S.J. Willis was British Columbia’s longest-serving Deputy Minister. Between 1919 and 1945 he influenced directly the policies and procedures of the province’s educational enterprise. Willis assumed a primary role in policy-making. It was to Willis that the Ministers, school inspectors, teachers and members of the public made known their suggestions and complaints. Although he continued to manage the Department with a high degree of central authority, he was more inclusive of teachers and trustees in policy-making than were his predecessors. His ingenuity in this respect is one of the central themes of this thesis. Willis set the tone for dealings with the Department. Public perceptions of the Department, and those of teachers in the field, were determined largely by their dealings with the Deputy. He managed day-to-day operations while Ministers tended political relationships and participated in government. As Deputy Minister, Willis provided political advice to his ministers, thus taking responsibility for controversial issues as an ordinary duty. All the while, Willis showed he understood the scope and limitations of his powers. He was careful to support the politicians and governments he served without assuming the mantle of elected representatives. The record of his career exemplifies that of the traditional civil servant. This study concludes that Willis’ bureaucratic legacy can be instructive to contemporary government officials and suggests that the Deputy performs an important function in providing continuity between changing governments and Ministers. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-07-25T12:54:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Islane Cristina Martins.pdf: 2501962 bytes, checksum: f8da8fe4623e40c91559079d260f0d75 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T12:54:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Islane Cristina Martins.pdf: 2501962 bytes, checksum: f8da8fe4623e40c91559079d260f0d75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-26 / FACEPE / O círculo arterial cerebral é um polígono anastomótico na base do encéfalo que comunica o sistema carotídeo com o sistema vértebro-basilar e as carótidas entre si. Há muitas variações morfológicas nesse polígono e possíveis diferenças entre os sexos, particularmente no segmento A1 da artéria cerebral anterior e na origem da artéria cerebral posterior (ACP). O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar comparativamente a frequência de hipoplasia do segmento A1 e do padrão fetal da artéria cerebral posterior no homem e na mulher. Foram analisadas retrospectivamente 848 angiografias por ressonância magnética arterial, em 426 homens e 422 mulheres, respectivamente, que se submeteram ao exame no Centro de Diagnóstico Multimagem. Os exames foram escolhidos aleatoriamente entre 1.000 angiorressonância realizadas entre 2010 e 2016, independente do motivo da solicitação médica. Hipoplasia do segmento A1 foi definido por analise qualitativa, quando havia uma nítida assimetria entre os dois segmentos A1 direito e esquerdo bem como o padrão fetal da artéria cerebral posterior. Para análise de hipoplasia foram medidos os diâmetros dos segmentos A1. Para análise do padrão fetal (diâmetro da ACP na origem da artéria carótida>diâmetro do segmento P1) foram analisadas 1.296 artérias carótidas em 648 indivíduos. Na análise estatística utilizouse o teste exato de Fisher. Os homens 152/326 (46,6%) apresentaram hipoplasia de A1 em comparação com 108/322 (33,5%) das mulheres (p<0,01, OR=1,7; IC95% 1,3-2,4). A hipoplasia de A1 nos homens foi mais frequente a direita (20% vs. 15%, p<0,01). O padrão fetal foi mais comum nas mulheres 151/644 (23,4%) do que em homens, 100/652 (15,3%) (p<0,001, OR=1,7; IC95% 1,3-2,2). As mulheres também apresentam mais padrão fetal bilateral do que os homens (8,0% vs. 3,4%; p<0,01; OR=0,4; IC 0,2-0,8). A hipoplasia do segmento A1 da artéria cerebral anterior é mais frequente nos homens e nas mulheres há uma maior frequência do padrão fetal da artéria cerebral posterior. / The Circle of Willis is an anastomotic polygon encephalon base that communicates the carotid system with vertebrobasilar system and carotid each other. There are lots of morphological variations that polygon and possible differences between genders particularly in the A1 segment of the anterior cerebral artery and the origin of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) which are risk factors for anatomical brain aneurysms. The purpose of this study was to comparatively analyze the frequency of hypoplasia of the segment A1 and fetal type of cerebral posterior artery in man and woman. It was retrospectively reviewed 648 magnetic resonance angiographies in 326 men and 322 women, respectively. The tests were randomly chosen among about a thousand magnetic resonance angiographic performed between 2010 and 2016 in Multimagem Diagnostic Center, regardless of the medical reason request. Hypoplasia of the A1 segment was defined by qualitative analysis, when there was a clear asymmetry between the two segments A1, right and left. For hypoplasia analysis were also measured diameters of segments A1. For hypoplasia analysis were also measured diameters of segments A1. For analysis of the fetal type (diameter of the ACP origin of the carotid artery> diameter of the P1 segment of the ACP) were analyzed 1,296 carotid arteries (right and left) in 648 individuals. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test. In men 152/326 (46.6%) showed hypoplasia A1 compared to 108/322 (33.5%) of women (p <0.01, OR = 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3-2, 4). Hypoplasia A1 was more common in men right (20% vs. 15%, p <0.01). Fetal type was more common in women 151/644 (23.4%) than in men (100/652; 15.3%) (p <0.001, OR = 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3-2, two). Women also have more bilateral fetal rate than men (8.0% vs. 3.4%; p <0.01). In conclusion, hypoplasia of the A1 segment of the anterior cerebral artery is more common in men and in women there is a greater frequency of fetal type of the posterior cerebral artery. Keywords: Circle of Willis

Background The Circle of Willis (CoW) is an arterial anastomotic circle located at the skull base thatmaintains collateral circulation in the brain. Variations in CoW anatomy are commonly presentin the general population. Absent or hypoplastic segments of the CoW have been linked to anincreased stroke risk. Aim To determine whether CoW completeness is related to future ischemic stroke in the elderlypopulation after adjustment for relevant clinical risk factors. Methods Consecutive patients that underwent computed tomography angiography (CTA) of the headbetween 2014-2015 (60 years or older) were included. CoW-integrity was determined on CTAimages. Patient journals were retrospectively examined for ischemic stroke events followingthe CTA. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was performed to determine hazard forischemic stroke in patients with incomplete CoW. Results 147 patients were included. The median follow-up time was 6.4 years (interquartile range 3.0years). 17 ischemic stroke events occurred during the follow-up period. Age (hazard ratio, HR1.10, p=0.03) and gender (HR 0.25, p=0.04) were statistically significant risk factors forischemic stroke. Complete anterior and posterior CoW was associated with lower strokehazards, however, the association was not statistically significant (HR 0.36, p=0.34 and HR0.67, p=0.45, respectively). Conclusions No significant risk reduction could be observed for either complete posterior or anterior CoW.Sex and age were significant risk factors for ischemic stroke. Further research is necessary toinvestigate how CoW integrity influences stroke risk after adjustment for other risk factors.

Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire porte sur l'étude, l'optimisation et la réalisation d'une transmission planétaire magnétique. Dans notre thèse nous essayons de répondre à quelques questions intéressantes sur la possibilité de remplacer un train planétaire mécanique par un train planétaire magnétique, est-ce que la formule de Willis reste valable pour le train planétaire magnétique et est-ce que les trains magnétiques ont des performances similaires à celles des trains mécaniques ? Donc nous étudions, le remplacement du train mécanique par une transmission magnétique. Nous montrons que le train magnétique a un volume moindre, des pertes inférieures et plusieurs autres avantages. Notre but dans cette thèse est d'obtenir un "design" optimal d'un train magnétique. Nous utilisons un logiciel de calcul par éléments finis pour l'étude électromagnétique et nous cherchons également à optimiser les dimensions de ce train. Pour cela nous utilisons la méthode d'optimisation par essaim de particules (OEP). Un prototype a été réalisé ce qui permet de confronter les résultats de simulation et expérimentaux. / The work presented in this thesis deals with the study, the optimisation and the realisation of a magnetic planetary transmission. We try to answer some questions about the possibility of replacing the mechanical planetary gear used in industrial machines by a magnetic planetary gear; is the formula of Willis still valid for the magnetic planetary gear and are the magnetic planetary gear performances at least similar to ones of the mechanical gears? We study the replacement of the mechanical planetary gear by a magnetic one. We show that the magnetic one has a smaller volume, lower losses and many other benefits. The objective of this work is to obtain an optimum design of a magnetic planetary gear. We use a finite element software to study the magnetic behaviour of the device and we also perform the optimization of the dimensions of the magnetic planetary gear. The particle swarm optimization method (PSO) has been used. A prototype has been built so the computation results has been compared to the experimental ones.

A travers ce projet de recherche nous avons exploré différents aspects d’une dérégulation du système dopaminergique sur les troubles du repos, en prenant pour exemple deux maladies neurologiques : la maladie de Willis-Ekbom (MWE) et la maladie de Parkinson (MP). La MWE est une maladie neurologique sensorimotrice caractérisée par des douleurs dans les membres inférieurs, s’accompagnant d’un besoin irrépressible de bouger et ce, suivant un profil circadien. Ainsi, le premier volet de ces travaux s’est appliqué à reproduire chez le macaque, les principales altérations du métabolisme du fer et de celui de la dopamine reportées dans la MWE. Tout d’abord, nous avons établit les bases physiologiques des variations circadiennes des concentrations du fer et de ses biomarqueurs au niveau central et périphérique. Puis, nous avons développé un protocole simple, uniquement basé sur des prélèvements sanguins répétés, permettant d’induire efficacement une déplétion en fer sérique et de ses protéines associées. Finalement, ce protocole nous a permis d’explorer les liens entre l’altération de l’homéostasie du fer au niveau du système nerveux central, les perturbations neurochimiques dans différentes structures cérébrales ainsi que les modifications locomotrices qui en résultent. Le second volet de cette thèse a testé l’impact des agonistes des récepteurs dopaminergiques de type D1 (SKF38393) et D2 (quinpirole), sur les troubles du sommeil dans un modèle macaque de la MP, à l’aide d’enregistrements polysomnographiques. Pour cela, nous avons évalué les effets de ces agents pharmacologiques sur l’émergence de la somnolence diurne et sur l’altération du sommeil paradoxal, induits par une intoxication au MPTP. Nos résultats mettent en évidence que le quinpirole est inefficace pour restaurer les niveaux de base de ces deux paramètres. En revanche, le SKF38393 permet une diminution notable de la somnolence diurne ainsi qu’une restauration du sommeil paradoxal. Finalement, les perturbations monoaminergiques liées à la déplétion en fer ouvrent de multiples perspectives de recherche sur la physiopathologie de la MWE. De même, l’amélioration des troubles veille-sommeil par l’agoniste des récepteurs D1, offre de nouvelles pistes thérapeutiques quant à la prise en charge des troubles du repos dans la MP. L’ensemble de nos résultats apporte un niveau de compréhension supplémentaire quant au rôle de la dopamine dans les altérations du repos. / During this thesis project we explored several aspects of the impact of a dopaminergic system dysregulation on the rest alterations, through two neurological diseases: the Willis-Ekbom’s disease (WED) and Parkinson’s diseases (PD). The WED is a neurological sensorimotor disorder mainly characterized by pain in lower limbs. It preferentially appears in the evening and transiently and partially is alleviated by motor activity. Thus, the first part of this work aimed at reproducing the main dysfunctions of the iron and dopaminergic metabolisms observed in WED, in the macaque monkey. We first established the circadian variations of iron-indicator concentrations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Then we developed a rapid protocol based on repeated blood withdrawals, allowing to efficiently induce serum iron depletion. Finally, this protocol enabled us to investigate the relationship between iron metabolism dysfunctions, neurochemical alterations and the subsequent locomotor behavioural changes. In the second part, of this research project we examined the impact of selective D1 (SKF38393) and D2 (quinpirole) receptor agonists on the sleep impairments in a macaque model of PD using the polysomnographic recording technique. Thus we investigated the effects of these two pharmacological compounds on the daytime sleepiness and on the paradoxical sleep induced by MPTP intoxication. Our results demonstrated the inefficacy of quinpirole to restore these two altered sleep parameters. By contrast, SKF38393 significantly decreased daytime napping and substantially restored paradoxical sleep. Finally, the monoaminergic dysregulations, induced by iron depletion, may offer multiple perspectives to unravel the WED pathophysiology. In the same line, the beneficial effects exhibited by the D1 receptor agonist bring new therapeutic avenues to treat sleep-wake disorders in PD. Together, the global results bring new insights in the underlying mechanisms of sleep impairment involving dopamine.

<p>UVOD: Vilisov poligon predstavlja najznačajniju rezervu kolateralnog protoka između ekstrakranijalnih arterija koje vaskularizuju mozak i ima sposobnost razvoja kolateranih puteva kod ekstrakranijalne karotidne bolesti. Ova anatomska struktura podložna je varijacijama koje uključuju i prekid kontinuiteta i nekompletnost kolateralizacije. CILJEVI: Cilj je bio da se utvrdi da li nekompletnost Vilisovog poligona utiče na če&scaron;će pojavljivanje neurolo&scaron;ke simptomatologije i ishemijske moždane lezije kod pacijenata sa ekstrakranijalnom karotidnom bolesti. Takođe cilj je bio i da se utvrdi da li cerebrovaskularna reaktivnost kod pacijenata sa asimptomatskom ekstrakranijalnom karotidnom bolesti zavisi od kompletosti Vilisovog poligona i na koji način hirur&scaron;ki tretman utiče na parametre cerebrovaskularne rezerve kod pacijenata sa kompletnim i nekompletnim Vilisovim poligonom. METOD: U retrospektivnoj studiji analiziran je nalaz MRA kod 211 pacijenata sa ekstrakranijalnom karotidnom bolesti i 102 pacijenta iz kontrolne grupe. U prospektivnoj studiji je kod 98 pacijenata sa asimptomatskom karotidnom bolesti pored MRA nalaza određivana cerebrovaskularna reaktivnost putem određivanja &bdquo;breath hold index&ldquo;-a (BHI) pre i nakon operativnog tretmana. REZULTATI: Nekompletan Vilisov poligon nađen je kod 25% asimptomatskih, 47,5% simptomatskih pacijenata sa karotidnom bolesti i kod 59% kontrolne grupe pacijenata, pri čemu su se razlike pokazale kao statistički značajne. Kod asimptomatskih pacijenata sa nekompletnim Vilisovim poligonom BHI preoperativno iznostio je 0,62 a postoperativno 1,01 na strani lezije. U slučaju nekompletnog Vilisovog poligona preoperativna vrednost BHI iznostila je 0,88 a postoperativna 1,09 na strani lezije. Razlike su se pokazale kao statistički značajne između grupa i pre i posle operativnog tretmana. Porast je bio statistički značajno izraženiji u grupi asimptomatskih pacijenata sa nekompletnim Vilisovim poligonom. Nisu zabeležene major operativne komplikacije (perioeprativni moždani udar,smrtni ishod) a na pojavu hiperperfuzionog sindroma najvi&scaron;e su uticali kompletnost Vilisovog poligona, vrednost BHI i preoperativni tretman hipertenzije. ZAKLJUČCI: Nekompletan Vilisov poligon predstavlja faktor rizika za pojavu neurolo&scaron;ke simptomatologije ili ishemijske moždane lezije kod pacijenata sa ekstrakranijalnom karotidnom bolesti. Kod asimptomatskih pacijenata nekompletan Vilisov pologon utiče na smanjenu cerebrovaskularnu reaktivnost i veći rizik od moždanog udara. Parametri cerebrovaskularne reaktivnosti signifikantno se pobolj&scaron;avaju nakon operativnog tretmana.</p> / <p>INTRODUCTION: Circle of Willis is the most important reserve of collateral flow between the extracranial arteries that supply the brain and has the ability to develop collateral pathways in extracranial carotid disease. This anatomical structure is subject to variations which include a disruption in the continuity and incompleteness of collateralisation. OBJECTIVES: was to determine whether the incompleteness of the Circle of Willis is more often associated with neurological symptoms and ishemic cerebral lesions in patients with extracranial carotid artery disease. Also, the objective was to determine whether cerebrovascular reactivity in patients with asymptomatic extracranial carotid artery disease depends on the completeness Circle of Willis and how surgical treatment affects the parameters of cerebrovascular reserve in patients with complete and incomplete Circle of Willis. METHODS: This study analyzed the findings of MRA in 211 patients with extracranial carotid artery disease and 102 patients in the control group. In prospective study in 98 patients with asymptomatic carotid artery disease in addition to the MRA findings cerebrovascular reactivity was determined by determining the &quot;breath hold index&quot; -a (BHI) before and after surgical treatment. RESULTS: Incomplete Circle of Willis was found in 25% of asymptomatic, 47.5% of symptomatic patients with carotid artery disease, and 59% of the control group patients, where the difference proved to be statistically significant. In asymptomatic patients with incomplete Circle of Willis BHI values were 0.62 preoperatively and 1.01 postoperatively on the side of the lesion. In the case of incomplete Circle of Willis preoperative BHI values were 0.88 preopertively and 1.09 postoperatively in asymptomatic patients. The differences are shown to be statistically significant between the groups before and after surgical treatment. The increase was significantly more pronounced in the group of asymptomatic patients with incomplete Circle of Willis. There were not recorded major operative complications (perioeprativni stroke, mortality) and the occurrence hyperperfusion syndrome was most affected by completeness of the Circle of Willis, a value BHI and preoperative treatment of hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Incomplete Circle of Willis is a risk factor for the occurrence of neurological symptoms or ischemic brain lesions in patients with extracranial carotid artery disease. In asymptomatic patients incomplete Circle of Willis affects the reduced cerebrovascular reactivity and a higher risk of stroke. The parameters of cerebrovascular reactivity significantly improved after surgical treatment.</p>

Those scholars who have overlooked the relevance of Fred Kabotie and the Santa Fe Style he developed have missed an important historical segment of early Native American painting. This dissertation underscores the convergence of diverse intellectual, artistic and cultural backgrounds, especially those of Kabotie and Elizabeth Willis DeHuff, his first art teacher, which led to the formation of the Santa Fe Style in 1918. This style was formative for Dorothy Dunn’s later Studio School at the Santa Fe Indian Boarding School. This first generation of the Santa Fe Style of watercolor painting was empowered by highly educated men and women, who helped to ensure the national recognition Kabotie’s work received. Among Kabotie’s early supporters were Elizabeth Willis and John DeHuff, Mabel Dodge Luhan, Edgar Lee Hewett, Kenneth Chapman, Robert Henri, Maynard Dixon, Marsden Hartley, John Sloan, John Louw Nelson and George Gustav Heye. By uncovering the multiple discourses connecting these individuals with Kabotie and his work, this study develops a basis for analyzing the many perspectives this new style synthesized and advanced. This dissertation positions Kabotie and the Santa Fe Style within these and several larger cultural arenas, including Hopi culture, modern art and Santa Fe intellectuals, thus providing a multistoried dimensionality overlooked in earlier scholarship. Through evaluating these individuals who informed and empowered the creation of the Santa Fe Style, while carefully considering Kabotie’s response to them in his work, this dissertation initiates a clearer understanding of early twentieth-century cultural and artistic interactions, both locally and nationally. The Santa Fe Style provided a new direction for American Indian art prior to World War II; it initiated a fresh dialogue between the Hopi people and the Anglo government, and it afforded a complex and ongoing conversation for not just Fred Kabotie and his art, but also, through him, the Hopi people. Moreover, it had a profound effect on the development of Southwest Native American painting over the next fifty years.

The purpose of this study is to trace how Sara Willis Parton achieved unprecedented literary celebrity status as Fanny Fern during the first three years of her professional career, 1851-1853. While most critics point to her famously lucrative contract with the most popular newspaper of the 1850s, the New York Ledger, in 1854 as the beginning of her fame, I argue that she had already fully achieved that fame and had done so by writing for small Boston newspapers and publishing a highly successful collection of her articles by 1853. Further, Fern was able to achieve such a high level of success because of a keen business sense, intuitive marketing savvy, an ability to promote herself, an original writing style, and a creative use of personas. My study provides an important addition to Fern scholarship by addressing the largely overlooked early years of her writing career. To date, scholars either make no mention of her first three years or do so only to demonstrate the point that Fern achieved notable success when she signed a contract for one hundred dollars a column with Robert Bonner, publisher and editor of the New York Ledger. Prior to that contract, Fern worked as a freelance writer for the Boston Olive Branch and the Boston True Flag, earning less than five dollars for each sketch she submitted. The critical assumption has been that her initial work prepared her for the fame she would achieve writing for Bonner, but in fact Bonner would not have hired her had she not already achieved significant fame, for Bonner hired only highly celebrated writers. My study explores how Fanny Fern became a famous writer. When she began writing, Fern wrote under a number of previously unknown pseudonyms for local newspapers, but within three years her distinctive style, rhetorical skill, and iconoclastic persona had made ―Fanny Fern a household name. Fern‘s unique ability to engage a popular audience, I would argue, is the principal difference between Fern and other famous contemporary women writers.

Ischaemic stroke is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Cerebral autoregulation, which can be impaired during acute stroke, and collateral flow to brain tissue through the circle of Willis, both play a role in preventing tissue infarction. The configuration of the arterial circle varies between individuals. Thus, personalised modelling of the cerebral arterial network, to determine the potential for collateral flow, can be of significant value in the clinical context of stroke. The interaction between autoregulation and collateral flow remains poorly understood. In this study, steady-state physiological models of the cerebral arterial network, including several common variants of the circle of Willis, were coupled to a spatially variable mathematical representation of cerebral autoregulation. The resulting model was used to simulate various arterial occlusions, as well as bilateral and unilateral impairment of autoregulation, in each structural variant. The work identified few circle of Willis variants that present either particularly high-risk or particularly low-risk of cerebral ischaemia. Instead it was found that most variants are dependent upon the bilateral function of autoregulation to facilitate collateral flow and preserve cerebral blood flows. When autoregulation was impaired unilaterally, downstream of an occlusion, blood flows in the contralateral hemisphere were preserved at the expense of the ipsilateral tissue at risk. Arterial network models have in the past been personalised using structural, rather than functional, angiography measurements. This thesis presents a novel model-based method for absolute blood volume flow rate quantification in short arterial segments using dynamic magnetic resonance angiography data. The work also investigated the additional information that can be obtained from such functional angiography. The flow quantification technique was found to accurately estimate flows in shorter arterial segments than an existing technique. However, improvements to noise performance, and strategies for rejection of contaminating signals from overlapping vessels within the imaging plane, are required before the technique can be applied to personalised cerebral arterial network modelling.

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / It is generally agreed that the most troublesome procedure during the fabrication of complete dentures is the measurement of the Vertical Dimension at rest. The aim of this study was to test the reliability and validity of a new instrument called the Facial Anthropological Device (FAD). The measurements recorded were compared to the Willis gauge (being the gold standard) and dividers, which are mechanical aids used to quantify lower third facial height during denture construction. This thesis presents data on 35 edentulous and 35 dentate patients in the age range of 30 to 70 years, who presented at the University of the Western Cape Dental faculty.The FAD incorporates a ‘spirit‐level’ and uses more anatomical landmarks than any other measuring device noted in the literature. It measures facial landmarks in the midline and is not only used to measure the vertical dimension of the face, but with further research, may also be used in forensic studies. The Willis gauge is designed to measure the distance from the lower border of the septum of the nose to the lower border of the chin, and the distance from the outer canthus of the eye to the corner of the relaxed lip with the teeth in occlusion. The dividers measures two arbitrary points on the face.The study showed that the FAD was most similar to the Willis gauge where reliability and reproducibility was compared. There were no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) between the two devices.The FAD has shown to be a reliable and valid instrument that could be used to measure facial vertical dimension in the edentulous as well as dentate patients, however with some modifications to its design.