legal behaviour and demand for sanctions for the deviation from the rules. The theorized criminological perception of legal consciousness, also modern introductions on this field are passed in review in theoretical part of this study. The positive, the subjective and the modern conceptions of legal consciousness are presented.

by Tse Kwan-choi. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 181-185). / TITLE PAGE / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS / DECLARATION / ABSTRACT / TABLE OF CONTENTS / LIST OF FIGURES / LIST OF TABLES / CHAPTERS: / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- The Constitutional Questions --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives and Significance --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Organization of Chapters --- p.4 / Chapter 2. --- THE REPRODUCTION THESIS IN SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION / Chapter 2.1 --- Controversies over School as an Agent of Socialization --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2 --- Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis on Education and Reproduction:What do schools do for capitalism? --- p.7 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Correspondence Principle: How do schools produce workers --- p.9 / Chapter 2.4 --- A Synopsis: the Formalization of Correspondence Principle --- p.11 / Chapter 2.5 --- Research on the Reproduction Thesis: An Overview --- p.13 / Chapter 2.6 --- Theoretical Criticisms and Evaluation: --- p.17 / Chapter 2.7 --- Setting the Research Agenda: Hypothesis for Test in the Present Study --- p.22 / Chapter 3. --- RESEARCH METHOD / Chapter 3.1 --- General Research Design --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2 --- Subjects and Sampling --- p.25 / Chapter 3.3 --- Procedures of Data Collection and Analysis --- p.27 / Chapter 3.4 --- Instruments and Measurements --- p.29 / Chapter 3.5 --- A Portrait of the 56 Schools --- p.39 / Chapter 4. --- "THE CONTEXT OF HONG KONG SECONDARY SCHOOL SYSTEM: DEVELOPMENT, DIFFERENTIATION AND INEQUALITIES" / Chapter 4.1 --- Political Economy and Education: The Structure and Development of Secondary Educational System Under a Colonial-capitalist Society --- p.42 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Differentiation of Hong Kong Secondary School System --- p.46 / Chapter 4.3 --- Differentiation and Inequalities --- p.49 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion --- p.59 / Chapter 5. --- THE RESEMBLANCE THESIS / Chapter 5.1 --- Preamble --- p.61 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Dominate-subordinate Relationship between Teachers and Students --- p.61 / Chapter 5.3 --- Alienated Learning in School Life --- p.68 / Chapter 5.4 --- "Competition, Ranking and Evaluation" --- p.74 / Chapter 5.5 --- Personality and Reward System --- p.76 / Chapter 5.6 --- A Recapitulation --- p.81 / Chapter 6. --- THE FORMATION OF CONSCIOUSNESS THESIS / Chapter 6.1 --- Foreword --- p.83 / Chapter 6.2 --- The Formation of Personality --- p.83 / Chapter 6.3 --- The Orientation to Discipline --- p.88 / Chapter 6.4 --- Work Orientation --- p.91 / Chapter 6.5 --- Views on Knowledge --- p.94 / Chapter 6.6 --- Students' Educational Endeavour --- p.96 / Chapter 6.7 --- Meritocratic Orientation and Social Justices --- p.99 / Chapter 6.8 --- Students' View on the Possibility of Social Change --- p.101 / Chapter 6.9 --- A Recapitulation --- p.103 / Chapter 7. --- THE DIFFERENTIATION THESIS / Chapter 7.1 --- Preamble --- p.105 / Chapter 7.2 --- A Sketch of the Six groups of Schools --- p.106 / Chapter 7.3 --- Who Get Admitted --- p.111 / Chapter 7.4 --- Social Relationships in the Six Groups of School --- p.115 / Chapter 7.5 --- Social Consciousness of the Six Groups of School Students --- p.133 / Chapter 7.6 --- Review of the Chapter --- p.151 / Chapter 8. --- EPILOGUE:RETHINKING THE REPRODUCTION THESIS / Chapter 8.1 --- A Recapitulation --- p.153 / Chapter 8.2 --- Theoretical Discussion on the Correspondence Principle --- p.160 / Chapter 8.3 --- Limitations --- p.165 / Chapter 8.4 --- Research Directions --- p.167 / CHAPTER NOTES --- p.169 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.175 / APPENDICES / Copies of Student's and Teacher's Questionnaires