Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The shrinking space for civil society and the increasing number of unfavorable legislation affecting the work of non-governmental organizations continue to be burning issues for global philanthropy. Using a case study approach, this thesis explores how democracies regulate the operation of foreign-funded non-governmental organizations in Hungary and Israel. This thesis examines what the presumed and real motivations of democratic governments are to adapt such regulations and how the political, economic and socio-cultural environments might influence their enactment. This thesis also compares the Hungarian and Israeli regulations to the 1938 Foreign Agents Registration Act.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In this study we examined 381 interactions between Donors and Fundraisers from a large research university by analyzing their Contact Reports. Specifically, we examined whether we could extract measures of fundraiser empathy through the application of a coding scheme and linguistics analysis, and whether there are differences in the reports based on donor characteristics. We found evidence that there are significant differences between how fundraisers write reports and what they include in them, based on school of graduation and type of interaction, but little difference in their treatment by donor gender. We conclude that indeed measures of empathy can be extracted from Contact Reports, but that minimum standards of reporting should be adopted by fundraising organizations in order to support using Contact Reports as qualitative evaluation tools.

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We are used to regarding aesthetic experience from the point of view of a spectator, rather than something we actively provide and give. It is not common in the aesthetic debate to analyse what it is like to offer an aesthetic experience, but it is rather the opposite. Philosophers and aestheticians tend to study and focus on how the experience is perceived by someone, not on how it unfolds for the one who provides it. I believe that the experience of giving - especially when we give ourselves to others - is an aesthetic experience in itself. By "giving ouselves to others" I mean opening ourselves to others through acts of generous and disinterested service. In fact, it seems that we are truly and fully happy when we are willing to give ourselves to others in this way. Accordingly, the questions I am going to answer in this research are: why can we be happy by giving ourselves to another person? Can we be "gifts" for others without expecting something back? Is this experience aesthetic? I argue that love and disinterestedness are two key-concepts which help us understand how it is possible to selflessly give ourselves. In addition to that, I claim that such an act is aesthetic because we judge it as "beautiful" and not only as "good". The experience of self-giving is aeshetic because we invoke aesthetic concepts when we describe it.

Non-consumptive effects that predators have on prey are important to ecosystems. The perceived risk of predation can alter feeding behavior. Giving-up density (GUD) experiments have been a foundational method to evaluate perceived predation risk, but rely on the assumption that food preferences are absolute. However, nutritional preferences are context dependent and can change with risk. In my first chapter, I used spiders and grasshoppers to test the hypothesis that covariance in nutritional preferences and risk may confound the interpretation of GUD experiments. My results demonstrate that predation risk and nutritional preferences covary and can confound interpretation of GUD experiments. In my second chapter, I use a behavioral observation experiment to further explore non-consumptive effects, as well as the movement of prey in response to predation risk.

Gift exchange is at the heart of many social relationships and interactions. Various studies haveimplied that gift-giving is often based on the obligation to reciprocate, thus creating an economicexchange. The common components of gift-giving are the gift, the giver and the receiver, and theoccasion. Many studies have suggested various motives and functions for gift-giving. It is wellknown that the custom of gift-giving is an important part of Japanese culture. However, no researchis found regarding Finnish gift-giving behavior. In an effort to understand more about the diversegift exchange phenomenon, this study compares Japanese and Finnish gift-giving behavior. The aimis to examine the motivations and functions, and how the cultural values are reflected in gift-givingbehavior in both countries. For this purpose, two online surveys are conducted for both Japaneseand Finnish people. The findings are then compared with each other as well as with previousstudies. The results reveal that gift-giving behavior is relatively similar in both Japan and Finland inmany aspects, and the findings are mostly consistent with previous studies. It also seems thatwomen are a little more involved in gift-giving both in Japan and Finland.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)

At Northeast State Community College (NeSCC) nearly 70% of students need some form of financial aid to attend. State support is flattening or decreasing and the gap is filled by private donors' support (Northeast State Community College, 2011). Hundreds of donors have made significant contributions to aid in the education of those in the Northeast Tennessee region. The purpose of this study was to investigate the philanthropic motivations of a select group of 4 donors who have given a significant amount to a community college and to garner their specific reasons for doing so. This qualitative study included 4 interviews from current donors in the President's Trust at NeSCC who had contributed at least $10,000. I interviewed an alumni representative, a faculty member, an individual contributor, and a corporate representative to better understand their approaches and perspectives on giving to NeSCC. Through the interviews, I learned personal stories and motivations for giving. Some of their experiences can be linked to the servant leadership theory, transformational leadership, and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Also, the participants had similarities in stating that it was rewarding to give back and they all agreed that something from childhood spawned their motivations for giving.

Geographische Namen können als ‘verdichtete Erzählungen’ über das geographische Objekt, das sie bezeichnen, sowie über die namengebende Gemeinschaft betrachtet werden. In Richtung des Objekts gilt dies jedoch nur für deskriptive Namen, nicht für Gedenknamen wie Namen nach Personen oder Ereignissen oder für neutrale Namen wie Namen nach Blumen oder Tieren. Die Zuschreibung der Qualität ‘verdichteter Erzählungen’ beruht auf der Annahme, dass jeder Name mit Bedacht gewählt wurde und ein wesentliches oder auffallendes Merkmal eines Objekts hervorhebt. Allerdings kann dieses Merkmal heute nicht mehr so wichtig sein und ist die Bedeutung eines Namens auch nicht immer transparent, weil Namen oft aus früheren Sprachen oder älteren Schichten einer heute an einem Ort gesprochenen Sprache stammen. Für die heutige Geographie ist dieser Aspekt geographischer Namen deshalb besonders interessant, weil ihr heute vorherrschender konstruktivistischer Ansatz die menschliche Wahrnehmung der Umwelt, des geographischen Raumes und geographischer Objekte in den Mittelpunkt stellt und dafür geographische Namen eine wichtige Informationsquelle besonders über heute nicht mehr existierende Gesellschaften und ältere Schichten der Kulturlandschaft sind. Der Artikel illustriert diesen Gedanken anhand von Beispielen aus Mitteleuropa und dem adriatischen Raum.