Bakgrund Prader-Willis syndrom (PWS) är en genetisk mutation och drabbar cirka 8-10 barn per år i Sverige. Personer med syndromet upplever en ständig hunger och har en tvångsmässig relation till mat, samtidigt som de har ett lågt energibehov. Drabbade personer löper stor risk för fetma och behöver en diet med kalorirestriktion samt mycket fysisk aktivitet, och personer med PWS behöver ständig tillsyn av vårdare och anhöriga. Eftersom PWS är komplext med flertalet svårigheter är det angeläget att utforska hur vårdare upplever sitt arbete med vuxna som har PWS. Syfte Att undersöka hur vårdare upplever att arbeta med vuxna med PWS när det kommer till kosten, hälsoförebyggande åtgärder samt de boendes autonomi. Metod Fem semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med vårdare på ett boende i Sverige för vuxna med PWS. Intervjuerna spelades in digitalt via mobiltelefon och transkriberades sedan ordagrant. Data analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys och meningsbärande enheter skapade koder och kategorier som sedan formade rubriker till resultatet. Resultat Informanterna upplevde stort ansvar kring de boendes liv och hade hand om allt kring exempelvis kost och ekonomi. De upplevde att mat utgjorde grunden till flertalet konflikter som ofta ledde till aggressivitet och känslomässiga reaktioner hos de boende. De upplevde även ett dilemma mellan att värna om de boendes hälsa och att uppmuntra till deras självbestämmande. Motion och aktiviteter var något som prioriterades högt på boendet. Slutsats Vårdarna upplevde flertalet svårigheter när det kom till kost och kände ett stort ansvar för de boende. Att finna balans mellan att värna om de boendes hälsa och självbestämmande var ett gemensamt problem. Samtliga ansåg att boendet arbetade aktivt med hälsoförebyggande åtgärder och att de boende fick goda möjligheter till motion och aktivitet. / Background Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic mutation which affects around 8-10 children each year in Sweden. People with this syndrome experience constant hunger and have an obsessive relationship with food, moreover, they also have a lower energy requirement. People with PWS run the risk of becoming obese and are in need of a diet that restricts the caloric intake, they also need increased physical activity. People with PWS are in need of constant surveillance from caregivers. Since PWS is complex with multiple issues it is of interest to explore how caregivers experience their work with adults with PWS. Objective To explore how caregivers experience working with adults with PWS when it comes to food and physical activity, as well as their residents’ autonomy. Method Five semi structured interviews were conducted with caregivers at a group home in Sweden for adults with PWS. The interviews were recorded digitally using a mobile phone and then transcribed. The data was analysed using qualitative content analysis and meaning units created codes and categories which then formed the headlines of the result section. Result The caregivers experienced great responsibility for the residents and took care of everything from their food to their economy. They felt that food was the basis of many conflicts which often could result in aggression and emotional outbursts. They also experienced a dilemma between caring for the residents’ health and encouraging their autonomy. Physical exercise and activities was a priority at the group home. Conclusion The caregivers experienced numerous difficulties when it came to food and felt great responsibility for the residents. To find a balance between caring for the residents’ health and autonomy was a common problem. All informants felt that the group home worked with health promoting measures and that the residents got a lot of exercise and activity.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University.

No description available.

Thomas Willis is commonly used as a touchstone for the modern brain sciences: his Cerebri anatome (1664) is celebrated as having placed the brain on its 'modern footing,' while Willis is referred to as the 'founding father' of neuroscience. Driven by a set of present-centred and medically orientated concerns, great emphasis has traditionally been placed upon Willis's neuro-anatomy as a precursor to our own ways of thinking about the 'neurological brain'. Such approaches have tended to neglect Willis's broader theoretical contributions, particularly his physiological theories, or have failed to consider how (distinctly early modern) concepts around the soul informed Willis's interpretation of the anatomical brain. This thesis re-examines Willis through his use of metaphors and analogies, exploring the relationship between his use of language and his physical practices around the brain (dissection, chemical experiment). Although recent scholarship on Willis has turned to social or cultural history approaches, there has yet to be a detailed examination of Willis's use of language. Ideas around the appropriate use of metaphor and analogy in scientific writing have long informed responses to Willis. His credibility has been undermined by suggestions of theoretical embellishment and imaginative speculation - charges that necessarily pick up on the use of analogical reasoning. In contrast, this thesis argues that Willis's concept of the brain cannot be viewed independently of the ways in which it was described and represented: rather than mere ornaments, metaphor and analogy were an essential part of Willis's conceptual architecture and tools by which the brain (as an object of knowledge) was made to exist in the world. Willis's use of language embeds his knowledge within a specific set of intellectual, cultural and material contexts of the late seventeenth century. His ideas around the brain cannot, therefore, be straightforwardly appropriated as part of our own understanding of neurology.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T23:00:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo4228_1.pdf: 1484940 bytes, checksum: 67e0dac52cb486890db0761a5f053007 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Introdução: Os aneurismas da artéria carótida interna (ACI) no segmento comunicante posterior (AcomP) correspondem a 25% dos aneurismas intracranianos. Esses aneurismas são mais freqüentes em mulheres e após a quarta década de vida. Por sua particular relação anatômica com o sifão carotídeo e apresentar variabilidade relacionada à circulação com a artéria cerebral posterior (ACP), esses aneurismas podem sofrer influência de fatores hemodinâmicos. Variações anatômicas também relacionadas a fatores não hemodinâmicos, como gênero e idade, podem também influenciar na formação desses aneurismas. Objetivo: Avaliar variações do sifão carotídeo e da ACI na formação de aneurismas de carótida considerando gênero, idade e lateralidade. Pacientes e métodos: De uma série de 512 pacientes que realizaram angiografia cerebral diagnóstica, selecionamos 169 (33%) pacientes com aneurismas cerebrais, entre 2001 e 2007, no setor de Imagem do Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Natal- RN. Destes 59 tinham aneurismas de AcomP. No grupo controle foram selecionados 34 pacientes sem aneurismas para o comparativo com o ângulo do sifão carotídeo. Este ângulo e variações anatômicas do polígono de Willis, com ênfase na circulação AcomPACP foram estudadas. Classificamos essa em tipos adulto, intermediário e fetal, baseado na relação da AcomP com o segmento P1 da ACP na arteriografia do sistema vértebro-basilar em antero-posterior (AP). Os grupos foram comparados com relação ao gênero. Resultados: Os aneurismas de AcomP foram mais freqüentes em mulheres (p<0,001). Houve associação com ângulo do sifão carotídeo mais fechado (p < 0,05) apenas do lado esquerdo. No grupo de pacientes com aneurismas o ângulo do sifão carotídeo foi menor que no grupo controle (27,3° ± 19,1° vs. 34.8° ± 22,6°). Essa diferença também foi encontrada nas mulheres ( 26,8 ± 19,6 vs. 38,4° ± 23,9°, p = 0,012). Observamos uma associação com presença de padrão fetal e a incidência de aneurismas da AcomP (p<0,001), havendo uma relação inversa com aneurismas de artéria comunicante anterior (p= 0,0125). Conclusões: O sifão carotídeo mais estreito pode ter relação com influência hemodinâmica na incidência de aneurismas de AcomP. Tal fato tem associação com a diferença entre os gêneros encontrada nesse tipo de aneurisma

Texte remanié de: Dissertation--journalisme--Athens--Ohio University, 1999. Titre de soutenance : Editorial policy of the Scripps newspapers during World War I. / Notes bibliogr. Index.

Texte remanié de: Dissertation--Rutgers The State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 2001. Titre de soutenance : A paper for the people : E. W. Scripp's Chicago experiment in adless journalism. / Bibliogr. p. [179]-184. Index.

Thesis--School of Advanced Airpower Studies, Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala., 1999-2000. / Title from title screen (viewed Oct. 21, 2003). "July 2002." Includes bibliographical references.

The Circle of Willis (CoW) is a ring-like arterial structure forming the major anastomotic connection between arterial supply systems in the brain, and is responsible for the distribution of oxygenated blood throughout the cerebral mass. Among the general population, only approximately 50% have a complete CoW, where absent or hypoplastic vessels are common among a multitude of possible anatomical variations, reducing the degree to which blood may be rerouted. While an individual with one of these variations may under normal circumstances suffer no ill effects, there are certain pathological conditions which can present a risk to the person's health and increase the possibility of suffering an ischaemic stroke when compounded with an anatomical variation. This body of work presents techniques for generating 3D models of the cerebral vasculature using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and performing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations in order to simulate the flow patterns throughout a circle of Willis. Incorporated with the simulations is a mathematical model of the cerebral autoregulation mechanism, simulating the ability of the smaller arteries and arterioles in the brain to either constrict or dilate in response to alterations in cerebral blood flow, thereby altering the cerebrovascular resistance of each major brain territory and regulating the amount of blood flow within a physiological range of cerebral perfusion pressure. The CFD simulations have the ability to predict the amount of collateral flow rerouted via the communicating arteries in response to a stenosis or occlusion, and the major objective of this study has been the investigation of how anatomical variations of the circle of Willis affect the capacity to provide this collateral flow. Initial work began with the development of three idealized models of common anatomical variations, created using computer aided design software (CAD) and based on the results of MRI scans. The research then shifted to developing a technique whereby patient specific models of the circle of Willis could be directly segmented from the MRI data. As a result of this shift, an interactive GUI-based tool was developed for the processing of the MRI datasets, allowing for rapid data enhancement and creation of a surface topology representing the arterial wall of the circle of Willis, suitable for a CFD simulation. The results of both sets of simulations illustrate that there exist a number of variables associated with a patients circle of Willis geometry, such as cerebral blood flow and combinations and degrees of stenosis, implying that the initial goal of drawing generalized conclusions was perhaps flawed. Instead, a crucial outcome of this body of work is that the future research should be directed toward extending the physiological complexity of both the geometry and the autoregulation model, with the intention of a patient specific application rather than producing large datasets with which to make broad generalizations.

abstract: The organ is in a continued state of evolution, tonally and mechanically, designed by the builder to meet certain expectations related to the musical aesthetics of the time. Organ building in the United States has been influenced by both European organ building traditions and American innovations. During the early twentieth century, Ernest M. Skinner emerged as one of the greatest organ builders in America. Throughout his life, Skinner's quest was to create an "ideal organ," capable of playing a variety of music. Skinner's vision was rooted in the Romantic Movement and influenced by the dynamic gradations and rich, colorful sonorities of orchestral and operatic music of the era. A number of technological developments were applied to the design of the organ which made the romantic organ possible. The prominent European organ builders of the nineteenth century created organs that defined the romantic-style instrument in their respective countries. By the end of the century, American organ builders were creating their own versions. Skinner traveled to Europe to learn what he could from the foreign builders. Skinner built organs that synthesized European and American elements, along with his own innovations, as continuation of nineteenth-century trends that brought the romantic-symphonic organ to its fullest realization. Additionally, Skinner developed many new organ timbres, including a number of stops that imitate various orchestral instruments. The result of Skinner's creative work is the the American symphonic organ. This paper attempts to illustrate how the tonal designs of organs built by Walcker, Cavaillé-Coll, and Willis influenced the work of Skinner and the American symphonic organ. The work of each builder is discussed with descriptions of their designs. The designs and innovations of Skinner are examined as related to these European builders. A number of organ specifications are provided to supplement the information presented here. Today, American symphonic organs, particularly those built by Skinner, are revered for their warmth and charm and are inspiring the work of present day organ builders who are incorporating elements of this style into their own designs. / Dissertation/Thesis / D.M.A. Music 2012