In two studies, the author attempts to develop a general symbol theoretical approach to knowledge representation. The first study, Modeling change - the frame problem, critically examines the - so far unsuccessful - attempts to solve the notorious frame problem. By discussing and analyzing a number of related problems - the prediction problem, the revision problem, the qualification problem, and the book-keeping problem - the frame problem is distinguished as the problem of finding a representational form permitting a changing, complex world to be efficiently and adequately represented. This form, it is argued, is dictated by the metaphysics of the problem world, the fundamental form of the symbol system we humans use in rightly characterizing the world. In the second study, Pictures and words, the symbol theoretical approach is made more explicit. The subject Is the distinction between pictorial (non-linguistic, non-propositional, analogical, "direct") representation and verbal (linguistic, propositional) representation, and the further implications of this distinction. The study focuses on pictorial representation, which has received little attention compared to verbal representation. Observations, ideas, and theories in AI, cognitive psychology, and philosophy are critically examined. The general conclusion is that there is as yet no cogent and mature theory of pictorial representation that gives good support to computer applications. The philosophical symbol theory of Nelson Goodman is found to be the most thoroughly developed and most congenial with the aims and methods of AI. Goodman's theory of pictorial representation, however, in effect excludes computers from the use of pictures. In the final chapter, an attempt is made to develop Goodman's analysis of pictures further turning it into a theory useful to AI. The theory outlined builds on Goodman's concept of exemplification. The key idea is that a picture is a model of a description that has the depicted object as its standard model. One consequence Is that pictorial and verbal forms of representation are seen less as competing alternatives than as complementary forms of representation mutually supporting and depending on each other. / digitalisering@umu

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Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-06-14T20:19:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 IgorGuedesReboucas_DISSERT.pdf: 4109459 bytes, checksum: 9d05bc4fe3e1208e2195bfe4405550de (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-15T23:42:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 IgorGuedesReboucas_DISSERT.pdf: 4109459 bytes, checksum: 9d05bc4fe3e1208e2195bfe4405550de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-15T23:42:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IgorGuedesReboucas_DISSERT.pdf: 4109459 bytes, checksum: 9d05bc4fe3e1208e2195bfe4405550de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-17 / Este trabalho consiste na elabora??o de uma Rede Neural Artificial (RNA) com o fim de modelar o comportamento de comp?sitos quando submetidos a carregamento de fadiga. A proposta ? desenvolver e apresentar um modelo misto, que associa uma equa??o anal?tica (Equa??o de Adam) ? estrutura da RNA. Tendo em vista que os comp?sitos geralmente apresentam comportamentos semelhantes quando sujeitos a carregamentos flutuantes, essa equa??o visa estabelecer um padr?o pr?-definido de compara??o para um material gen?rico, a fim de que a RNA ajuste o comportamento de outro comp?sito a esse padr?o. Dessa forma, a RNA n?o precisaria aprender por completo o comportamento de determinado material, pois a Equa??o de Adam faria boa parte do trabalho. Este modelo foi utilizado em duas arquiteturas de rede diferentes, modular e perceptron, com o objetivo de analisar a sua efici?ncia em estruturas distintas. Al?m das diferentes arquiteturas, foram analisadas as respostas geradas a partir de dois conjuntos de dados diferentes ? com tr?s e duas curvas S-N. Esse modelo tamb?m foi comparado com os resultados da literatura especializada, que utilizam uma estrutura convencional de RNA. Os resultados consistem em analisar e comparar algumas caracter?sticas, como a capacidade de generaliza??o, a robustez e os Diagramas de Goodman, desenvolvidas pelas redes. / This work consists basically in the elaboration of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in order to model the composites materials? behavior when submitted to fatigue loadings. The proposal is to develop and present a mixed model, which associate an analytical equation (Adam Equation) to the structure of the ANN. Given that the composites often shows a similar behavior when subject to float loadings, this equation aims to establish a pre-defined comparison pattern for a generic material, so that the ANN fit the behavior of another composite material to that pattern. In this way, the ANN did not need to fully learn the behavior of a determined material, because the Adam Equation would do the big part of the job. This model was used in two different network architectures, modular and perceptron, with the aim of analyze it efficiency in distinct structures. Beyond the different architectures, it was analyzed the answers generated from two sets of different data ? with three and two SN curves. This model was also compared to the specialized literature results, which use a conventional structure of ANN. The results consist in analyze and compare some characteristics like generalization capacity, robustness and the Goodman Diagrams, developed by the networks.

abstract: This dissertation makes the case to reclaim the typically negative term, coterie, as a poetic method and offers the epithalamium as a valuable object for the study of coterie conditions and values. This examination of the historical poetics of the epithalamium shows how the form was reappropriated by gay postwar poets and those in related social circumstances. This study applies and builds on theories developed by Arthur Marotti (John Donne: Coterie Poet), and Lytle Shaw (Frank O'Hara: The Poetics of Coterie) and subsequent critics to develop a coterie poetics, the markers and terms for which I have arranged here to demonstrate conscious "sociable" poetics. It is thus to our advantage to study coterie conditions and methods to open readers to insights into twentieth-century poets that have deliberately exploited reception among those in private and public spheres, just as their Early-Modern precursors did--often as a matter of survival, but also as formative practice. The key figures in this study wrote significant epithalamia or made major theoretical claims for coterie poetics: John Donne (1572-1631), W. H. Auden (1907-1973), Paul Goodman (1910-1972), and Frank O'Hara (1926-1966). O'Hara's poetry is approached as the apex of coterie poetics; his personal immediacy and obscure personal references should alienate and exclude--yet, they invite. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. English 2012

For decades, together with his colleague and wife Yetta, Kenneth Goodman has been lionized and vilified by educators and education decision makers on both sides of the Atlantic. Kenneth Goodman was on point of the attack on whole language in The Reading Wars in the mid-1990s. Goodman’s theories are something out of the ordinary in this research field, this study examined his work over decades and the criticism he received throughout the years of working on his theories. The reading war is not yet settled, even though most scholars today favours Phonics, which has become the most popular theory, and which is most often used in studies today. Because of that I felt the need to discuss Goodman’s theories, to see what he, with his work could offer the educators of today. / <p>Godkänt datum 2021-01-17</p>

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Los Angeles, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 222-229). Also available on the Internet.

Some form of absolutism has generally been the majority view within philosophy and in other traditions, and it is common to take absolutism for granted without providing rational arguments or empirical evidence in support of it. However, such attitudes are not viable if we want to avoid dogmatism. In this paper, I question absolutism and the closely associated correspondence theory of truth through the writings of Goodman and Nāgārjuna. I first describe Goodman‟s philosophy with a focus on his works dealing with „worldmaking‟ and multiple true versions. Subsequently follows an outline of Nāgārjuna‟s philosophy, in which he intended to show that the notion of an essence, an inherently existent entity or relation, is incoherent and that essences would be incompatible with experience. I then reflect on the relation between absolutism and relativism, and propose that the philosophies of Goodman and Nāgārjuna make it possible to transcend both. The paper ends with a discussion on the notion of knowledge in the absence of absolute entities and essences. From the works of Goodman, Nāgārjuna, and Bohm, I put forward the idea that an aspiration for a greater good and fitting is more general than a desire for knowledge of entities, and that it is therefore important to be aware of the larger context in which any given entity appears so that it can be seen to what extent further inquiry and use of it can lead to a greater good and fitting.