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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
221

Regolith mapping and gold geochemical anomalies in the Siguiri Gold Mine of AngloGold Ashanti, Guinea, West Africa

Bah, Boubacar January 2015 (has links)
Gold exploration in the laterite terrains of the Siguiri basin (Guinea-West Africa) is discussed in this thesis. It seeks to propose and develop effective and reliable geochemical exploration techniques applied in such laterite terrains. The study is also intended to investigate and provide some geological clues as to why, in some target areas, the reconnaissance test drilling across the geochemical anomalies couldn’t intersect economic gold mineralisation. Targets were generated based on soil geochemical results, some of which were drilled without delivering economic discoveries even on areas with strong and consistent geochemical signatures. To find the failure and define the appropriate methods to be used is the core of the thesis. More importantly, the geological observation is aimed at sourcing and establishing the nature and validity of geochemical anomalies within the license area and their relationship with the underlying lithologies and structural networks. The geological field work conducted during this study is mostly based on regolith and surface geological mapping. The thick laterite cover, deep weathering, bedrock geology, gold geochemistry (the gold geochemical anomalous results are defined according to historical data before 2007), soil formations and variations in climate conditions are emphasized to illustrate the importance of mineral element mobility and dispersion in the weathering profiles. The knowledge and experience in regolith geochemistry and regolith mapping provide the advantage to exploration geologists. The depletion of ore resources and reserves in Siguiri and the continuous decline of the gold price in comparison to the complexity of exploring for gold are demanding more scientific-related thoughts and techniques to be integrated in the available geological, geochemical and geophysical information so as to reduce costs. The integration of good exploration strategy and technique may result in the possibility of making viable discoveries in this highly competitive geological environment where the mineral resources become depleted every day.
222

Gold mineralisation at Masumbi Au-Cu Prospect, west Kenya : implication for gold exploration in the Archaean Ndori Greenstone Belt of Kenya

Salimo, Luckmore January 2014 (has links)
The Masumbi Au-Cu deposit in the Ndori Greenstone Belt of western Kenya is hosted in dacitic volcanics of the Nyanzian Group (2710 ± 340 Ma) and dioritic to granodioritic felsic intrusives (2504 ± 48 Ma). The deposit is characterised by gold and copper mineralisation that is associated with quartz-sulphide veins and veinlets. The copper mineralisation typically occurs as chalcopyrite. Gold is closely associated with pyrite in mineralogy and its pathfinder elements silver, bismuth, tellurium and selenium in geochemistry. The gold occurs in two forms that may indicate two generations of precipitation: the equant and the elongate forms. Based on Au/Ag ratios, the equant gold grains can be classified as native gold as their gold content is greater than 90 wt%. The elongate gold grains can be classified as electrums as their silver content is greater than 38 wt%. While there is a strong Au-Ag association within individual gold grains supporting an orogenic model for the gold mineralisation, mineralisation at the Masumbi Prospect appears atypical of Archaean orogenic gold deposits because of the abundance of copper (up to 0.43%). The enrichment of silver, copper, bismuth and tellurium in ore assemblages is common in porphyry, VMS and epithermal systems, but their presence at Masumbi does not preclude the formation as an orogenic deposit. Assay results from three Masumbi diamond drill-holes show an apparent correlation between gold and copper. However, petrography and electron probe microanalyses results from this study indicate that chalcopyrite is an earlier phase than pyrite as it occasionally occurs as inclusions in pyrite. This petrogenetic relationship between pyrite and chalcopyrite suggests that there is no temporal relationship between gold and copper mineralisation. Statistical analysis of the assays shows no linear correlation between gold and copper thereby supporting the above findings. The gold and copper mineralisation have been interpreted as forming as two separate events with copper forming first followed by gold. These events are both related to the intrusion of the felsic rocks that are associated with the Aruan metamorphic event that has been responsible for the bulk of the gold mineralisation on the Tanzanian Craton. The common alteration assemblage in the Masumbi rocks comprises chlorite and epidote. This alteration assemblage is typical of regional greenschist metamorphic facies grading into amphibolite metamorphic facies in the Nyanzian Group of Kenya. However, these alteration minerals could possibly be products of propylitic alteration in the rock groundmass. Other alteration mineral assemblages, possibly of hydrothermal origin, comprise muscovite, sericite, quartz, carbonate, associated with the sulphides pyrite and chalcopyrite. Although the occurrence of gold appears to be controlled by the presence of pyrite, it is also associated with silicification. Exploration methods have been proposed to target undiscovered gold deposits in the Ndori Greenstone Belt that are similar to the Masumbi deposit. These methods could probably be applied to vein-type gold deposits in other granite-greenstone terranes in the Lake Victoria Goldfields.
223

Preservation or exploitation? : a study of the development of the mining rights legislation on the Witwatersrand goldfields from 1886 to 2008

Stott, Joan January 2009 (has links)
Elinor Ostrom (2005: 238) assumes that in understanding the make up and behaviour of institutional systems governing natural resources: “Resource users are explicitly thought of as rational egoists who plunder local resources so as to maximise their own short-term benefits. Government officials are implicitly depicted, on the other hand, as seeking, the more general public interest, having the relevant information at hand and the capability of designing optimal policies.” This thesis examines the validity of this assumption through an historical analysis of the deep-level gold mining industry of the Witwatersrand, South Africa. The main focus of the assessment is on the institutions of ownership – that is, the development of mining rights and title legislation between 1886 and 2008. The study looks at the legislations’ transformation and implementation from the perspective of the gold mining industry – made up of the mining finance houses and the Chamber of Mines of South Africa – and that of the state. The transformation of the mining industry’s institutional framework was both a choice by government as well as that of the firms in the mining industry. The theoretical framework is constructed from four areas of economic thought. These include: the neoclassical and Keynesian schools of macroeconomic thought; industrial organisation and its relevance to the relationship between firms and the market; institutional and new institutional economics; and finally property rights. The determinants of policy design and the impact of such design on firms and industry is examined. The development, implementation and use of the aforementioned legislation is examined from two perspectives, namely, that of preserver or exploiter. Throughout the history of this prominent South African industry, the motivation for action from the industry or government has oscillated between the two extremes of preserver or exploiter over the time period examined. The conclusion is drawn on an overall and broad focus of actions – with a strong focus on the most recent developments in mining legislation – post-1992.
224

Arsenic in plants important to two Yukon First Nations : impacts of gold mining and reclamation practices

Nicholson, Heather Christine 05 1900 (has links)
This project examines arsenic in plants growing near closed or reclaimed gold mines located in the traditional territories of two Yukon First Nations. A total of 238 soil and plant samples (comprising 9 different species) were collected from Mt. Nansen, Arctic Gold and Silver, and Venus Mine tailing properties. At each property, samples were collected near the suspected point source of contamination, approximately 1 -3 km away, and from background sites. Species were chosen for their ethnobotanical significance to the Little Salmon/Carmacks and the Carcross/Tagish First Nations, based on interviews with Elders and other knowledgeable people. Total and inorganic arsenic concentrations were determined using ICP-MS and AAS instrumentation, and organic arsenic concentrations were calculated from the difference. Uptake of arsenic by plants was low compared to soil arsenic concentrations. In both plants and soil, the arsenic form was predominantly inorganic. Concentrations in berries at all three sites were low or undetectable, and are therefore considered safe to eat under Health Canada tolerable daily intake guidelines for inorganic arsenic. At Mt. Nansen, the lichen "caribou moss" (Cetraria/Cladina spp.), Bolete mushrooms (Leccinum spp.), and the medicinal shrubs willow (Salix spp.) and Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum/L. decumbens spp.) had high mean arsenic concentrations around point sources or at sites up to 1.5 km away. These localized high concentrations will not likely affect foraging animals, given their constant movement. However, Carmacks residents could avoid gathering all species with elevated arsenic around the Mt. Nansen mining property until reclamation is complete. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate
225

Depósitos auríferos associados ao magmatismo granítico do setor leste da Província de Alta Floresta (MT), Craton Amazônico = tipologia das mineralizações, modelos genéticos e implicações prospectivas / Granitoid-related gold deposits in the Alta Floresta Gold Province (MT), Amazon Craton : ore-forming processes, genetic models and implications to exploration

Assis, Rafael Rodrigues de, 1985- 18 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Roberto Perez Xavier, Antônio João Paes de Barros / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T19:24:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Assis_RafaelRodriguesde_M.pdf: 63971305 bytes, checksum: 10519618069ab0467e9938bc90213f76 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A Província Aurífera de Alta Floresta, porção centro-sul do Craton Amazônico, localiza-se entre os limites das províncias geocronológicas Ventuari - Tapajós (1,95-1,8 Ga) e Rio Negro - Juruena (1,8-1,55 Ga). Corresponde a uma unidade tectônica essencialmente composta por sequências plutono-vulcânicas geradas em ambiente de arcos magmáticos que se desenvolveram e se agregaram progressivamente no Paleoproterozóico. No segmento leste da província, na região que compreende os municípios de Nova Santa Helena - Peixoto de Azevedo - Guarantã do Norte - Novo Mundo (MT), rochas plutônicas e vulcânicas são as hospedeiras de mais de uma centena de depósitos auríferos que ocorrem concentrados ao longo do Cinturão Peru-Trairão, de direção NW-SW. Inseridos neste contexto, estão os depósitos Pé Quente e Francisco, alvos de estudo deste trabalho. O Depósito Pé Quente hospeda-se na suíte homônima, que compreende quartzo monzodiorito-monzodiorito a leucomonzonito, isotrópicos, inequigranulares a equigranulares. Apatita, rutilo e zircão correspondem às fases acessórias comuns na suíte. Nos arredores do depósito são individualizadas uma série de manifestações plutônicas mais tardias, não cogenéticas a Suíte Pé Quente, de composição eminentemente granítica e com biotita, hornblenda, titanita, apatita e magnetita como fases acessórias. Diques de vulcânicas são comuns na região e truncam todas as suítes supracitadas. A Suíte Pé Quente exibe afinidade geoquímica com as séries cálcio-alcalinas de médio K, metaa peraluminosas e magnesianas, semelhante aos granitos orogênicos do tipo I, enquanto que as demais suítes são cálcio-alcalinas de médio a alto K, metaluminosas e magnesianas, mas ligeiramente ferrosas. No geral, as observações petrográficas e geoquímicas indicam que essas suítes plutônicas correspondem a granitos do tipo I que teriam se originado em ambiente de arcos vulcânicos evoluindo para arcabouço pós-colisional. A Suíte Pé Quente foi submetida a expressivos estágios de alteração hidrotermal, a destacar: (i) forte alteração sódica com albita; (ii) alteração potássica com ortoclásio + microclínio; (iii) alteração sericítica; (iv) carbonatação; (v) alteração pervasiva a venular com muscovita grossa fibro-radial; (vi) silicificação com brechas e veios com textura do tipo pente subordinadas; (vii) alteração sódica fissural com quartzo + albita e; (viii) alteração propilítica mais tardia e regional. O minério no Deposto Pé Quente é representado pela paragênese pirita + barita ± hematita ± calcopirita ± galena, associada tanto à alteração sódica pervasiva mais precoce quanto à fissural (quartzo + albita). O ouro é mais frequente na alteração pervasiva, na qual ocorre incluso na pirita e exibe concentrações em Ag que variam de 14,2 a 46,3%. Estudos preliminares de inclusões fluidas na zona de minério disseminado indicam fluidos eminentemente aquo-carbônicos em coexistência com fluidos aquosos bifásicos. Os principais atributos geológicos do Depósito Pé Quente correspondem: (i) íntima associação com rochas originadas em arcabouço de arcos vulcânicos (granitos tipo I); (ii) alteração hidrotermal extensa e zonada, com oscilações nas aNa+, aK+, aH+ and aCa2+; (iii) minério que representa fluidos de natureza oxidada. Neste sentido, o Depósito Pé Quente reflete um sistema com múltiplos pulsos de fluidos hidrotermais possivelmente relacionados a estágios de desgaseificação da câmara magmática em um contínuo gradativo de rebaixamento da temperatura. A precipitação do minério aurífero teria ocorrido mediante imiscibilidade de fluidos em um sistema magmático-hidrotermal a elevadas temperaturas e ¿O2, típicos das raízes de sistemas auríferos do tipo pórfiro. O contexto geológico do Depósito do Francisco, no entanto, é distinto daquele observado no Depósito Pé Quente. A região de União do Norte, onde se localiza o Depósito do Francisco, é constituída por uma Unidade Vulcanoclástica epiclástica que aloja uma série de intrusões graníticas paleoproterozóicas. Essa unidade vulcanoclástica é composta por arenito arcoseano, arenito arcoseano lítico, grauvaca-feldspática e lentes de conglomerado polimítico matriz suportada, todos vulcanoclásticos. Esses sedimentos teriam sido provenientes da dissecação de antigos edifícios vulcânicos de composição intermediária e depositados em uma bacia de retroarco, próxima à área fonte. As suítes intrusivas são temporalmente representadas por plútons de (i) granodiorito com tonalito e quartzo monzodiorito subordinados; (ii) sieno-monzogranito e; (iii) pelo Pórfiro União do Norte, uma manifestação sub-vulcânica que consiste de álcali-feldspato granito porfirítico a monzogranito porfirítico. As duas primeiras suítes são cogenéticas e correlacionáveis à Suíte Intrusiva Matupá (1.872 ±12Ma), enquanto que o granito sub-vulcânico estaria relacionado as manifestações graníticas pós-colisionais do tipo A da Suíte Intrusiva Teles Pires (1.782 ±17 Ma a 1.757 ±16 Ma). Truncando todas essas unidades ocorrem diques de vulcânicas de composição traquibasáltica a dacítica. A litogeoquímica do Pórfiro União do Norte indica magmatismo eminentemente alcalino de alto potássico, ferroso e meta- a peraluminoso, enquanto que os diques de vulcânicas e as demais suítes plutônicas exibem afinididades geoquímicas com as séries cálcio-alcalinas de alto K, metaluminosas, magnesianas a ligeiramente ferrosas. Evidências de campo em conjunto com os dados litogeoquímicos ainda apontam para uma evolução do magmatismo com geração de rochas mais primitivas em ambiente de arcos vulcânicos (granodiorito; Suíte Intrusiva Matupá) até o alojamento de corpos altamente evoluídos (Pórfiro União do Norte; Suíte Intrusiva Teles Pires) em contexto pós-colisional. Todas essas unidades são ainda recobertas pelos sedimentos arenáceos da Formação Dardanelos, com idade máxima de deposição entre 1.987 ±4 Ma a 1.377 ±13 Ma. Na região de União do Norte desponta o Depósito do Francisco, o primeiro depósito epitermal polimetálico de intermediária sulfetação da Província Aurífera de Alta Floresta, e ao qual o ouro está associado a elevadas concentrações de metais de base (Zn+Pb±Cu). As zonas mineralizadas são representadas pela associação pirita + esfalerita + galena + hematita ± calcopirita ± magnetita ± digenita. O minério ocorre hospedado na Unidade Vulcanoclástica em veios com intensa silicificação e extenso halo de alteração sericítica. As alterações potássica, argílica e propilítica são as mais distais ao minério, sendo que as duas primeiras ocorrem intimamente associadas ao Pórfiro União do Norte. Estudos premilimares de inclusões fluidas realizados nas zonas mineralizadas indicam regime de fluidos eminentemente aquosos, com inclusões aquosas primárias que exibem heterogeneidade no grau de preenchimento pela fase de vapor (10-70%). Os principais atributos geológicos do depósito do Francisco podem ser considerados: (i) alteração hidrotermal e minério íntimamente associados a um granito sub-vulcânico (Pórfiro União do Norte) que teria se saturado em uma fase aquosa residual decorrente de sua cristalização; (ii) alunita, embora em pequenas concentrações, associadas a ocorrênicas de silica cap; (iii) minério hospedado em rochas sedimentares epiclásticas; (iv) zonas mineralizadas que frequentemente exibem texturas indicativas da percolação de fluidos em nível crustal raso; (v) minério aurífero associado tanto a elevadas concentrações de metais de base quanto de prata; (vi) paragênese do minério dominada por fases ricas em sulfetos, o que indica oscilações no estado de sulfetação do enxofre. Todas essas características são similares àquelas encontradas em depósitos epitermais polimetálicos de intermediária sulfetação. Devido à presença constante de texturas que tipificam a percolação de fluidos em nível crustal raso nas regiões internas, proximais e de contato do Pórfiro União do Norte, além da existência de apófises sub-vulcânicas intensamente sericitizadas e/ou silicificadas, é proposto que esta suíte tenha correspondido ao evento termal causativo da mineralização aurífera associada a metais de base do Depósito do Francisco. Desta forma, sugere-se que a Suíte Intrusiva Teles Pires, até o momento conhecida por ser estéril a ouro, possa ter potencial, mesmo que restrito às suas ocorrências sub-vulcânicas, para hospedar mineralizações auríferas com metais de base associados. Em adicional, o contexto pós-colisional em que o depósito se formou teria promovido a sua preservação quanto aos agentes erosivos, metamórficos e de deformação que posteriormente poderiam ter afetado e destruído o depósito. Neste contexto, a deposição do ouro no Depósito do Francisco ocorreu mediante aumento das condições de ¿O2 do fluido (precipitação de hematita) decorrente da entrada de fluidos externos e oxidantes (meteóricos), potencializada por eventos de fraturamento hidráulico quando o granito sub-vulcânico se saturou em uma fase fluida residual (expansão adiabática seguida de ebulição). As elevadas concentrações de metais de base aliadas ao processo de ebulição ainda sugerem que variações na temperatura e pH foram importantes na precipitação do minério. Neste cenário, as suítes plutônicas individualizadas neste trabalho começaram a ser geradas em um momento anterior ao magmatismo da Suíte Intrusiva Matupá (1.872 ±12Ma), com a colocação da Suíte Pé Quente. Com a continuidade do envento magmático, suítes graníticas mais evoluídas foram sendo geradas, até o alojamento da Suíte Intrusiva Teles Pires (~ 1.757 Ma), que representa a colocação de intrusões mais tardias (Pórfiro União do Norte), em plataforma continental pós-colisional (granito tipo A). A depender do modelo geotectônico adotado, o conjunto dessas suítes, portanto, teria sido criado durante a instalação dos arcos magmáticos Cuiú-Cuiú (2,1-1,9 Ga) e Juruena (1,8-1,75 Ga), ou então, no decorrer do Arco Magmático Ventuari-Tapajós (1,95 e 1,8 Ga). As informações aqui reunidas indicam que os depósitos estudados podem ser enquadrados em distintos sistemas mineralizados no modelo geral dos depósitos do tipo ouro pórfiro - epitermal, no qual a colocação de intrusões paleoproterozóicas teria correspondido às fontes geradoras de calor, fluidos e metais necessários para a instalação de um sistema magmático-hidrotermal. O Depósito Pé Quente corresponderia a um sistema de maior profundidade e temperatura, no qual a forte alteração sódica com albita, com fluidos oxidados eminentemente aquosos e aquo-carbônicos representariam as zonas mais profundas de depósitos auríferos do tipo pórfiro. Em contraste, o Depósito do Francisco seria correlato às mineralizações de níveis crustais mais raros, com grande aporte de fluidos meteóricos, e relativamente distais de intrusivas félsicas. Deste modo, as mineralizações auríferas com metais de base associados seriam equivalentes aos depósitos epitermais polimetálicos de intermediária sulfetação. / Abstract: The Alta Floresta Gold Province, eastern portion of the Amazon Craton, extends between the Ventuari - Tapajós (1.95 to 1.8 Ga) and Rio Negro - Juruena (1.8 to 1.55 Ga) geochronological provinces. This provinces represents a tectonic unit composed primarily of plutono-volcanic sequences generated in continental arc settings during the Paleoproterozoic. At the easternmost segment of the province, in region that comprises the districts of Nova Santa Helena - Peixoto de Azevedo - Guarantã do Norte - Novo Mundo (MT), a significant number of gold deposits are distributed along a NW-SW striking belt (Peru - Trairão belt). Within this belt, the Pé Quente and Francisco gold deposits, currently exploited by local prospectors (garimpeiros), are the main case studies of this work. The Pé Quente deposit is hosted by the Pé Quente Suite that consists of quartz-monzodiorite to leucomonzonite with apatite, rutile and zircon as accessory phases. Several other later granitic intrusions occur in the vicinity of the deposit, but geological relationships and geochemical data suggest neither genetic nor temporal links to the Pé Quente Suite. These suites are mainly granitic composition and have biotite, hornblende, titanite, apatite and magnetite as accessory phases. Volcanic dikes are often in the area and crosscut all these plutonic suites. The Pé Quente suite exhibits geochemistry affinities to the medium-K, calc-alkaline, meta- to peraluminous and magnesian granitic series, thus similar to the I-type orogenic granites, whereas the other suites are medium to high-K, metaluminous and magnesian, but slightly ferroan. Additionally, petrographic and geochemical data indicate that these rocks correspond to I-type granitic series that probably had been generated in a volcanic arc setting that have also evolved to a post-collisional one. The Pé Quente Suite has been affected by the following hydrothermal alteration types (temporal sequence): (i) strong sodic alteration with albite; (ii) potassic alteration with orthoclase and microcline; (iii) sericitic alteration; (iv) carbonate alteration represented by calcite; (v) pervasive to venular coarse muscovite alteration; (vi) silicification with breccias and comb-texture quartz veins; (vii) fissural sodic alteration that consists of quartz + albite and; (viii) later and regional propylitic alteration. The ore zones comprise pyrite + barite ± hematite ± chalcopyrite ± galena that are related to both earlier sodic alteration and later veins with quartz and albite. Gold generally occurs as small inclusions within pyrite and shows Ag concentrations that range from 14.2 to 46.3%. Preliminary studies of fluid inclusions within the disseminated ore-zones indicate carbonic fluids that coexisting with aqueous biphasic. The main geological feautures of this deposit are: (i) close association with rocks that have been originated in the onset of volcanic arcs (granite type I), (ii) widespread and zoned hydrothermal alteration, with oscillations in aNa+, aK+, aH+ and aCa2 +; (iii) ore that represents oxidized fluids. Therefore, the Pé Quente deposit is interpreted to have been formed from multiple pulses of hydrotermal fluids, possibly generated by episodes of magma degassing. The ore precipitation might have taken place by fluid immiscibility within a high-temperature and high-¿O2 system, similar to those related to root zones of porphyry systems. Very dissimilar from the Pé Quente gold deposit, the Francisco gold deposit, in the União do Norte region, is hosted by an epiclastic volcaniclastic unit that is crosscut by a series of Paleoproterozoic granitic intrusions. This unit contains mainly feldspathic-arenite and feldspathic-wake, besides lenses of matrix-supported conglomerate, both volcaniclastics. The sediments that compose the rocks of this unit have possibly derived from the erosion of old volcanic centers of intermediate composition in a active continental setting. Furthermore, the sediments might have been deposited in a retroarc basin, near to the source-area. The intrusive suites are sequentially represented by: (i) granodiorite with tonalite and quartz-monzodiorite subordinate; (ii) sieno- to monzogranite and; (iii) União do Norte Porphyry, a subvolcanic manifestation that comprises porphyritic alkali-feldspar granite and porphyritic monzogranite. The firt two suites are tentatively correlated with the Matupá Intrusive Suite (1.872 ±12Ma), whereas the porphyry could be related to the post-collisional A-type granitic rocks from the Teles Pires Intrusive Suite (1.782 ±17 Ma to 1.757 ±16 Ma). Mafic to felsic volcanic dikes that consist of trachybasalt, basaltic-trachyandesite, andesite and dacite crosscut both the volcaniclastic unit and the granitic suites. Litogeochemical data from the União do Norte Porphyry indicate that this suite represents an alkaline, high-K, magnesian to ferroan, meta- to slightly peraluminous magmatism, whereas the volcanic dikes and the two other plutonic suites exhibit geochemical affinities with to the calc-alkaline, high-K, metaluminous and magnesian to slightly ferroan series. Additionally, field and geochemical data indicate that the granitic suites represent a magmatic series that were probably formed in the onset of a volcanic arc setting, manly with granodioritic rocks (Matupá Intrusive Suite), which evolved to the emplacement of highly-evolved granitic rocks, such as the União do Norte Porphyry (Teles Pires Intrusive Suite) in a postcollisional setting. All these units are still overlain by arenaceous sediments of the Dardanelos Formation (1.987 ±4Ma to 1.377 ±13Ma). In this geological setting, the Francisco deposit represents the first intermediate-sulfidation epithermal gold mineralization associated with base metals (Zn+ Pb±Cu) in the Alta Floresta Gold Province. Pyrite + sphalerite + galena + chalcopyrite ± hematite ± magnetite ± digenite represent the ore zones, hosted at the Volcanilcasto unit. The ore occurs in veins with strong silicification and extensive sericitic halo. The potassic (ortoclase ± hematite ± quartz ± biotite), argillic (kaolinite + sericite + quartz ± hematite), propilitic (chlorite + epidote + magnetite ± actinolite ±calcite ± apatite ± pyrite ± chalcopyrite ± quartz ± shalerite ± margarite) alterations, plus the late-hematite veins, correspond to the distal hydrothermal alterations to the ore zone. The potassic and argililic alterations generally are closely associated to the União do Norte Porphyry. Preliminary studies of fluid inclusions within the ore zones indicate the presence of an aqueous fluid system represented by primary aqueous inclusions with heterogeneity in the vapor-phase filling degree (10-70%). The main geological feautures of the deposit are: (i) hydrothermal alteration and ore closely associated with a subvolcanic granite (União do Norte Porphyry) that could have saturated in an residual aqueous fluid phase due to its crystallization; (ii) alunite, although in small concentrations, associated to the occurrences of silica cap; (iii) ore zones hosted in epiclastic sedimentary rocks; (iv) ore zones that often exhibit textures that indicate fluid percolation at shallow crustal level; (v) gold ore associated either to high concentration of base metals and silver; (vi) ore paragenesis dominated by phases rich in sulfides that are indicative of oscillations in the sulfidation state of the sulfur. All these feautures are similar to those found in epithermal polymetallic deposits of intermediate sulfidation. Due to the constant presence of textures that typify the percolation of fluids in shallow crustal level in the inner, proximal and contact regions of the Porphyry North Union, besides the existence of subvolcanic apophyses strongly sericitized and/or silicified, it is proposed that this suite has been responsible by the causative thermal event of gold mineralization associated with base metals at the Francisco deposit. Therefore, it is suggested that the Teles Pires Intrusive Suite, so far known to be barren of gold mineralizations, may have potencial, even if restricted to occurrences of the subvolcanic from this suite, to host gold mineralizations with associated base metals. In addition, the post-collisional setting in which the deposit have been formed would have promoted its preservation from the later erosion, metamorphism and deformation events, which could have affected and destroyed the deposit. The ore precipitation might have taken place by increase in the ¿O2 of the fluid (hematite precipitation), possibly due to influx of oxidizing external fluids (meteoric) after hydraulic fracturing events when the subvolcanic granite had been oversaturated in a residual aqueous fluid phase. The high concentrations of base metals suggest that the variations on the temperature and pH of the fluid could have been an important key in the formation of the mineralized ore zones. In this context, the identified plutonic suites around the Pé Quente and Francisco would have been initially formed before the magmatic event that resulted in the Matupá Intrusive Suite (1.872 ±12Ma), with the emplacement of the Pé Quente suite. With the continuity of the magmatic event, more evolved granitic suites would have been created by the emplacement of the Teles Pires Intrusive Suite (~ 1757 Ma), which represents the later intrusions (União do Norte Porphyry) within a post-collisional setting. Therefore, depending on the tectonic model adopted, all of these suites would have been created during the installation of the magmatic arc Cuiú-Cuiú (2.1-1.9 Ga) and Juruena (1.8-1.75 Ga), or then, during the Ventuari-Tapajós Magmatic Arc (1.95 to 1.8 Ga). In this scenario, the Pé Quente and Francisco deposits could be classified as different mineralizing systems within the general model of gold-porphyry - epithermal, which the emplacement of Paleoproterozoic granitic intrusions may have served as source of heat, fluids and metals to the installation of the magmatic-hydrothermal system. The Pé Quente deposit, for instance, could correspond a system of greater depth and higher temperature, where the strong pervasive albite alteration plus highly oxidized-aqueous and carbonic fluids represent the root zones of porphyry gold deposits. The Francisco deposit, however, could be correlated to mineralization nested in shallow crustal levels with great influx of meteoric fluids and relatively distal from felsic intrusive subvolcanic granite. Therefore, the Francisco deposit could be similar to the polymetallic epithermal deposits of intermediate-sulfidation. / Mestrado / Metalogenese / Mestre em Geociências
226

Geocronologia e evolução do sistema hidrotermal do depósito aurífero de Juruena, Província Aurífera de Alta Floresta (MT), Brasil / The evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Juruena intrusion-hosted gold deposit, northwestern sector of the Alta Floresta Gold Province (Mt), Brazil

Acevedo Serrato, Andersson Alirio, 1986- 03 December 2014 (has links)
Orientador: Roberto Perez Xavier / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T11:02:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AcevedoSerrato_AnderssonAlirio_M.pdf: 3771845 bytes, checksum: af79a7b62ce99b19ea8f0dedd231322e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O depósito aurífero de Juruena, localiza-se no setor oeste da Província Aurífera de Alta Floresta, sul do Cráton Amazônico, onde se hospeda em rochas graníticas da Suíte Intrusiva Paranaíta (1819 - 1793 Ma). Foram reconhecidos cinco tipos de alteração hidrotermal no depósito, organizado cronologicamente do evento mais precoce à mais jovem: (1) alteração potássica com veios de quartzo-sulfetos e quartzo+clorita+fluorita+sulfetos; (2) alteração sericitica com veios de quartzo+molibdenita±pirita com halo de feldspato K e veios de quartzo+calcita+clorita com halo de sericita ; (3) carbonatação com veios de calcita-fluorita-sulfetos; (4) silicificação, pervasiva e em veios; e (5) alteração propilítica com veios de epídoto e calcita. A mineralização encontra-se hospedada nos eventos 1 e 3, onde aparece principalmente como inclusões ou preenchendo fraturas em pirita e também relacionado com fases minerais ricas em Te-Bi-Ag. Estudos da paragênese do minério combinados com analises de microssonda, indicam sucessivos eventos de formação de piritas, definidos em quatro gerações: pirita euedral porosa (py1), desenvolvida nos veios iniciais da alteração potássica; pirita de granulação grossa, arredondada a subhedral, não porosa (py2), representante da segunda geração de pirita com cristais ocorrendo distribuídos na alteração potássica e sericitica; pirita anedral, muito porosa, com abundantes inclusões de silicatos, sendo esta fase dominante na alteração sericitica (py3). Pirita sobrecrescida nos cristais da geração mais jovem (py3) representante por tanto da ultima geração. Ressalta-se ainda que as gerações de py2 e py3 contém inclusões de ouro livre e ouro-teluretos. A geoquímica de elementos traço em pirita, revela que pirita de estágios mais precoces (py1) geralmente são mais pobres em ouro (Au < 0.02wt%) quando comparada à pirita de fases mais tardia (py2 e py3) que pode mostrar valores de Au de até 0.035 wt%. As análises também sugerem que o ouro deve ocorrer como nano- micropartículas na pirita e não como parte de sua estrutura cristalina. O cobre apresenta comportamento oposto, com contrações mais baixas em pirita tardia (Cu < 0.04wt%). Uma amostra de molibdenita associada à paragênese do minério aurífero forneceu uma idade modelo Re-Os de 1805 ± 7 Ma. Levando em consideração o erro, esta idade se sobrepõe parcialmente às idades U-Pb SHRIMP em zircão de 1790 ± 6.4 Ma,(com um nível de confiança de 95%, MSWD = 4.8, n =15) e de 1792 ± 5.8 (com um nível de confiança de 95%, MSWD = 0.32, n =17) obtidas, respectivamente em biotita monzogranito (principal hospedeira da mineralização) e em micromonzogranito representante da ultima fase granítica no depósito. Essa sobreposição sugere uma possível relação genética entre o magmatismo félsicos de idade correlata ao da Suíte Intrusiva Paranaíta e a mineralização aurífera. Dados de inclusões fluidas indicam que fluidos aquo-carbônicos com salinidades entre 0.6 e 11.3 wt% NaCl equiv. e temperaturas no intervalo de 341 ¿ 456 oC foram responsáveis pelos estágios iniciais da mineralização aurífera conteúdos na alteração potássica. Durante a evolução os fluidos ricos em CO2 decrescem, dando lugar para um regime de fluidos aquosos de salinidade elevada (31.4 e 36 wt% NaCl equiv.) com temperaturas entre 239 e 349 oC , representado por inclusões fluidas saturadas em sais. Fluidos essencialmente aquosos mais frios (155 ¿ 285 oC ) e de baixa salinidade representa os estágios finais do sistema hidrotermal. Valores calculados de ?18O para os fluidos hidrotermais oscilam entre 6.9 e 0.5 ¿ indicando uma fonte predominantemente magmática, com adição de pequenas quantidades de aguas meteóricas nos veio mais tardios da alteração sericitica. Os valores ?34S para os sulfetos (-7.1 até +1.5 ¿), são consistente com a precipitação a partir de uma fonte magmática oxidada. Um importante zoneamento foi reconhecido: valores menores de ?34Ssulfetos (-7.1 até -4.5 ¿) tendem a se associar aos veios representativos do estágio precoce da mineralização aurífera, enquanto que valores mais elevados de ?34Ssulfetos (-0.5 até +1.5 ¿) correspondem ao sulfetos contidos na carbonatação, o ultimo evento estudado. Este zoneamento é o resultado da interação fluido-rocha que muda as condições de oxidação-redução ao longo da evolução do fluido magmático-hidrotermal no depósito. Baseados nos dados de campo, petrográficos, de inclusões fluidas, isotópicos e na geoquímica de elementos traço é possível definir que o depósito aurífero de Juruena se trata de um sistema magmático-hidrotermal, com fluidos ricos em CO2 que evoluem para fluidos aquosos. O minério foi depositado diretamente dos fluidos hidrotermais durante diferentes e repetidos pulsos hidrotermais de composição variável. Os processos de formação do depósito aurífero de Juruena são similares aos depósitos do tipo ouro-pórfiro. / Abstract: The Juruena deposit belongs to a large group of intrusion-hosted gold deposits of the Alta Floresta Gold Province in the southern portion of the Amazonian Craton. This gold deposit is hosted by granitic rocks of Paranaita Intrusive Suite (1819 to 1793 Ma) which is crosscut by different sets of mafic intrusions. The hydrothermal alteration can be divided into five stages, from early to late: (1) potassic alteration, with quartz+sulfides and quartz+chlorite+fluorite+sulfides veins (2) sericitic alteration with quartz+molybdenite±pyrite veins with K-feldspar halo and quartz+calcite+chlorite veins with sericitic halo; (3) carbonatization with calcite+fluorite+sulfides veins; (4) silicification, pervasive and in veins; and (5) propylitic alteration with epidote and calcite veins. The mineralization is hosted in stages 1 and 3, where it occurs mostly as particles or filling fractures in the pyrite crystals and related with Te-Bi-Ag phases. Paragenetic studies of the mineralization combined with microprobe analysis indicated successive stages of pyrite formation defined in four generations: euhedral porous form the earliest generation, developed in the earliest veins from potassic alteration (py1). Coarser grained pyrite is a rounded to subhedral nonporous generation distributed in potassic and sericitic alterations (py2). Anhedral very porous generation contains abundant inclusions of silicates and is the dominant generation on the sericitic alteration (py3). Py2 and py3 contain inclusions of native gold and gold tellurides. The fourth generation (py4) overgrows the earlier py3. The geochemistry of trace elements in pyrite reveal that the earliest generation (py1) is particularly depleted in Au (Au ? 0.02 wt%) in comparison with other pyrite generations (py2 and py3) that showed results up to 0.35 wt% Au. Microprobe analysis also suggests that gold occurs mostly as nano- micro-size particles in the pyrite, and not as part of its crystal structure. Copper presents opposite behavior, with the lowest concentration on the richest gold pyrites (Cu ? 0.04 wt%.). A sample of molybdenite coexisting with Au-bearing pyrite from stage 2, revealed a Re-Os model age of 1805 ± 7 Ma. Taking into account the uncertainties, this age could overlaps with the U/Pb SHRIMP obtained in zircon from granitic rocks of the Paranaíta Intrusive Suite at 1790 ± 6.4 Ma (95% confidence level, MSDW= 4.8, n = 15) and 1792 ± 5.8Ma (95% confidence level, MSDW = 0.32, n = 17). This poses a genetic relationships between the felsic magmatism attributed to this granitic suite and the emplacement of the gold mineralization at the Juruena deposit, which can be defined as the result of a magmatic-hydrothermal system. Fluid inclusions microthermometric data obtained in veins of quartz constrain the formation of the early mineralizing events in the range of 341 and 456 oC from a low to moderate-salinity (0.6 and 11.3 wt% NaCl equiv.) H2O-CO2-NaCl fluid. At late stages of gold mineralization, fluid gradually become CO2-poor and higher salinities (31.4 to 36 wt% NaCl equiv.), represented by NaCl-bearing fluid inclusions. More diluted (0.4 to 13.7 wt% Nacl equiv.) and cooler (185 to 285 oC) aqueous fluid inclusions dominate the latest stages of the magmatic-hydrothermal system. Calculated ?18Ofluid values range from 6.9 to 0.5 ¿ indicating that ore fluids of essentially magmatic origin in the earlier mineralizing stages undergoes mixing with meteoric waters in the late stages. Sulfides from early veins display ?34SSulfide values in the range of -7.1 to -4.5 ¿, whereas more enriched ?34SSulfide values varying from -0.5 to +1.5 ¿ are obtained in sulfides from the late veins sets. The more negative ?34SSulfide values may reflect sulfides precipitation from oxidized magmatic fluids in the early ore stages, whereas higher ?34SSulfide values be attained in later stages as a result of water-rock interactions, fluid mixing and change of the redox conditions. Based on field, petrography, fluid inclusions, isotopic evidence and geochemistry of trace elements in pyrites, is possible to define that Juruena gold deposits is a magmatic-hydrothermal system, with hot CO2-fluid rich that evolve to lower temperature, aqueous fluids. The gold was precipitated directly from the hydrothermal solution during different pulses. The formation processes of the Juruena gold deposit are most similar with a typical small Au-porphyry system formed in the Paleoproterozoic / Mestrado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Mestre em Geociências
227

Depósitos auríferos associados ao magmatismo félsico da Província de Alta Floresta (MT), Cráton Amazônico : litogeoquímica, idade das mineralizações e fonte dos fluidos / Intrusion-hosted gold deposits related to the felsic magmatism of the Alta Floresta Gold Province (MT), Amazon Craton : lithogeochemistry, mineralization ages and source of fluids

Assis, Rafael Rodrigues de, 1985- 03 February 2015 (has links)
Orientador: Roberto Perez Xavier / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T12:52:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Assis_RafaelRodriguesde_D.pdf: 28529636 bytes, checksum: a178f7c0049490d9875ccc010692fdbb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: MINERALIZAÇÕES E FONTE DOS FLUIDOS. A Província Aurífera de Alta Floresta, porção centro-sul do Craton Amazônico, localiza-se entre os limites das províncias geocronológicas Ventuari ¿ Tapajós (1,95-1,8 Ga) e Rio Negro ¿ Juruena (1,8-1,55 Ga), ou entre as províncias tectônicas Tapajós ¿ Parima (2,03-1,88 Ga) e Rondônia ¿ Juruena (1,82-1,54 Ga), a depender do modelo adotado para o cráton. Ela é essencialmente constituída por sequências plutôno-vulcânicas derivadas de diversos arcos vulcânicos amalgamados no decorrer do Paleoproterozóico. No segmento leste da província, na região que compreende as cidades de Peixoto de Azevedo ¿ Matupá ¿ Guarantã do Norte ¿ Novo Mundo (MT), rochas plutônicas e vulcânicas de composição granítica hospedam mais de uma centena de depósitos auríferos concentrados ao longo do Cinturão Peru ¿ União do Norte, de direção NW-SE. Com base na paragênese e estilo do minério, essas mineralizações podem ser agrupadas em três tipologias principais: (1) Au ± Cu disseminados em sistemas graníticos e dominantemente representados por pirita e concentrações variáveis de calcopirita e hematita; (2) Sistemas filonares de Au ± Cu essencialmente constituídos por pirita com calcopirita subordinada; e (3) Au + metais de base confinados a veios e vênulas que truncam sequências vulcano-sedimentares sin- a pós-tectônicas. Neste contexto, três grupos principais de rochas plutônicas podem ser distinguidos: (1) embasamento granítico e granitóides antigos; (2) intrusões graníticas de composição sieno/monzogranítica que hospedam as principais mineralizações auríferas da província; e (3) hospedeiras sub-vulcânicas de composição monzogranítica a tonalítica. No conjunto, essas unidades representam um magmatismo cálcio-alcalino oxidado, hidratado, de médio a alto K, meta- a peraluminoso e ferroso a ligeiramente magnesiano, possivelmente derivado da fusão parcial da crosta inferior (manto metassomatizado) em ambiente de arcos vulcânicos. Embora a principal hospedeira plutônica (Granito Guarantã) exiba importantes características adakíticas, compreende-se que seu magma fonte tenha se formado nas porções profundas da crosta, com plagioclásio instável, mas granada e hornblenda estáveis. Os novos dados U-Pb em zircão (SHRIMP) indicam que as idades de cristalização do embasamento granítico variam de 1.980 ±8,8 Ma (Gnaisse Nova Guarita) a 1.978 ±8,1 Ma (tonalito foliado), enquanto as hospedeiras graníticas teriam se formado entre 1.904 ±4,6 Ma (Granodiorito X1), 1.901 ±6,8 Ma (Tonalito Pé Quente) e 1.863 ±4,8 Ma (Granodiorito Jorge) e as hospedeiras sub-vulcânicas entre 1.774 ±7,5 (Pórfiro União do Norte) e 1.773 ±5,7 Ma (quartzo-feldspato pórfiro X1). Os valores ?Nd(t) (-5,49 a -0.975) e as idades modelo TDM (2,36 a 2,02 Ga) sugerem magmas de derivação mantélica extraídos de fonte paleoproterozóica, em que a cristalização fracionada teria correspondido ao principal vetor de evolução petrogenética e, em menor escala, processos de contaminação crustal. Coletivamente, é proposto que esses litotipos tenham se originado a partir de três estágios magmáticos principais: (1) embasamento granítico e granitóides antigos no Orosiriano; (2) hospedeiras granodiorititicas-tonalíticas durante o Orosiriano tardio; e (3) pórfiros e sub-vulcânicas no Statheriano. Esses eventos estariam respectivamente associados à construção do (A) Arco Magmático Cuiú-Cuiú; (B) Arco Magmático Juruena; e (C) contexto pós-colisional do Arco Magmático Juruena. Neste arcabouço geológico, enquadram-se os depósitos magmático-hidrotermais do Pé Quente, Luizão, X1 e Francisco, correspondentes aos alvos de estudo dessa tese na escala de depósitos. Os depósitos Pé Quente (Suíte Pé Quente, 1,97-1,9 Ga), Luizão (Granito Novo Mundo; 1,97-1,96 Ga) e X1 (Granito Guarantã; 1,9 Ga), representam os principais exemplos de mineralizações de Au ± Cu disseminadas em sistemas graníticos, enquanto o depósito do Francisco (Pórfiro União do Norte; 1,77 Ga) seria o principal representante de mineralizações auríferas filonares associadas a metais de base. As zonas mineralizadas dos depósitos X1 e Luizão estão condicionadas a uma forte alteração fílica (muscovita grossa + quartzo + sulfetos) com abundantes concentrações de pirita, mas variável de calcopirita e hematita. Essas zonas estão circunscritas a uma intensa alteração potássica pervasiva com ortoclásio + microclínio ± hematita. Embora essas alterações também ocorram no depósito Pé Quente, seu minério está temporalmente relacionado tanto a uma alteração sódica precoce quanto à alteração fílica. No depósito do Francisco, contudo, o minério está confinado a veios de quartzo com extensos halos de alteração sericítica com pirita + esfalerita + galena ± calcopirita ±digenita disseminadas. Essas alterações são margeadas por uma forte alteração potássica com ortoclásio ± hematita, a qual está circunscrita a uma ampla zona de alteração propilítica de cunho regional. Assembleias de inclusões fluidas provenientes de cristais de quartzo dos depósitos Pé Quente e X1 indicam a coexistência de duas tipologias principais de fluidos: (1) um fluido aquoso de ampla salinidade (2,1 a 26,1% eq. NaCl) e de baixa a moderada temperatura (126,5°C a 268,4°C), coexistentes com fluidos (2) aquo-carbônicos de baixa salinidade (6,1 a 8,9% eq. NaCl), mas altas temperaturas (251,6° a 334,6°C), indicativas de aprisionamento heterogênio em condições de imiscibilidade em um sistema magmático-hidrotermal profundo. No depósito Luizão, o regime de fluidos é registrado por fluidos (1) aquoso-salinos (33,6-37% eq. NaCl) com temperaturas entre 200° e 280°C; coexistente com (2) fluidos aquosos bifásicos de baixa salinidade (2,5-15% eq. NaCl) e temperatura (95°-185°C), indicativos de processos de separação de fases em nível crustal mais raso quando comparado aos depósitos Pé Quente e X1. E finalmente, no depósito do Francisco, as assembleias de inclusões fluidas indicam fluidos eminentemente aquosos de baixa à moderada salinidade (até 24,7% eq. NaCl) e temperatura (85,3°C a 373,2°C), que exibem grande variação quanto ao grau de preenchimento pela fase de vapor (10-70%), sugestivos de processos de ebulição em nível crustal raso. Adicionalmente, os dados isotópicos para oxigênio, deutério e enxofre indicam forte componente magmática para os depósitos do Pé Quente, Luizão e X1, enquanto que no depósito do Francisco, fluidos eminentemente magmáticos teriam interagido com fluidos externos, possivelmente de origem meteórica. Em virtude das similaridades entre seus principais atributos geológicos, assembleias de inclusões fluidas e dados isotópicos, os depósitos Pé Quente, Luizão e X1 podem ser classificados como similares a depósitos do tipo ouro pórfiro, porém, posicionados em níveis crustais mais profundos do que os clássicos exemplos andinos, enquanto o depósito do Francisco seria equivalente às mineralizações epitermais de sulfetação intermediária. No âmbito dessas mineralizações, são reportadas as primeiras idades Re-Os em sulfetos provenientes das principais zonas auríferas dos depósitos supracitados, assim como as primeiras idades da alteração hidrotermal (40Ar/39Ar) associadas à zona mineralizada do depósito epitermal da província. As idades Re-Os em concentrados de pirita do depósito Pé Quente variam de 1.792 ±9 Ma a 1.784 ±11 Ma (idade modelo: 1.787 ±5,5 Ma), enquanto que para o Luizão elas estão compreendidas entre 1.790 ±9 Ma e 1.782 ±9 Ma (idade modelo: 1.787 ±6,2 Ma). No depósito X1, as idades Re-Os em molibdenita são coincidentes aos casos anteriores: entre 1.787 ±7 Ma e 1,785 ±7 Ma (idade modelo: 1.786 ±5 Ma). No depósito do Francisco, as idades 40Ar/39Ar em alíquotas de sericita oriundas do halo de alteração sericítico fornecem idades entre 1.779 ±6,28 a 1.777 ±6,3 Ma e, portanto, bastante similares aos depósitos disseminados de Au ± Cu. Em adicional, as idades 40Ar/39Ar da alteração fílica do depósito Pé Quente variam de 1.833,6 ±6,2 a 1.830,6 ±6.2 Ma, enquanto que no depósito X1 essas idades estão compreendidas entre 1.733,3 ±6,2 a 1.751,3 ±6,1 Ma. A grande uniformidade isotópica obtida para os depósitos disseminados de Au ± Cu fornece uma excelente idade isocrônica em 1.786 ±1 Ma, com idade modelo em 1.787 ±3,2 Ma, as quais permitem apontar para um único e estreito evento aurífero na Província, centrado no Statheriano e que teria durado aproximadamente 10 Ma. No conjunto, essas idades, portanto, demonstram a contemporaneidade das mineralizações com o alojamento de corpos porfiríticos sub-vulcânicos sin- a pós-colisionais na Província, correlacionados às suítes Colíder (quartzo-feldspato pórfiro X1) e Teles Pires (Pórfiro União do Norte), pertencentes ao terceiro evento magmático da província. Logo, as idades Re-Os diferem substancialmente das idades U-Pb das hospedeiras plutônicas graníticas dos depósitos investigados. Esse fato demonstra não haver qualquer conexão genética entre o plutonismo granítico e processos responsáveis pelas mineralizações auríferas da província, diferentemente dos três eventos auríferos até então propostos para a província: (1) 1,98-1,95 Ga (e.g. depósitos Luizão e Pé Quente); (2) 1,87-1,85 Ga (depósitos X1 e Serrinha) e (3) 1,77-1,79 Ga (depósito do Francisco). Essas idades abrem, portanto, novas perspectivas para a exploração aurífera na Província, visto que unidades vulcânicas e sub-vulcânicas de idade 1,78-1,77 Ga agora se tornam alvos potenciais à exploração / Abstract: The Alta Floresta Gold Province, eastern portion of the Amazon Craton, extends between the Ventuari ¿ Tapajós (1.95 to 1.8 Ga) and Rio Negro ¿ Juruena (1.8 to 1.55 Ga) geochronological provinces, or between the Tapajós ¿ Parima (2.03-1.88 Ga) and Rondônia ¿ Juruena (1.82-1.54 Ga), depending on the model used. The province is mainly composed of arc-type plutono-volcanic sequences amalgamated during the Paleoproterozoic. At the easternmost segment of the province, in region that comprises the districts of Peixoto de Azevedo ¿ Mautpá ¿ Guarantã do Norte ¿ Novo Mundo (MT), a significant number of gold deposits are distributed along a NW-SW striking belt (Peru ¿ União do Norte belt) hosted by plutonic and volcanic rocks of granitic composition. Based on ore and stype paragenesis, these gold mineralizations can be clustered into three main groups: (1) Au ± Cu disseminated within granitic systems and essentially represented by pyrite and variable amounts of chalcopyrite and hematite; (2) Au ± Cu-rich veins mainly composed of pyrite and subordinated chalcopyrite; and (3) vein-type Au + base metals that crosscut sin- to post-collisional volcano-sedimentary sequences. Whitin this context, three major groups of plutonic rocks may be distinguished: (1) basement and old granitoids; (2) granitic intrusions that vary in composition from tonalite to syeno/monzogranite and that host the major gold mineralizations within the province; and (c) subvolcanic hosts of tonalite to monzogranite composition. These units display affinities to the calc-alkaline, oxidized, hydrated, medium to high-K, meta- to peraluminous and ferrous to slightly magnesium (I-type granites), possibly derived from volcanic arc-type setting from partial melting of lower crustal sources (metasomatized mantle). Although the main granite host (Guarantã granite) exhibits an adakite-signature, it is understood that its magma might have been derived from a deep crustal level, with instable plagioclase, garnet and hornblende stable. The new SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages suggest that the crystallization ages related to the granitic basement range from 1,980 ±8.8 Ma (Nova Guarita gneiss) to 1,978 ±8.1 Ma (foliated tonalite), where those obtained to plutonic granitic host rocks are between 1,904 ±4.6 Ma (X1 granodiorite), 1,901 ±6.8 Ma (Pé Quente tonalite) and 1,863 ±4.8 Ma (Jorge granodiorite), and those related to subvolcanic host rocks vary from 1,774 ±7.5 (União do Norte porphyry) to 1,773 ±5.7 Ma (X1 quartz-feldspar porphyry). The ?Nd(t) (-5.49 to -0.975) and TDM ages (2.36 to 2.02 Ga) are indicative of Paleoproterozoic mantle-derived magmas with fractional crystallization as the main vector of evolution to these lithotyepes, such as crustal contamination in minor importance. Collectively, these lithotypes can be clustered into three main magmatic stages: (1) Orosirian granitic basement and old granites; (2) Late Orosirian granodiorite-tonalite host intrusions; and (3) Statherian porphyries and subvolcanics. These events would related, respectively, the construction of (A) Cuiú-Cuiú magmatic arc; (B) Early Juruena magmatic arc; and (C) Post-collisional Juruena magmatic arc setting. Within this geological context, we have the Pé Quente, Luizão, X1 and Francisco magmatic-hydrothermal gold deposits, the main case of study in this work. The Pé Quente (Pé Quente suite; 1.97-1.9 Ga), Luizão (1.97-1.96 Ga) and X1 (Guarantã granite; 1.9 Ga) deposits represent the major disseminated Au ± Cu mineralization in granitic systems, whereas the Francisco deposit (União do Norte porphyry; 1.77 Ga) would correspond the principal exemple of vein-type gold + base metals. The Luizão and X1 ore-zones are related to a strongly and pervasive phyllic alteration (coarse-grained + quartz + sulfide) wich high concentrations of pyrite but variable chalcopyrite and hematite. These hydrothermal zones are limited by a strong and pervasive potassic alteration with orthoclase + microcline ± hematite. Although these hydrothermal alterations are also found in the Pé Quente deposit, its ore is temporally related both to an early sodic as phyllic alterations. At the Francisco deposit, however, the main ore-zones are restricted to quartz-rich veins with metric sericitic alteration halos (5 to 6 m) with disseminated pyrite + sphalerite + galena ± chalcopyrite ± digenite. Collecvely, these hydrothermal alterations are limited by a regional propylitic alteration. Fluid inclusion assemblages in quartz crystals from X1 and Pé Quente deposits reveal the presence of two types of ?uids: (1) aqueous two-phase inclusions with wide salinity (2.1-26.1 wt.% eq. NaCl) and homogenization temperatures (126.5°C to 268.4°C); and (2) H2O-CO2 inclusions of low salinity (6.1-8.9 wt.% eq. NaCl) and higher temperatures (251.6° to 334.6°C), suggestive of heterogeneous entrapment by immiscibility processes in a deep magmatic-hydrothermal system. At the Luizão deposits, the fluids regime revel the coexistence of two types of aqueous fluids: (1) a high salinity (33.6 to 37 wt% NaCl eq.) fluids represented by halite-bearing fluid inclusions with temperatures that range from 200° to 280°C; and (2) a low salinity (2.5 ¿ 15 wt% NaCl eq.) and lower temperature fluid represented by two-phase inclusions, indicating fluid phase-separation processes at shallower crustal level if compared the Pé Quente and X1 deposits. And finally, at Francisco deposit the fluids are mainly composed of low to moderate salinity (up to 24 wt.% eq. NaCl) and temperature (85.3° to 373.2°C) and salinity aqueous fluid inclusions with heterogeneity in the vapor-phase filling degree (10-70 vol.%), which are suggestive of boiling processes in a shallower crustal leve. Moreover, oxygen, deuterium and sulfur isotope data do indicate a strong magmatic signature to the Pé Quente, X1 and Luizão deposits, whereas in the Francisco deposit, fluids essentially magmatic may have interacted with meteoric fluids. Based on the similarities between the major geological attributes, fluid inclusions assemblages and isotopic data, the Pé Quente, X1 and Luizão deposit can be similar to gold-only, Cu-poor porphyry systems, however, placed within deeper crustal levels than those classically interpreted as andian-type porphyry, whereas the Francisco deposits would be equivalent to polymetallic epithermal deposits of intermediate sulfidation. About these gold mineralizations, this work reports for the first time Re-Os pyrite and molybdenite ages for the Au ± disseminated deposits, such as the firt hydrothermal alteration ages (40Ar/39Ar) related to the ore-zones of the epithermal systems from the province. The Re-Os pyrite ages for the Pé Quente deposit vary from 1,792 ±9 Ma to 1,784 ±11 Ma (model age: 1.787 ±5,5 Ma), whereas those for Luizão deposit are between 1,790 ±9 Ma and 1,782 ±9 Ma (model age: 1,787 ±6.2 Ma). The Re-Os molybdenite ages for X1 deposit are very similar to the previously deposits, because it range from 1,787 ±7 Ma to 1,785 ±7 Ma (model age: 1,786 ±5 Ma). At the Francisco deposit, the 40Ar/39Ar ages from sericite samples from sericitic halo vary from 1,779 ±6.28 to 1,777 ±6.3 Ma, therefore, very similar to those obtained to the Au ± disseminated deposits. Additionally, the 40Ar/39Ar ages to the phyllic alterations from Pé Quente deposit range from 1,833.6 ±6.2 to 1,830.6 ±6.2 Ma, whereas to the X1 deposit these ages are constrained between 1,733.3 ±6.2 to 1,751.3 ±6.1 Ma. The isotopic uniformity of the disseminated Au ± Cu deposits provides an excellent isochronous age at 1.786 ±1 Ma, with model age at 1.787 ±3.2 Ma, suggesting a major and unic Staherian gold metallogenetic event within the Alta Floresta Gold Province that would lasted approximately 10 Ma. These ages allow us to correlate the ore-forming processes with the post-collisional felsic magmatism of the Juruena arc, possibly associated to the emplacement of the Colíder (quartz-feldspat porphyry) and Teles Pires (União do Norte porphyry) suites, belonging to the third magmatic event that took place in the province. Therefore, the Re-Os sulfide ages are substantially different from the U-Pb zircon crystallization ages of the plutonic granitic host rocks. This demonstrates that there is no genetic connection between the emplacement of granitic plutons and the ore-forming processes responsible for the gold mineralization in the province, contrasting, therefore, to the three auriferous events so far proposed to the province: (i) 1.98-1.95 Ga (e.g. Luizão and Pé Quente deposits); (ii) 1.87-1.85 Ga (X1 and Serrinha deposits); and (iii) 1.77-1.79 Ga (e.g. Francisco deposit). These new Re-Os pyrite and molybdenite ages open new perspectives for gold exploration in the province as volcanic and sub-volcanic units of 1.78 to 1.77 Ga now may become prime targets / Doutorado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Doutor em Ciências
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Estudo comparativo entre mineralizações filonares de Au ± Cu e Au + metais base do setor leste da Província Aurífera de Alta Floresta (MT), Cráton Amazônico / A comparative study between Au ± Cu and Au + base metals vein-type mineralizations of the eastern sector of the Alta Floresta Gold Province (MT), Amazon Craton

Trevisan, Verônica Godinho, 1990- 28 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Roberto Perez Xavier / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T02:16:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Trevisan_VeronicaGodinho_M.pdf: 12082378 bytes, checksum: 8a62864dd0b76538367589ff9f11e172 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O setor leste da Província Aurífera de Alta Floresta, Cráton Amazônico, Brasil, hospeda um grande número de depósitos de ouro na forma de veios, sistemas de veios em stockwork e disseminados associados à sequências plutôno-vulcânicas paleoproterozóicas, incluindo os depósitos filonares de Au + metais base Luiz e Au ± Cu Paraíba e Pezão. Descrição de testemunhos de sondagem, petrografia e geocronologia U-Pb SHRIMP IIe em zircão permitiram a caracterização dos diferentes atributos geológicos desses depósitos. A rocha hospedeira do depósito Paraíba é representada por biotita tonalito, enquanto que nos depósitos Luiz e Pezão corresponde a um biotita granodiorito intrudido por feldspato-pórfiro e sienogranito cortado por quartzo-pórfiro, respectivamente. As zonas de metassomatismo incluem as alterações clorítica, potássica com biotita e sericítica e, em direção aos setores distais, alterações potássica com K-feldspato e propilítica, preenchimento por carbonato, silicificação + preenchimento por quartzo e, vênulas pós-mineralização compostas por quartzo, carbonato, epidoto, sericita e/ou clorita. O veio de quartzo aurífero dos três depósitos apresenta textura maciça, enquanto que nos depósitos Luiz e Pezão é comum a ocorrência de texturas de preenchimento de espaços vazios em veios de quartzo e/ou quartzo + carbonato não mineralizados. As zonas mineralizadas do depósito Paraíba e Pezão são representadas por pirita + calcopirita, enquanto que no depósito Luiz a paragênese do minério é caracterizada por pirita + esfalerita + galena ± calcopirita. O regime de fluidos nas zonas de minério do depósito Paraíba é representado essencialmente por fluidos aquo-carbônicos, enquanto que nos depósitos Luiz e Pezão por fluidos aquosos bifásicos de baixa salinidade. Análises U-Pb SHRIMP IIe em zircão das rochas hospedeiras e feldspato-pórfiro Luiz forneceram idades de cristalização entre 2,01 e 1,97 Ga. A evolução do sistema hidrotermal dos depósitos indica redução da temperatura e incremento da ¿O2 e pH dos fluidos mineralizantes. A precipitação do minério no depósito Paraíba deve estar relacionada com o processo de imiscibilidade e interações fluido-rocha, enquanto que nos depósitos Luiz e Pezão pode ser atribuída a expansão adiabática seguida por boiling. A integração dos dados sugere que o depósito Paraíba se formou em um nível crustal mais profundo, enquanto que os depósitos Luiz e Pezão em níveis crustais mais rasos. A estreita relação espacial com plútons graníticos sugere que os depósitos Paraíba, Luiz e Pezão possam representar sistemas magmático-hidrotermais que se desenvolveram a partir da cristalização de corpos sub-vulcânicos (e.g. pórfiros), considerados com a possível fonte de fluidos, calor e metais para estes sistemas. Neste contexto, o depósito Paraíba pode ser considerado como um sistema filonar rico em ouro-quartzo hospedado por intrusões, enquanto que os depósitos Luiz e Pezão podem representar sistemas mineralizados similares a depósitos epitermais polimetálicos de sulfuração intermediária e rico em ouro-cobre de baixa sulfuração, respectivamente. Embora a idade da mineralização seja ainda desconhecida nos três depósitos, as relações geológicas entre as hospedeiras, os corpos sub-vulcânicos e zonas de minério, combinadas com os dados geocronológicos obtidos neste estudo e disponíveis na literatura, abrem a possibilidade de que a metalogênese do ouro no setor leste da província não esteja restrita a um único evento intrusivo (1.787 ± 3.2 a 1.786 ± 1 Ma), mas apontam para a possível existência de pelo menos dois eventos mineralizantes (~1.78 e ~1.97 Ga). Os dados geocronológicos U-Pb SHRIMP em zircão obtidos neste estudo sugerem a correlação das rochas graníticas hospedeiras com o primeiro evento magmático (1.98 a 1.97 Ga) do setor leste da província, ou mesmo a expansão desse intervalo de idades / Abstract: The easternmost sector of the Alta Floresta Gold Province, Amazon Craton, Brazil, hosts a significant number of disseminated, stockwork and vein-type gold deposits associated with paleoproterozoic plutonic-volcanic sequences, including the Luiz Au + base metals and the Paraíba and Pezão Au ± Cu vein-type deposits. Description of drill cores, petrography and U-Pb sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) IIe zircon geochronology allowed the characterization of the different geological attributes of these three deposits. At the Paraíba deposit the host lithotype is represented by biotite tonalite, whereas at the Luiz and Pezão deposits the host rocks encompass a biotite granodiorite intruded by a feldspar-porphyry and a syenogranite truncated by a quartz-porphyry, respectively. Metasomatic zones include chloritic, sericitic and potassic (biotite) alteration, and, outwards from the ore zones, carbonate infill, silicification plus quartz infill, potassic (K-feldspar) and propylitic alteration, besides post-mineralization quartz, carbonate, epidote, sericite and/or chlorite veinlets. The auriferous quartz veins in all deposits display massive texture, whereas barren quartz and/or quartz + carbonate veins at the Luiz and Pezão deposits commonly display open-space filling textures. Ore zones at Paraíba and Pezão deposits are represented by pyrite + chalcopyrite, whereas at Luiz deposit is characterized by pyrite + sphalerite + galena ± chalcopyrite. Fluid regime at the Paraíba ore zones encompasses aqueous-carbonic fluids, whereas at the Luiz and Pezão deposits are essentially characterized by low salinity two-phase aqueous fluids. U-Pb SHRIMP IIe zircon analysis of host rocks and Luiz feldspar-porphyry provided crystallization ages between 2,01 and 1,97 Ga. The evolution of the hydrothermal systems of these three deposits indicates a decrease in temperature and an increase in ¿O2 and pH of the fluid. Ore precipitation at the Paraíba deposit would be related to a combination of immiscibility process and fluid-rock interactions, while at the Luiz and Pezão deposits can be attributed to adiabatic expansion followed by boiling process. Data integration suggest that the Paraiba deposit may have originated at deeper crustal levels, whereas the Luiz and Pezão deposits would be positioned at shallower crustal levels. The close spatial relationship with granitic plutons suggests that the Paraíba, Pezão and Luiz deposits may be genetically linked to magmatic-hydrothermal systems, which developed as a result of the crystallization of sub-volcanic rocks (e.g. porphyries), considered as the possible source of fluids, heat and metals for these systems. In this context, the Paraíba deposit can be classified as an intrusion-hosted gold-quartz vein system, whereas the Luiz and Pezão deposits may represent mineralized systems similar to intermediate sulfidation polymettalic and low sulfidation gold-copper-bearing epithermal deposits, respectively. Although the mineralization ages are still unknown for these three deposits, the geological relationships between host and sub-volcanic rocks and ore zones, combined with geochronological data from this study and from literature, open the possibility that gold metallogeny within the province is not restricted to a single paleoproterozoic intrusive event (1.787 ± 3.2 to ± 1.786 1 Ma), but point to the possible existence of at least two mineralizing events (~ 1.78 and ~ 1.97 Ga). The U-Pb zircon geochronological data from this study suggest the correlation of the granitic rocks to the first magmatic event (1.98 to 1.97 Ga) in the easternmost portion of the province, or even an expansion of this age interval / Mestrado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Mestra em Geociências
229

Noise-induced hearing loss : prevalence, degree and impairment criteria in South African gold miners

Strauss, Susan 15 January 2013 (has links)
Despite the preventability of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) a high prevalence is still reported in South African mines. The study aimed to describe the hearing of gold miners pertaining to the prevalence and degree of NIHL and effectiveness of current RSA impairment criteria to identify NIHL. The audiological data, collected between 2001 and 2008, of 57 714 mine workers were investigated in this retrospective cohort study. Data was accessed through the mine’s electronic database and exported to Microsoft Excel 2007 worksheets. Participants were categorised in terms of noise exposure (level and working years), age, race and gender. Noise exposure levels were described in terms of a specific occupation and categorized into four groups based on dosimeter data received from the mine’s noise hygienist, namely: 1) Below surface (underground) noise exposure, ≥85 dB A, classified according to the South African regulations on the daily permissible dose of noise exposure8, named Noise Group 1; 2) Surface noise exposure, ≥85 dB A, named Noise Group 2; 3) No known occupational noise exposure, named control group; and 4) Uncertain levels of noise exposure, e.g. students and trainees, named Noise Group 4. The control group was matched with participants of noise group 1 and 2 based on gender, race and age at the most recent audiogram test. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed. Measures of central tendency and variability were used with analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and pairwise comparisons according to Fisher’s Least Squares Differences Approach (F test). Results indicated that noise exposed groups had significantly higher prevalence of high and low frequency hearing loss than the control group. High-frequency hearing loss was also present in the control group. The greatest differences in prevalence of hearing loss were observed at 3, 4 kHz and age group 36 to 45 years. Thresholds at 8 kHz were worse than expected and decline slowed down with age. High-frequency thresholds showed a non-linear growth pattern with age with a greater decline at 2 kHz with age in the noise-exposed population compared to the control group. Hearing deteriorated more across age groups with more noise-exposed years, and this deterioration was most visible after 10 to 15 working years and at 3 kHz. Females had better hearing than males across the frequency spectrum. Black males had significantly better high-frequency hearing than white males but significantly worse low-frequency hearing than white male counterparts. PLH values showed poor correlation (through statistical analyses) with other well-accepted hearing impairment criteria. To date this was the largest study conducted on the hearing of gold miners and the sample included a very large number of black males exposed to occupational noise (N=17 933). Values supplied in distribution table format are therefore unique and contribute greatly to the knowledge base. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / unrestricted
230

Detecting illegal gold mining sites in the Amazon forest : Using Deep Learning to Classify Satellites Images

Labbe, Nathan January 2021 (has links)
Illegal gold mining in the Amazon forest has increased dramatically since 2005 with the rise in the price of gold. The use of chemicals such as mercury, which facilitate the gold extraction, increases the toxicity of the soil and can enter the food chain, leading to health problems for the inhabitants, and causes the environmental scourge we know today. In addition, the massive increase in these activities favours deforestation and impacts on protected areas such as indigenous areas and natural reserves. Organisations and governments from Peru, Brazil and French Guyana in particular, are trying to regulate these activities, but the area to cover being very large, by the time illegal exploitation is detected it is often too late to react. The idea of this thesis is to evaluate whether it is possible to automate the task of detecting these illegal gold mines using open satellite images and deep learning. In order to answer this question, this report includes the creation of new datasets, as well as the evaluation of two techniques which are object detection using RetinaNet and semantic segmentation using U-Net. The influence of image spectral bands is also studied in this thesis. The numerous trained models are all evaluated using the Dice Coefficient and Intersection over Union metrics, and each comparison is supported by the statistical sign-test. The report shows the superiority of the segmentation model for the binary classification of illegal mines. However, it is suggested to first use RetinaNet to find out more precisely whether the mine is legal or illegal, and then to use U-Net if the mine is illegal in order to make a more precise segmentation. It also shows and illustrates the importance of using the right image spectral bands which greatly increases the accuracy of the models. / Den illegala guldutvinningen i Amazonas har ökat dramatiskt sedan 2005 i och med att guldpriset stigit. Användningen av kemikalier, exempelvis kvicksilver, underlättar guldutvinningen men ökar giftigheten i marken och kan komma in i näringskedjan. Detta leder till hälsoproblem för invånarna och orsakar det miljöplågeri som vi känner till i dag. Dessutom leder den massiva ökningen av dessa verksamheter till ytterligare avskogning i skyddade områden, vilket exempelvis påverkar ursprungsområden och naturreservat. Organisationer och regeringar i Peru, Brasilien och Franska Guyana försöker att reglera denna verksamhet, men eftersom det område som ska täckas är mycket stort är det ofta för sent att agera när olaglig exploatering upptäcks. Syftet med denna avhandling är att utvärdera om det är möjligt att automatisera uppgiften att upptäcka dessa illegala guldgruvor med hjälp av öppna satellitbilder och djup inlärning. För att besvara denna fråga omfattar denna rapport skapandet av nya datamängder samt utvärderingen av två tekniker som är objektsdetektering med hjälp av RetinaNet och semantisk segmentering med hjälp av U-Net. Inflytandet av bildens spektralband studeras också i denna avhandling. De tränade modellerna utvärderas alla med hjälp av Dice-koefficienten och Intersection over Union-måtten, och varje jämförelse stöds av det statistiska sign-testet. Rapporten visar att segmenteringsmodellen är extremt överlägsen när det gäller binär klassificering av illegala gruvor. Det föreslås dock att man först använder RetinaNet för att mer exakt ta reda på om gruvan är laglig eller olaglig, och sedan använder U-Net om gruvan är olaglig för att göra en mer exakt segmentering. Rapporten visar och illustrerar också vikten av att använda rätt bildspektralband, vilket ökar modellernas noggrannhet avsevärt

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