Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Government, health authorities, and especially consumers, require that farms develop and apply quality management concepts in their production processes, and with increasing globalization quality management processes in pigs has been recognized internationally, ensuring the production within the demands of good farming practice. And Globalgap is an example of this reference that can be adopted. The aim of this study was to propose a Checklist adapted from the indicators of Globalgap, which allows to diagnose pig production systems in relation to the environment and the management of good manufacturing practices. The methodology for data collection took place in pig properties located in the northern region of Rio Grande do Sul, the statistical data were evaluated with descriptive analysis determining the cumulative frequency of each issue, and the data that was raised had a classification system following the five-point Likert scale with verbal anchors, serving as a basis for implementation of the research field. Working properties was evaluated by the integrated system, belonging to two cooperatives, being determined to sample in 30 farms. The issues that were parsed from the checklist had procedures for classification on the scale, where the score under frequency has reached a minimum of 54.76% and maximum of 66.32%, that of the total evaluated, with these data it can concluded that the farms evaluated are classified in the "average" score, because the pig owners holds the knowledge in practice, but it is evident that part of documentary records management is failed and this is an opportunity for improvement that should be deployed to ensure evaluative indices. But for that the region is able to export products to the EU, or to go through the process of certification of management be it environmental or quality, it will be necessary to implement some procedures that improve practices in the use of natural resources. And yet the validation checklist is by applying the method of cronbach's alpha, which determined how reliability index of 0.614 research, soon with the data surveyed may conclude that the region through the processes of cooperatives is working for you in the near future fingertips indexes to ensure that the conditions for certification of production processes. / O governo, as entidades sanitárias e, principalmente os consumidores, exigem que as propriedades rurais desenvolvam e apliquem conceitos de gestão da qualidade em seus processos produtivos, e com a crescente globalização, os processos de gestão da qualidade na suinocultura têm sido reconhecida internacionalmente, assegurando a produção dentro das demandas das boas práticas agrícolas. E a Globalgap é exemplo desse referencial que pode ser adotado. O objetivo deste estudo foi de propor um Checklist adaptado a partir dos indicadores da Globalgap, que permite diagnosticar os sistemas de produção de suínos em relação ao meio ambiente e à gestão de Boas Práticas de Produção. A metodologia para a coleta de dados deu-se em propriedades suinícolas localizadas na região norte do RS, os dados estatísticos foram avaliados com análise descritiva, determinando a frequência acumulada de cada questão avaliada, e os dados que foram levantados tiveram um sistema de classificação seguindo a escala Likert de cinco pontos com âncoras verbais, servindo de base para aplicação da pesquisa a campo. Foram avaliadas propriedades que trabalham pelo sistema integrado, que pertencem a duas cooperativas, sendo determinada a amostra em 30 granjas. As questões que foram analisadas a partir do checklist tiveram procedimentos de classificação com escala, onde a pontuação no âmbito de frequência atingiu um mínimo de 54,76% e máximo de 66,32%, isso do total avaliado, com estes dados pode-se concluir que as granjas avaliadas estão classificadas no escore Médio , pois os suinicultores detêm o conhecimento na prática, mas se evidencia que a parte de gestão de registros documentais é falha, sendo esta a oportunidade de melhoria que deverá ser implantada para garantir os índices avaliativos. Porém, para que a região esteja apta a exportar produtos para a UE, ou mesmo para passar pelo processo de certificação de gestão, seja ele de qualidade ou ambiental, será necessária a implantação de alguns procedimentos que melhorem as práticas na utilização dos recursos naturais. E, ainda, a validação do checklist deu-se pela aplicação do método de alpha de cronbach, o qual determinou como índice de confiabilidade da pesquisa em 0,614, logo, com os dados pesquisados, pode-se concluir que a região, através dos processos de cooperativas, está se empenhando para que, em um futuro próximo, alcance índices que garantam as condições de certificação dos processos produtivos.

GlobalGAP (previously EurepGAP) is a voluntary business-to-business standard for food audit that has recently achieved the greatest acceptance worldwide (Campbell, Lawrence & Smith 2006) boasting implementation numbers of over 80,000 farms in 80 countries. Compliance with the standard is verified by means of the third party certification (TPC) audit, and is designed to (GlobalGAP 2008) assure European retailers that exporting producers have met their criteria for safe and sustainable agriculture (GlobalGAP 2007b). In 2004, cherry growers in the Southern Interior of British Columbia became the first GlobalGAP certified producers in Canada. This novelty afforded a unique opportunity to observe the introduction of the standard in an industrialized country with well-established regulations and where the capacity of producers to undertake the process was relatively high. A qualitative methodology was used in case studies of two communities to inductively study the implementation of ‘safe and sustainable agriculture’ certification and generate relevant research questions for deeper examination. Sensitizing concepts emerging from observations of the TPC audits (n = 20) evolved into two primary research objectives; 1) to understand the practical application and diffusion of a TPC standard and 2) to explore the efficacy of the TPC standard as a mechanism to promote sustainable agriculture within certain pre-existing contexts. Forty-four follow up interviews were conducted with growers that chose to certify (n = 24), those that did not (n = 14), and other key actors (n = 3). This thesis examines the research objectives over three chapters. The introduction provides the local and global context along with a review of GlobalGAP, agri-food governance and the role of private certification and retailer power. Chapter two presents the technological and sociological factors that influenced the stages of the diffusion of GlobalGAP TPC and compares these factors and outcomes to the technological and sociological components of sustainable agriculture. In the conclusion, policy strategies are offered to maximize the potential for this tool to promote sustainable agriculture along with suggestions for future research on the topic.

GlobalGAP (previously EurepGAP) is a voluntary business-to-business standard for food audit that has recently achieved the greatest acceptance worldwide (Campbell, Lawrence & Smith 2006) boasting implementation numbers of over 80,000 farms in 80 countries. Compliance with the standard is verified by means of the third party certification (TPC) audit, and is designed to (GlobalGAP 2008) assure European retailers that exporting producers have met their criteria for safe and sustainable agriculture (GlobalGAP 2007b). In 2004, cherry growers in the Southern Interior of British Columbia became the first GlobalGAP certified producers in Canada. This novelty afforded a unique opportunity to observe the introduction of the standard in an industrialized country with well-established regulations and where the capacity of producers to undertake the process was relatively high. A qualitative methodology was used in case studies of two communities to inductively study the implementation of ‘safe and sustainable agriculture’ certification and generate relevant research questions for deeper examination. Sensitizing concepts emerging from observations of the TPC audits (n = 20) evolved into two primary research objectives; 1) to understand the practical application and diffusion of a TPC standard and 2) to explore the efficacy of the TPC standard as a mechanism to promote sustainable agriculture within certain pre-existing contexts. Forty-four follow up interviews were conducted with growers that chose to certify (n = 24), those that did not (n = 14), and other key actors (n = 3). This thesis examines the research objectives over three chapters. The introduction provides the local and global context along with a review of GlobalGAP, agri-food governance and the role of private certification and retailer power. Chapter two presents the technological and sociological factors that influenced the stages of the diffusion of GlobalGAP TPC and compares these factors and outcomes to the technological and sociological components of sustainable agriculture. In the conclusion, policy strategies are offered to maximize the potential for this tool to promote sustainable agriculture along with suggestions for future research on the topic.

GlobalGAP (previously EurepGAP) is a voluntary business-to-business standard for food audit that has recently achieved the greatest acceptance worldwide (Campbell, Lawrence & Smith 2006) boasting implementation numbers of over 80,000 farms in 80 countries. Compliance with the standard is verified by means of the third party certification (TPC) audit, and is designed to (GlobalGAP 2008) assure European retailers that exporting producers have met their criteria for safe and sustainable agriculture (GlobalGAP 2007b). In 2004, cherry growers in the Southern Interior of British Columbia became the first GlobalGAP certified producers in Canada. This novelty afforded a unique opportunity to observe the introduction of the standard in an industrialized country with well-established regulations and where the capacity of producers to undertake the process was relatively high. A qualitative methodology was used in case studies of two communities to inductively study the implementation of ‘safe and sustainable agriculture’ certification and generate relevant research questions for deeper examination. Sensitizing concepts emerging from observations of the TPC audits (n = 20) evolved into two primary research objectives; 1) to understand the practical application and diffusion of a TPC standard and 2) to explore the efficacy of the TPC standard as a mechanism to promote sustainable agriculture within certain pre-existing contexts. Forty-four follow up interviews were conducted with growers that chose to certify (n = 24), those that did not (n = 14), and other key actors (n = 3). This thesis examines the research objectives over three chapters. The introduction provides the local and global context along with a review of GlobalGAP, agri-food governance and the role of private certification and retailer power. Chapter two presents the technological and sociological factors that influenced the stages of the diffusion of GlobalGAP TPC and compares these factors and outcomes to the technological and sociological components of sustainable agriculture. In the conclusion, policy strategies are offered to maximize the potential for this tool to promote sustainable agriculture along with suggestions for future research on the topic. / Science, Faculty of / Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for / Graduate

Das Wachstum des Agrarsektors ist einer der entscheidenden Faktoren, um Armut in Entwicklungsländern zu verringern, da Armut auch heute noch ein vor allem ländliches Phänomen ist. Zwei Drittel der Armen weltweit leben auf dem Land und sind in der Mehrzahl direkt oder indirekt von der Landwirtschaft abhängig. Die verstärkte Teilnahme von Kleinbauern am wachsenden globalen Markt für hochwertige Nahrungsmittel wie tierische Erzeugnisse, Fisch, Obst und Gemüse wird als eine der vielversprechendsten Möglichkeiten gesehen, um Armut zu reduzieren. Insbesondere die Verbreitung des Obst- und Gemüseanbaus bietet eine Vielzahl von Chancen für Kleinbauern, da dieser im Vergleich zum Anbau von Grundnahrungsmitteln einen höheren Arbeitseinsatz erfordert sowie höhere Einkommen pro Hektar generiert. Die Ausschöpfung der sich eröffnenden Möglichkeiten kann jedoch durch die wachsende Bedeutung von privaten und öffentlichen Lebensmittelsicherheits- und Qualitätsstandards behindert werden. Während öffentliche Standards schon lange als ein Handelshemmnis für Exporte von Entwicklungsländern in Industrieländer gelten, werden private, vom Einzelhandel festgelegte Standards zunehmend zu einem Erfordernis, um Zugang zu Märkten weltweit zu erhalten. In dieser Studie befassen wir uns mit den Auswirkungen des GlobalGAP Standards auf Obst- und Gemüsekleinbauern in Entwicklungsländern. Der GlobalGAP Standard wurde 1997 durch europäische Einzelhandelsunternehmen mit dem Ziel entwickelt, die sehr unterschiedlichen Qualitätsstandards der einzelnen Unternehmen zu harmonisieren, und gilt heute als der wichtigste Standard für gute Agrarpraxis weltweit. Während die steigende Bedeutung des GlobalGAP Standards Kleinbauern in Entwicklungsländern vor neue Herausforderungen stellt, bietet diese gleichzeitig auch neue Chancen. Verschiedene Studien haben gezeigt, dass die Implementierung des GlobalGAP Standards für Kleinbauern aufgrund von hohen Investitionskosten sowie hohen technischen und administrativen Erfordernissen mit besonders großen Schwierigkeiten verbunden ist. Auf der anderen Seite wird diskutiert, dass eine erfolgreiche Annahme des Standards zu stabileren und höheren Einkommen führen kann und somit zu einer Verringerung von Armut und Vulnerabilität beitragen kann. Jedoch ist nicht nur die Implementierung des GlobalGAP Standards eine große Herausforderung für Kleinbauern in Entwicklungsländern, sondern die ständige Einhaltung des Standards gestaltet sich häufig aufgrund der hohen laufenden Kosten und der strengen Erfordernisse des Standards als ebenso schwierig. Verschiedene Studien haben gezeigt, dass insbesondere die Kleinbauern, die mit Unterstützung von Entwicklungshilfsprogrammen ein GlobalGAP Zertifikat erhalten haben, vielfach nicht dazu in der Lage sind, den Standard selbständig aufrechtzuhalten. Auf Grundlage der oben beschriebenen Chancen und Herausforderungen, die der GlobalGAP Standard mit sich bringt, ist es das Ziel dieser Studie, Mechanismen zu identifizieren, die Kleinbauern dazu in die Lage versetzen, den GlobalGAP Standard nachhaltig anzunehmen, um langfristig von einer Zertifizierung zu profitieren. Hierzu werden zunächst die Faktoren, die die Annahme des GlobalGAP Standards beeinflussen, identifiziert, wobei die Unterstützung von Gebern, öffentlich-privaten Partnerschaften und Exporteuren mit einbezogen wird. Darauf folgend analysieren wir die Auswirkungen der GlobalGAP Zertifizierung auf Produzentenpreise für Obst und Gemüse und auf das Netto-Haushaltseinkommen der Landwirte. Zuletzt werden die Determinanten der GlobalGAP Rezertifizierung nach Ende der Unterstützung durch Entwicklungshilfsprogramme untersucht. Die empirische Analyse basiert auf einem umfangreichen Paneldatensatz von thailändischen Obst- und Gemüsebauern, der in den Jahren 2010 und 2011 erhoben wurde. Die Grundgesamtheit von Obst- und Gemüsebauern wurde nach der Teilnahme an einem Entwicklungshilfsprogramm stratifiziert, welches zum Ziel hatte, thailändische Kleinbauern in der Annahme des GlobalGAP Standards zu unterstützen. Das Programm wurde zwischen 2008 und 2010 durchgeführt und zu Beginn des Jahres 2010 konnte eine Vielzahl von Programmteilnehmern erfolgreich das GlobalGAP Zertifikat erlangen. Während der ersten Befragungsrunde im Jahr 2010 wurden 287 Haushalte interviewt, davon sind 146 Teilnehmer des Entwicklungshilfsprogramms und 141 sind Nicht-Teilnehmer. Im Jahr 2011 konnten 218 der 287 Haushalte ein zweites Mal interviewt werden. Im ersten Teil der Studie vergleichen wir verschiedene institutionelle Arrangements, die unter die GlobalGAP Gruppenzertifizierung fallen, und analysieren die Faktoren, die die Annahme des GlobalGAP Standards bedingen. Die Analyse basiert auf den im Jahr 2010 während der ersten Befragungsrunde erhobenen Querschnittsdaten, die die Situation der Haushalte vor der Zertifizierung widerspiegeln. In unserer Forschungsregion hat die vermehrte Nachfrage nach GlobalGAP zertifizierten Produkten zu der Bildung neuer institutioneller Arrangements zwischen Gebern, Exporteuren und Landwirten geführt. Teilnehmende Landwirte an einem Entwicklungshilfsprogramm wurden in verschiedenen Zertifizierungsgruppen organisiert, die sich im Hinblick auf das Management des internen Kontrollsystems unterscheiden. Dieses kann entweder durch Geber, Exporteure oder durch die Landwirte selbst geleitet werden. Die Ergebnisse unserer Analyse zeigen, dass die Unterstützung durch Entwicklungshilfsprogramme, Exporteure und öffentlich-private Partnerschaften entscheidend ist, um Kleinbauern mit einem geringen Human- und Sozialkapital sowie mit geringen finanziellen Ressourcen die Annahme des GlobalGAP Standards zu ermöglichen. Zudem wird die Annahme der GlobalGAP Standards durch Haushalts- und Betriebsmerkmale wie Bildung, die Verfügbarkeit von Arbeitskräften in der Familie, die Nutzung effizienter Bewässerungstechniken sowie vorherige Erfahrung in modernen Wertschöpfungsketten beeinflusst. Des Weiteren analysieren wir die Auswirkungen der GlobalGAP Zertifizierung auf Obst- und Gemüseproduzentenpreise sowie auf das Netto-Haushaltseinkommen von Landwirten. Die Analyse beruht auf den erhobenen Paneldaten, die es uns ermöglichen, das Fixed-Effects-Modell anzuwenden, welches für einen Selektionsbias aufgrund von zeitkonstanter, unbeobachtbarer Heterogenität kontrolliert. Neben der Schätzung von durchschnittlichen Effekten der GlobalGAP Zertifizierung untersuchen wir die Frage, ob sich die Auswirkungen von GlobalGAP zwischen Untergruppen zertifizierter Landwirte unterscheiden. Für die Studie differenzieren wir zwischen zertifizierten Landwirten, die in von den Produzenten selbst oder in von Exporteuren geführten Gruppen organisiert sind, sowie zwischen Landwirten mit einer größeren oder kleineren zertifizierten Fläche. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine GlobalGAP Zertifizierung im Durchschnitt hohe positive Auswirkungen auf Produzentenpreise sowie auf das Netto-Haushaltseinkommen von Landwirten hat. Der hohe durchschnittliche Effekt wird jedoch vor allem durch hohe positive Auswirkungen in den von Produzenten geführten Gruppen gesteuert. In diesen hat die Annahme des GlobalGAP Standards im Durchschnitt zu 62% höheren Preisen sowie zu 14,678 USD höheren Netto-Haushaltseinkommen geführt. In den von Exporteuren geleiteten Gruppen kann dagegen kein signifikanter Einfluss der Zertifizierung festgestellt werden. Des Weiteren stellen wir fest, dass die realisierten Einkommenseffekte in den von Produzenten geführten Gruppen von der Größe der zertifizierten Fläche abhängen. Während größere Betriebe sehr hohe Einkommensgewinne erzielen, können kleinere Betriebe nur solange einen signifikanten Effekt verzeichnen, wie sie die wiederkehrenden Kosten der Zertifizierung nicht selbst tragen müssen, d.h. solange sie finanzielle Unterstützung durch einen Geber erhalten. Der letzte Teil unserer Studie befasst sich mit der Nachhaltigkeit der von Entwicklungshilfsprogrammen unterstützen GlobalGAP Zertifizierung von Kleinbauern. Wir schätzen ein bivariates Probit-Modell, um die Faktoren, die die nachhaltige Annahme des GlobalGAP Standards beeinflussen, in Abhängigkeit von erstmals erfolgter Zertifizierung zu analysieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Unterstützung durch Exporteure der weitaus wichtigste Einflussfaktor der ständigen und nachhaltigen Einhaltung des GlobalGAP Standards ist. Im Vergleich zu Landwirten in von Produzenten geführten Gruppen haben Bauern, die in von Exporteuren geleiteten Gruppen organisiert sind, eine 85% höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit erneut zertifiziert zu werden. Daraus lässt sich schließen, dass die Mehrheit der zertifizierten Bauern in den von Produzenten geleiteten Gruppen nicht die Fähigkeiten besitzt, den GlobalGAP Standard ohne externe Unterstützung dauerhaft aufrecht zu erhalten, obwohl sie im Durchschnitt einen hohen Nutzen aus der Zertifizierung ziehen könnten. Des Weiteren zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass größere Betriebe mit einem höheren Anteil der zertifizierten Fläche an der Gesamtfläche häufiger erneut zertifiziert werden. Somit können wir feststellen, dass die relativ kleinen und weniger integrierten Bauern zu den ersten gehören, die nach dem Ende von Entwicklungshilfsprogrammen den GlobalGAP Standard ablegen. Diese bilden jedoch die primäre Zielgruppe von Entwicklungshilfsprogrammen, da sie am ehesten gefährdet sind, den Zugang zu Märkten aufgrund der steigenden Bedeutung von Lebensmittelsicherheits- und Qualitätsstandards zu verlieren.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:42:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_gj_dr_botfca.pdf: 1859734 bytes, checksum: 7ee6ce03252a261c7a2f338d7a784f53 (MD5) / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver proposta metodológica para a construção de um modelo participativo, através da inclusão digital de membros da agricultura familiar, reunidos em um empreendimento cooperativo, buscando estabelecer um novo ambiente de eficiência para a produção familiar. Partindo da hipótese de que um importante obstáculo para a inserção do pequeno agricultor familiar nos mercados é a mão-de-obra especializada, o capital humano, desenvolveu-se um modelo de treinamento e rastreabilidade para atividades em propriedades familiares. A segunda hipótese prediz, que é possível criar um modelo, cientificamente sustentado por regras amplamente aceitas oriundas da norma de certificação GlobalGAP, que é referência mundial de boas práticas agrícolas. Com a utilização destas regras o modelo procura alcançar a rastreabilidade de produtos e operações agropecuárias, a partir da preservação da identidade da informação entre os elos da cadeia produtiva. O trabalho também faz uso intensivo da tecnologia de informação, ao apresentar sistema informatizado, que unifica módulos de certificação, gerenciamento de operações agrícolas e de comércio eletrônico, tendo em vista minimizar o elevado custo da troca de informações entre os diversos atores envolvidos ao longo da cadeia produtiva. Todos os sistemas foram desenvolvidos com ferramentas gratuitas (Linux, Apache, Mysql, PHP), barateando o desenvolvimento. As rotinas foram projetadas para funcionarem na Internet, como módulos de um gerenciador de conteúdo, onde poderão receber correções, atualizações e melhoramentos. A metodologia de trabalho empregada na criação dos sistemas informatizados foi desenvolvida partindo da implantação de um projeto piloto utilizando a infra-estrutura pública... / The objective of this work is to develop a methodological proposal for the construction of a participative model by means of digital inclusion of family agriculture members, gathered around a cooperative undertaking, seeking to establish a new efficiency environment for family production. Starting from the hypothesis that skilled workforce, the human capital, is an important obstacle for the integration of the small family farmer in markets, we developed a training and traceability model for activities in family properties. The second hypothesis states that it is possible to create a model scientifically corroborated by widely accepted rules stemming from the certification norm GlobalGAP, which is a world reference for good agricultural practices. By using these rules the model seeks to achieve the traceability of agricultural and livestock products and operations by preserving the identity of the information among the links of the production chain. The work also makes extensive use of information technology as it shows a computerized system that unifies certification modules, agricultural operations and electronic commerce management in order to minimize the high cost in the exchange of information among the various actors involved in the production chain. All systems have been developed with free tools (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP), which reduced the costs of development. Routines were projected to work on the Internet as modules of a content management system, where corrections, updates and improvements can be made. The working methodology used in the creation of computerized systems was developed based on a pilot project using public computer infrastructure of the State, the so-called infocenters, in the town of Bom Sucesso de Itararé (latitude 24º19'04 south and longitude... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Maristela Simões do Carmo / Banca: Saulo Philipe Sebastião Guerra / Banca: Luiz Cesar Ribas / Banca: Marta Fabiano Sambiase Lombardi / Banca: Valeria Comitre / Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver proposta metodológica para a construção de um modelo participativo, através da inclusão digital de membros da agricultura familiar, reunidos em um empreendimento cooperativo, buscando estabelecer um novo ambiente de eficiência para a produção familiar. Partindo da hipótese de que um importante obstáculo para a inserção do pequeno agricultor familiar nos mercados é a mão-de-obra especializada, o capital humano, desenvolveu-se um modelo de treinamento e rastreabilidade para atividades em propriedades familiares. A segunda hipótese prediz, que é possível criar um modelo, cientificamente sustentado por regras amplamente aceitas oriundas da norma de certificação GlobalGAP, que é referência mundial de boas práticas agrícolas. Com a utilização destas regras o modelo procura alcançar a rastreabilidade de produtos e operações agropecuárias, a partir da preservação da identidade da informação entre os elos da cadeia produtiva. O trabalho também faz uso intensivo da tecnologia de informação, ao apresentar sistema informatizado, que unifica módulos de certificação, gerenciamento de operações agrícolas e de comércio eletrônico, tendo em vista minimizar o elevado custo da troca de informações entre os diversos atores envolvidos ao longo da cadeia produtiva. Todos os sistemas foram desenvolvidos com ferramentas gratuitas (Linux, Apache, Mysql, PHP), barateando o desenvolvimento. As rotinas foram projetadas para funcionarem na Internet, como módulos de um gerenciador de conteúdo, onde poderão receber correções, atualizações e melhoramentos. A metodologia de trabalho empregada na criação dos sistemas informatizados foi desenvolvida partindo da implantação de um projeto piloto utilizando a infra-estrutura pública... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract : The objective of this work is to develop a methodological proposal for the construction of a participative model by means of digital inclusion of family agriculture members, gathered around a cooperative undertaking, seeking to establish a new efficiency environment for family production. Starting from the hypothesis that skilled workforce, the human capital, is an important obstacle for the integration of the small family farmer in markets, we developed a training and traceability model for activities in family properties. The second hypothesis states that it is possible to create a model scientifically corroborated by widely accepted rules stemming from the certification norm GlobalGAP, which is a world reference for good agricultural practices. By using these rules the model seeks to achieve the traceability of agricultural and livestock products and operations by preserving the identity of the information among the links of the production chain. The work also makes extensive use of information technology as it shows a computerized system that unifies certification modules, agricultural operations and electronic commerce management in order to minimize the high cost in the exchange of information among the various actors involved in the production chain. All systems have been developed with free tools (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP), which reduced the costs of development. Routines were projected to work on the Internet as modules of a content management system, where corrections, updates and improvements can be made. The working methodology used in the creation of computerized systems was developed based on a pilot project using public computer infrastructure of the State, the so-called infocenters, in the town of Bom Sucesso de Itararé (latitude 24º19'04" south and longitude... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

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近年來，由於消費者對於產品安全的重視程度與日俱增，各式各樣的私營標準開始蓬勃發展。這些私營標準雖不具備法律強制力，其所導致的市場排擠效應仍使生產者不得不積極使其產品取得各項私營標準的認證，引發私營標準是否具有實質上強制力並進而影響國際間自由貿易之疑慮。隨著開發中國家自2005年開始於SPS委員會中提出全球良好農業慣例標準對國際自由貿易之負面影響，私營標準之相關法律議題於WTO場域中益發重要，實有研究討論之必要。鑒於私營標準種類、數量之眾，本論文以於WTO下被具體指謫之全球良好農業慣例標準為例，探討全球良好農業慣例標準是否有落入WTO法規範管轄範疇之可能，並透過涉及私營標準議題之食品衛生檢驗與動植物檢疫措施協定、技術性貿易障礙協定與關稅及貿易總協定相關條文的解釋與分析，討論全球良好農業慣例標準與該些規範之關連性及適法性，既而於WTO下甚至WTO以外之國際場域，探究尋求相關貿易衝擊因應之道的可行性，希冀能為私營標準對國際自由貿易體系所帶來的影響及其與WTO之關係進行審視並作出建議。 / In recent years, all kinds of private standards have started to develop prosperously because consumers consider product safety more and more important. Although these private standards are not mandatory, the crowding out effect of markets causing by these standards still makes producers have to achieve relevant certification as far as possible. This situation causes anxiety about the possibility that private standards are de facto mandatory and create trade barriers. While developing countries have stated that GlobalGAP Standard makes bad influence on international trade in the SPS Committees since 2005, the legal issues about private standards become more and more important under WTO regime and need to be studied and discussed. In view of the fact that there are too many kinds of private standards, the thesis takes GlobalGAP Standard for example to discuss whether private standards shall be subject to the rules of WTO Agreements. In order to conduct careful examining and come up with suggestions of the influence on international trade which caused by private standards and the relationship between private standards and WTO, it is necessary to research into the connection between GlobalGAP Standard and WTO rules and the legality of this standard through explaining and analyzing relevant rules which involves the issue of private standards under the SPS Agreement, TBT Agreement, and GATT and to discuss the feasibility of finding the solution to relevant trade impact under WTO regime or other international fields.