Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Die verwerwing van lees- en skryfvaardighede is van wesenlike belang vir die optimale verwerkliking van die mens se potensiele moontlikhede. 'n Ondersoek na veranderende opvattinge oar die aanvangsonderrig van lees en skryf is in die Jig daarvan van belang. Faktore wat aanleiding gegee het tot veranderende opvattinge oar die aanvangsonderrig van lees en skryf kan kortliks saamgevat word as: die ontwikkeling van 'n fonetiese alfabet, veranderende opvattinge oar effektiewe lees- en skryfonderrigmetodes, asook politieke, ekonomiese en samelewingsveranderinge. Hierdie faktore het tot die verbesondering van die Sumeriese, antieke Griekse, antieke Romeinse, Nederlandse, Engelse en Suid-Arikaanse opvoedingspraktyke bygedra. Verskeie onderrigmetodes, onder meer die alfabetmetode, klankmetode, globale metode, gekombineerde metode en eklektiese metode is deur eeue heen in hierdie formele opvoedingspraktyke gebruik vir die aanvangsonderrig van lees en skryf. Effektiewe aanvangslees- en skryfonderrig bepaal of die leerder sy taalvaardighede kan benut om 'n positiewe bydrae tot die samelewing te lewer. / The acquisition of reading and writing skills is of cardinal importance for the optimum realization of man's potential. Research into the changing perspectives which have led to the development of beginning-teaching of reading and writing is therefore of great importance. The following factors have led to changing perspectives: the development of an alphabet, changing perspectives on the effective teaching of reading and writing as well as political, economic and societal changes. These factors contributed to the specific development of the Sumerian, ancient Greek, ancient Roman, Dutch, English and South African education practices. Various teaching methods inter alia the alphabet, phonic, global, combined and eclectic methods have been used in the aforementioned education practices for the beginning-teaching of reading and writing. Effective beginning teaching of reading and writing determines whether the learner will be able to utilize his language skills in order to make a positive contribution to society. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Historiese Opvoedkunde)

Ce mémoire s'intéresse à la reconstruction d'un modèle 3D à partir de plusieurs images. Le modèle 3D est élaboré avec une représentation hiérarchique de voxels sous la forme d'un octree. Un cube englobant le modèle 3D est calculé à partir de la position des caméras. Ce cube contient les voxels et il définit la position de caméras virtuelles. Le modèle 3D est initialisé par une enveloppe convexe basée sur la couleur uniforme du fond des images. Cette enveloppe permet de creuser la périphérie du modèle 3D. Ensuite un coût pondéré est calculé pour évaluer la qualité de chaque voxel à faire partie de la surface de l'objet. Ce coût tient compte de la similarité des pixels provenant de chaque image associée à la caméra virtuelle. Finalement et pour chacune des caméras virtuelles, une surface est calculée basée sur le coût en utilisant la méthode de SGM. La méthode SGM tient compte du voisinage lors du calcul de profondeur et ce mémoire présente une variation de la méthode pour tenir compte des voxels précédemment exclus du modèle par l'étape d'initialisation ou de creusage par une autre surface. Par la suite, les surfaces calculées sont utilisées pour creuser et finaliser le modèle 3D. Ce mémoire présente une combinaison innovante d'étapes permettant de créer un modèle 3D basé sur un ensemble d'images existant ou encore sur une suite d'images capturées en série pouvant mener à la création d'un modèle 3D en temps réel. / This master concentrates on the reconstruction of a 3D model from multiple images. The 3D model is built with a hierarchical representation of voxels using an octree. A cube surrounding the object is calculated from the camera's positions. This cube contains all the voxels and it defines the position of the virtual cameras. The 3d model is initialized by a visual hull that is based on the uniform color of the images’ background. This visual hull is used to pre-carve the 3D model. Then a cost is calculated to evaluate the quality of each voxel as being on the surface of the object. This cost takes into account the similarity of the pixels from each images associated to a virtual camera. Finally a surface is calculated for each virtual camera using the SGM method that is based on the voxel cost. The SGM method takes the surrounding voxels into account when calculating the depth and this master presents a variation to this method where we take the previously excluded voxels into account. The excluded voxels coming from the initialization step or from the carving done by another virtual camera. The resulting surface is used to carve the voxel representation. This master presents an innovative combination of steps leading to the creation of a 3D model from a set of existing images or from a series of images capture one after another leading to a real-time creation of a 3D model.

This thesis deals with the issue of genetic method to reading in the first grade of an elementary school. The theoretical part is focused on the child's entry to school, their school maturity and further education. Other methods to read are presented, analysed and compared with the genetic method as well. Furthermore, the methods and ways how to put the genetic method in practice are pursued in detail along with didactical games and examples of teaching procedures. The practical part looks into the experience the teachers have gained with this method, the school success of the children and the opinion the family members have.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Die verwerwing van lees- en skryfvaardighede is van wesenlike belang vir die optimale verwerkliking van die mens se potensiele moontlikhede. 'n Ondersoek na veranderende opvattinge oar die aanvangsonderrig van lees en skryf is in die Jig daarvan van belang. Faktore wat aanleiding gegee het tot veranderende opvattinge oar die aanvangsonderrig van lees en skryf kan kortliks saamgevat word as: die ontwikkeling van 'n fonetiese alfabet, veranderende opvattinge oar effektiewe lees- en skryfonderrigmetodes, asook politieke, ekonomiese en samelewingsveranderinge. Hierdie faktore het tot die verbesondering van die Sumeriese, antieke Griekse, antieke Romeinse, Nederlandse, Engelse en Suid-Arikaanse opvoedingspraktyke bygedra. Verskeie onderrigmetodes, onder meer die alfabetmetode, klankmetode, globale metode, gekombineerde metode en eklektiese metode is deur eeue heen in hierdie formele opvoedingspraktyke gebruik vir die aanvangsonderrig van lees en skryf. Effektiewe aanvangslees- en skryfonderrig bepaal of die leerder sy taalvaardighede kan benut om 'n positiewe bydrae tot die samelewing te lewer. / The acquisition of reading and writing skills is of cardinal importance for the optimum realization of man's potential. Research into the changing perspectives which have led to the development of beginning-teaching of reading and writing is therefore of great importance. The following factors have led to changing perspectives: the development of an alphabet, changing perspectives on the effective teaching of reading and writing as well as political, economic and societal changes. These factors contributed to the specific development of the Sumerian, ancient Greek, ancient Roman, Dutch, English and South African education practices. Various teaching methods inter alia the alphabet, phonic, global, combined and eclectic methods have been used in the aforementioned education practices for the beginning-teaching of reading and writing. Effective beginning teaching of reading and writing determines whether the learner will be able to utilize his language skills in order to make a positive contribution to society. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Historiese Opvoedkunde)

The thesis deals with the type of font of hand writing which is taught at the elementary schools it the Czech Republic its main symbols and methods of the font rating. In the theoretical part I define the basic concepts, introduces the history, development of writing, actual methods of teaching of hand writing at the elementary schools and the overview of exercise books for practicing of the very first hand writing. In the practical part, I find out using a questionnaire according to which criteria the teachers evaluate children's hand writing. The research part contains written work of children. I analyze the texts where I evaluate qualitative features (shape, size, gradient, binding, modification) of bound and unbound font of writing in the third grade of elementary school. To improve writing skills, I suggest specific didactic utilities, release exercises, act. Key words: The bound font of writing, analytical-synthetic method, The unbound font of writing, genetic method, global method, Sfumato, font rating, qualitative writing symbols, exercise book, release exercises

Les simulations numériques représentent un outil fondamental pour la conception et l'optimisation de procédés industriels de fabrication tels que le soudage. Malgré le développement impressionnant des méthodes numériques et des moyens de calcul utilisables, la complexité des procédés de fabrication et les nouvelles exigences des industries les plus avancées obligent à repenser les méthodes, les stratégies et les algorithmes de simulation disponibles. Dans cette thèse, de nouvelles méthodes numériques avec une approche de Réduction des Modèles sont proposées, une discipline consolidée qui a fourni des solutions étonnantes dans différentes applications, comme les procédés de fabrication avancés. Tout d'abord, différentes stratégies sont proposées pour la simulation efficace des procédés de soudage conventionnel, à cet effet, l'utilisation de Computational Vademecums est introduite. L’introduction de ces abaques numériques améliorent des méthodes telles que : les Éléments Finis Généralisés pour le calcul thermique, l'approche local-global pour le calcul mécanique et enfin, la construction directe des abaques numériques utiles pour la phase de pré-design. En second lieu, un solveur PGD efficace est présenté pour les simulations thermo-mécaniques de soudage par friction-malaxage. Cette thèse montre comment la réduction des modèles,en plus d'être une fin en soi, peut être un excellent ingrédient pour améliorer l'efficacité des méthodes numériques traditionnelles. Cela représente un grand intérêt pour l'industrie. / Numerical simulations represent a fundamental tool for the design and optimization of industrial manufacturing processes such as welding. Despite the impressive development of the numerical methods and the means of calculation, the complexity of these processes and the new demands of the more advanced industries make it necessary to rethink the available methods, strategies and simulation algorithms. In this thesis, we propose new numerical methods with a Model Order Reduction approach, a consolidated discipline that has provided surprising solutions indifferent applications, such as advanced manufacturing processes. First, different strategies for the efficient simulation of conventional welding processes are proposed. To this end, the use of Computational Vademecums is introduced for the improvement of methods such as the Generalized Finite Element for thermal calculation, the local-global approach for the mechanical calculation or the direct construction of vademecums useful for predesign phases. Then, an efficient PGD solver for thermomechanical simulations for friction stir welding is presented. This thesis shows how Model Reduction, besides being an end, it can be an excellent ingredient to improve the efficiency of traditional numerical methods, with great interest for the industry.

This diploma thesis deals with alternative and augmentative communication systems using at the individuals with pervasive development disorders. Thesis is divided the theoretical and the experimental part. Theoretical part contains mainly informations about communication disability, speech development, diagnosis of communication abilities, alternative and augmentative communication systems and possibilities of aid to the families with child with pervasive development disorder. Experimental part presents research using questionnaire, which was send to the parents or legal representatives with child with pervasive development disorder. The research prepares base for next extensive researchs.