<p>Anthropogenic effects on ecosystems have expanded in their scope and intensity, with significant consequences for global environmental, wildlife and human health. As human encroachment into wildlife habitat grows, habitat degradation and fragmentation intensify, leading to increased contact among wildlife, humans and domestic animals. Due to this increasing frequency of interaction, and the emergence of several high-profile diseases, global concern has grown over the risk of emerging infectious disease from zoonotic origins. </p><p>Due to Madagascar's rampant rate of human population growth and deforestation, its incredible species diversity, the widespread presence of domestic and invasive species, and its evolutionary isolation, it can be viewed as a high risk region for potential disease emergence. There is a need for assessment of the zoonotic and reverse zoonotic disease potential within this country. </p><p>To contribute to this assessment, consistent baseline health monitoring provides an effective tool for evaluating wildlife health and preparing for future disease occurrences. Limited, disconnected surveys of lemur health have occurred, yet there remained a need for more extensive, country-wide evaluations that also addresses invasive species, domestic animal and human health, as well shifting patterns of environmental and climatic change. </p><p>This research has investigated the connections among human, animal (both domestic and wildlife) and ecosystem health in Madagascar. I have examined current trends in anthropogenically-driven environmental change in Madagascar--including deforestation, illegal logging of precious hardwoods, mining, hunting, and agriculture--and evaluated how this change affects patterns of lemur, domestic animal and human health by evaluating a suite of health measures and parasite prevalence and richness. I have also examined how predicted global climate changes may influence the spatial patterns of lemur parasites and human infectious disease by assessing their shifts in distributions and geographic extent. </p><p>To assess the risk of disease transmission among lemur, domestic animal and human hosts, I have modeled the areas of geographic overlap among these parasites and their hosts and identified high-risk areas for disease emergence using geospatial analysis. This information can help to develop predictive statistical and spatial tools, which can inform both environmental management and public health planning. </p><p>Through this work, I have evaluated the severe loss of distribution that rosewood species have undergone, which highly qualifies them for international trade protection. We predicted areas of high risk for future logging, many of which occurred within protected areas in the biodiverse northeast. </p><p>Secondly, I have compiled the most comprehensive record of parasites of lemurs to date. Building upon the Prosimian Biomedical Survey Project data and the published literature, we have recorded 88 parasites that have been documented in lemurs. These are composed of helminths, bacteria, ectoparasites and protozoa. Of the 23 focal parasite species studied more in depth in this study, we noted high variability in prevalence measures for unique parasites at different sites. Parasite coinfection occurred quite commonly, with up to as many as 7 parasites concurrently. On average, lemur parasites tend to be less species-, genus-, or family-specific than other parasites across all primates. </p><p>Thirdly, I documented highly significant differences in health measures from two populations of Indri that exist under differing levels of anthropogenic pressure. Of note, the parasite richness, leukocyte count and differential, and nickel and cobalt levels were significantly higher in the more exposed population, while the total protein measures were significantly lower. These data suggest that the exposed population experiencing more anthropogenic pressure suffered from elevated health and nutritional stress. </p><p>Fourthly, I have documented strong correlations among environmental drivers (temperature, precipitation and landscape-scale features) and lemur parasite distributions. Striking shifts in their distributions are predicted to occur with projected climate change in Madagascar, including an expansion of helminth, virus and ectoparasite distributions, but a contraction of bacteria distributions due to warming and drying in the south. </p><p>Fifthly, I have examined 10 human and domestic animal parasites that hold great consequence for lemur, human and domestic animal health in Madagascar. I have similarly demonstrated strong correlations among environmental drivers (temperature, precipitation and landscape-scale features) and the distributions of these human parasites. Shifts in the distributions are also predicted to occur with projected climate change, including an expansion of helminth parasites, and a contraction of viruses and bacteria due to warming and drying in the south. I have identified areas of high risk for the transmission of parasites from human hosts to lemurs, as well as conversely from lemur hosts to humans. These risk indices will serve to highlight geographic areas at particular risk, and will also help to direct limited funds and staff to those areas most in need of attention. </p><p>Sixthly, I have demonstrated a need to train a growing cadre of One Health professionals from many different disciplines. I have offered several suggestions to integrate One Health training into graduate education, and have identified several geographic regions of potential to be a Center of One Health Excellence, of which the North Carolina Triangle area is one of great promise.</p> / Dissertation

The prevalence of neurodegenerative disease in India is rising. Regenerative medicine (RM) is being developed to treat these conditions. However, despite advances in RM application for neurological disorders (NeuroRM), there is a lack of research on clinical translation of NeuroRM technologies in developing countries. Given that India is one of the first nations to translate in this field, much can be learned on challenges and solutions arising during translation. This study identifies stakeholders involved in such translation and outlines roles of each; it describes India’s regulatory environment concerning NeuroRM translation; and discusses the impact of collaboration in clinical translation. Twenty-three face-to-face interviews with clinicians, researchers and policy-makers within India were undertaken and transcripts subjected to thematic analysis. The study demonstrates that clinical translation of NeuroRM within India is taking place robustly, it identifies barriers and good practices being adopted, and provides recommendations based on participants’ experiences.

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Sammanfattning Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka motivationsfaktorer som finns bland kvinnor som endast styrketränar på gemensam del och bland kvinnor som styrketränar på tjejdel på gym i Stockholm samt om det skiljer sig åt mellan grupperna. Vad motiveras kvinnor av som styrketränar på gymanläggningar? Vad motiveras kvinnor av som endast styrketränar på den gemensamma delen på gymanläggningar? Vad motiveras kvinnor av som styrketränar på tjejdel på gymanläggningar? Finns det någon/några skillnader i motivationsfaktorer bland kvinnor som endast styrketränar på gemensam del och kvinnor som styrketränar på tjejdel på gymanläggning? Metod En kvantitativ studiedesign valdes för att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställningar. Urvalsmetoden som användes i denna studie var bekvämlighetsurval som syftar till att respondenterna ska vara lättillgängliga. Utdelningen av enkäterna skedde på två olika gymanläggningar i Stockholms innerstad vid två olika tidpunkter, en tidig morgon och en sen eftermiddag. Enkäten som användes i studien var den validerade enkäten Exercise Motivations Inventory (EMI-2). Enkäten sammanställdes genom att addera siffrorna från varje påstående i 14 underkategorier som därefter kunde delas in i fem nya överkategorier. Testerna som användes för att besvara studiens frågeställningar var Friedman-, Wilcoxon- och Mann-Whitneytest. Resultat Gruppen som endast styrketränade på den gemensamma delen och gruppen som styrketränade på tjejdelen, det vill säga kvinnor i Stockholm, motiverades mest av Fitnessmotiv och minst av Personliga motiv. Ingen skillnad kunde ses mellan vad som motiverar kvinnor till att styrketräna, oberoende av vilken del kvinnor använder på gymanläggningarna i Stockholm. Slutsats Motivation var inte en anledning till att kvinnor valde att styrketräna på tjejdelen på gymanläggning. Anledningen till att kvinnor valde att styrketräna på tjejdelen på gymanläggningar är fortfarande obesvarat.

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This essay is about the use of social media for high school students and the importance of social media and how social media affect young people's health. The purpose of this study was to investigate why high school students are using social media and how it affects their health. The method used for the study is a qualitative approach in the form of semistructured interview. Study participants were boys and girls aged 16–19 years old who were active on social media. The results show that the use of social media was primarily to communicate but also as a pastime and information channel where the users give and take information about different things. The usage of social media was important for maintaining the relationship with family and friends and for making new friends. It was also important for communication because it is easy and quick to communicate and to feel involved. The usage of social media influence the health of adolescent both negatively and positively. The negative effects were that they had headaches, tiredness and a tendency to postpone things. The positive effects were that they could talk it out with someone on social media as well as they could get advice. The conclusion to be drawn from this study is that many people use social media and it is significant and has both positive and negative health effects.  Keywords: Health, High School Student, Social media, Qualitative Methods