The work presented here report findings in (1) infrared detectors based on p-GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunctions, (2) J and H aggregate sensitized heterojunctions for solar cell and photon detection applications, (3) heterojunctions sensitized with quantum dots as low cost solar energy conversion devices and near infrared photodetectors. (1)A GaAs/AlGaAs based structure with a graded AlGaAs barrier is found to demonstrate a photovoltaic responsivity of ~ 30mA/W (~ 450mV/W) at the wavelength of 1.8 mm at 300K. Additionally the graded barrier has enhanced the photoconductive response at 78 K, showing a responsivity of ~ 80mA/W with a D*=1.4×108 Jones under 1V bias at 2.7 mm wavelength. This is an approximately 25 times improvement compared to the flat barrier detector structure, probably due to the improved carrier transport, and low recapture rate in the graded barrier structure. However, these graded barrier devices did not indicate a photoresponse with photoconductive mode at 300K due to high shot noise. Additionally, two generation-recombination noise components and a 1/f noise component were identified. A series of GaAs/AlGaAs multilayer hetero-junction structures were tested as thermal detectors. A superlattice structure containing 57% Al fraction in the barrier and 3 × 1018 cm-3 p-doped GaAs emitter showed the highest responsivity as a thermal detector with a TCR of ~ 4% K-1, at 300K. (2)The photovoltaic properties of heterojunctions with J-/ H- aggregated dye films sandwiched between n– and p-type semiconductors were investigated for potential application as solar cells and IR detectors. Films of cationic dye Rhodamine-B-thiocyanate adsorbed on Cu2O substrate are found to form organized dye layers by self-assembled J- aggregation, resulting in large red-shifts in the photo -response. Additionally, cells sensitized with a pentamethine cyanine dye exhibited a broad spectral response originating from J- and H-aggregates. The photocurrent is produced by exciton transport over relatively long distances with significant hole-mobility as well as direct sensitized injection at the first interface. (3) A ZnO/PbS-QD/Dye heterostructure had enhanced efficiency compared to ZnO/Dye heterostructure as a solar cell. Furthermore, a ZnO/PbS-QD structure has demonstrated UV and NIR responses with 4×105V/W (390 nm) and 5.5×105 V/W (750 nm) under 1V bias at 300K.

This paper presents the theory of Noetherian filtrations, an important concept in commutative algebra. The paper describes many aspects of the theory of these objects, presenting basic results, examples and applications. In the study of Noetherian filtrations, a few other important concepts are introduced such as Rees algebras, essential powers filtrations, and filtrations on modules. Basic results on these are presented as well. This thesis discusses at length how Noetherian filtrations relate to important constructions in commutative algebra, such as graded rings and modules, dimension theory and associated primes. In addition, the paper presents an original proof of the finiteness of the intersection algebra of principal ideals in a UFD. It concludes by discussing possible applications of this result to other areas of commutative algebra.

Today, nonhomogeneous materials are used in many technological applications. Nonhomogeneity can be introduced intentionally in order to improve the thermomechanical performance of material systems. The concept of functionally graded materials (FGMs) is an example of such an application. Nonhomogeneity can also be an intrinsic property of some of the natural materials such as natural soil. The main interest in this study is on the contact mechanics of nonhomogeneous surfaces. There is an extensive volume of literature on the contact mechanics of nonhomogeneous materials. In most of these studies, the elastic gradation is assumed to exist in depth direction. But, it is known that elastic gradation may also exist laterally. This may either occur naturally as in the case of natural soil or may be induced as a result of the applied processing technique as in the case of FGMs. The main objective in this study is therefore to examine the effect of the lateral nonhomogeneities on the contact stress distribution at the surface of an elastically graded material. In the model developed to examine this problem, a laterally graded surface is assumed to be in sliding contact with a rigid stamp of arbitrary profile. The problem is formulated using the theory of elasticity and reduced to a singular integral equation. The integral equation is solved numerically using a collocation approach. By carrying out parametric studies, the effects of the nonhomogeneity constants, coefficient of friction and stamp location on the contact stress distribution and on the required contact forces are studied.

ABSTRACT CONTACT MECHANICS OF GRADED MATERIALS WITH TWODIMENSIONAL MATERIAL PROPERTY VARIATIONS G&ouml / kay, Kemal M.S., Department of Mechanical Engineering Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. Serkan Dag September 2005, 62 pages Ceramic layers used as protective coatings in tribological applications are known to be prone to cracking and debonding due to their brittle nature. Recent experiments with functionally graded ceramics however show that these material systems are particularly useful in enhancing the resistance of a surface to tribological damage. This improved behavior is attributed to the influence of the material property gradation on the stress distribution that develops at the contacting surfaces. The main interest in the present study is in the contact mechanics of a functionally graded surface with a two &ndash / dimensional spatial variation in the modulus of elasticity. Poisson&rsquo / s ratio is assumed to be constant due to its insignificant effect on the contact stress distribution [30]. In the formulation of the problem it is assumed that the functionally graded surface is in frictional sliding contact with a rigid flat stamp. Using elasticity theory and semi-infinite plane approximation for the graded medium, the problem is reduced to a singular integral equation of the second kind. Integral equation is solved numerically by expanding the unknown contact stress distribution into a series of Jacobi polynomials and using suitable collocation points. The developed method is validated by providing comparisons to a closed form solution derived for homogeneous materials. Main numerical results consist of the effects of the material nonhomogeneity parameters, coefficient of friction and stamp size and location on the contact stress distribution.

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Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-10T16:27:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ALAN DE ARAÚJO GUIMARÃES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGMAT 2014..pdf: 389630 bytes, checksum: 8fee4901dc2c6f4008991c541e1728b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T16:27:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALAN DE ARAÚJO GUIMARÃES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGMAT 2014..pdf: 389630 bytes, checksum: 8fee4901dc2c6f4008991c541e1728b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12 / Capes / O tema central da presente dissertação é o estudo das graduações de um grupo G nas álgebras UTn(F) eUT(d1,...,dm).Inicialmente, no Capítulo 2, supondo o grupo G abeliano e infnito e o corpo F algebricamente fechado e de característica zero, provamos que qualquer graduação em UTn(F) é elementar (a menos de automorfismo G-graduado). Ainda no Capítulo 2,sem fazer qualquer suposição sobre o grupo G e ocorpo F, chegamos à mesma conclusão. Para tanto, foi necessário utilizar técnicas mais sutis na demonstração. No Capítulo 3, novamente supondo o grupo G abeliano e infinito e o corpo F algebricamente fechado e de característica zero,classificamos as G-graduações da F-álgebra UT(d1,...,dm). Veremos que,neste caso, existe uma decomposição d1 = tp1,...,dm = tpm talqueUT(d1,...,dm) é isomorfa, como álgebra G-graduada ,ao produto tensorial Mt(F)⊗UT(p1,...,pm), onde Mt(F) tem uma G-graduação na e UT(p1,...,pm) tem uma G-graduação elementar. / The central theme of this dissertation is the study the of the gradings of a group G in the algebras UTn(F) and UT(d1, . . . , dm). Initially, in Chapter 2, assuming G a nite abelian group and F an algebraically closed eld and of characteristic zero, we prove that any grading in UTn(F) is elementary (up to graded isomorphism). Still in Chapter 2, without making any assumption about the group G and the eld F, we obtain the same conclusion. To prove this was necessary to use more subtle techniques in demonstration. In Chapter 3, again assuming G a nite abelian group and F an algebraically closed eld of characteristic zero, we classify the gradings of the algebra UT(d1, . . . , dm). We will see that there is a decomposition d1 = tp1, . . . , dm = tpm such that UT(d1, ..., dm) is isomorphic, as graded algebra, to the tensor product Mt(F) ⊗ UT(p1, . . . , pm), where Mt(F) has a ne grading and UT(p1, . . . , pm) has a elementary grading.

The diploma thesis deals with the relationship between graded readers and teaching vocabulary. We examine whether extensive reading leads to vocabulary acquisition on the basis of context provided by graded readers. In addition, we focus on the frequency of occurrence of individual lexical items and we interpret it as an important variable in teaching lexis. These two factors are compared using test data from two groups of experiment participants. The first group (the reading group) was asked to read the text at their own pace, while the second group was asked to read the text while listening to it being narrated by an English native speaker. Based on hitherto research, the listening group is expected to outperform the reading group. After introducing the topic in chapter 1, we attempt to define extensive reading in chapter 2. Graded readers are based on providing sufficient amount of context for understanding unknown vocabulary. In this chapter we contrast practical application of extensive reading with theoretical foundation in secondary literature. Chapter 3 delineates the methodology used in the present thesis. It is based on replicating a study by Waring and Takaki (2003), and also on research into audio- assisted reading. This methodology is used to measure the efficiency of reading and...

xii, 76 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / We study the graded representation theory of the Iwahori-Hecke algebra, denoted by Hd , of the symmetric group over a field of characteristic zero at a root of unity. More specifically, we use graded Specht modules to calculate the graded decomposition numbers for Hd . The algorithm arrived at is the Lascoux-Leclerc-Thibon algorithm in disguise. Thus we interpret the algorithm in terms of graded representation theory. We then use the algorithm to compute several examples and to obtain a closed form for the graded decomposition numbers in the case of two-column partitions. In this case, we also precisely describe the 'reduction modulo p' process, which relates the graded irreducible representations of Hd over [Special characters omitted.] at a p th -root of unity to those of the group algebra of the symmetric group over a field of characteristic p. / Committee in charge: Alexander Kleshchev, Chairperson, Mathematics; Jonathan Brundan, Member, Mathematics; Boris Botvinnik, Member, Mathematics; Victor Ostrik, Member, Mathematics; William Harbaugh, Outside Member, Economics

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Com o objetivo de avaliar o grau de maturidade, quanto à utilizaÃÃo de ferramentas e tÃcnicas da GestÃo pela Qualidade Total (GQT), e sua evoluÃÃo nos Ãltimos 10 anos, nas empresas de transformaÃÃo e construÃÃo civil de portes mÃdio e grande no Estado do CearÃ, o presente trabalho utilizou o Modelo de Resposta Gradual da Teoria da Resposta ao Item (TRI). Este modelo foi projetado para analisar respostas graduadas e passÃveis de ordenaÃÃo. Como base de comparaÃÃo para verificar uma possÃvel evoluÃÃo na maturidade, foi utilizado o trabalho realizado por Alexandre (1999). A metodologia empregada para a coleta de dados foi a pesquisa quantitativa, atravÃs de um questionÃrio estruturado na escala de Likert com 5 categorias de resposta. O estudo utilizou o modelo de Resposta Gradual da TRI para avaliaÃÃo da maturidade criando-se uma escala de medida padronizada, atravÃs do qual se tornou possÃvel a comparaÃÃo e a verificaÃÃo de que houve uma evoluÃÃo pouco significativa da maturidade das empresas, principalmente levando-se em conta a importÃncia da qualidade como diferencial competitivo para a manutenÃÃo das empresas no mercado globalizado. A escala construÃda pode auxiliar na identificaÃÃo de prÃticas nÃo implantadas que poderiam melhorar a qualidade dos produtos. / Aiming to evaluate the degree of maturity in the use of tools and techniques of Total Quality Management (TQM), and its evolution over the past 10 years, in the companies of transformation and construction of medium and large scale in the State of Ceara, this study used the Graded Response Model of Item Response Theory (IRT). This model was designed to examine responses graded and capable of ordinate. As a basis of comparison for possible evaluates in the maturity, it was used the work done by Alexander in 1999. The methodology used for collecting data was the quantitative survey, using a structured questionnaire in Likert scale with five response categories. The study used a model for assessment of maturity by creating a standardized measurement scale with the support of the IRT, whereby it became possible to compare and to check that there was a low evolution of maturity of organizations, especially taking into account the importance of quality as a competitive differential for maintenance companies in the global market. The scale constructed may serve as a basis to enable companies to identify potential practice has not implanted, allows, still monitoring their development level of maturity.

Este trabalho apresenta a aplicação do Método de Otimização Topológica (MOT) considerando restrição de tensão mecânica em dois problemas de Engenharia: o projeto de estruturas mecânicas sujeitas a restrição de tensão e o projeto da distribuição de material em estruturas constituídas por Materiais com Gradação Funcional (MsGF). O MOT é um método numérico capaz de fornecer de forma automática o leiaute básico de uma estrutura mecânica para que esta atenda a um dado requisito de projeto, como o limite sobre a máxima tensão mecânica no componente. Os MsGF são materiais cujas propriedades variam gradualmente com a posição. Este gradiente de propriedades é obtido através da variação contínua da microestrutura formada por dois materiais diferentes. Neste trabalho o MOT foi implementado utilizando o modelo de material Solid Isotropic Microstructure with Penalization (SIMP) e o campo de densidades foi parametrizado utilizando a abordagem Aproximação Contínua da Distribuição de Material (ACDM). O modelo de material e utilizado em conjunto com um localizador de tensões, de modo a representar as tensões nas regiões com densidade intermediária. O projeto de estruturas tradicionais através do MOT possui dois problemas centrais aqui tratados: o fenômeno das topologias singulares, que consiste na incapacidade do algoritmo de otimização de retirar material de certas regiões da estrutura, onde a tensão mecânica supera o limite de tensão quando os valores da densidade tendem a zero, e o problema do grande número de restrições envolvidas, pois que a tensão mecânica é uma grandeza local e deve ser restrita em todos os pontos da estrutura. Para tratar o primeiro problema é utilizado o conceito de relaxação. Para o segundo são utilizadas duas abordagens: uma é a substituição das restrições locais por uma restrição global e a outra é a aplicação do Método do Lagrangeano Aumentado. Ambas foram implementadas e aplicadas para o projeto de estruturas planas e axissimétricas. No projeto da distribuição de material em estruturas constituídas por MsGF é utilizado um modelo de material baseado na interpolação dos limites de Hashin-Shtrikman. A partir deste modelo as tensões em cada fase são obtidas a partir das matrizes localizadoras de tensão. Para tratar o fenômeno das topologias singulares é proposto um índice estimativo de falha, baseado nas tensões de von Mises em cada fase da microestrutura, que evita tal problema. O grande número de restrições é tratado através da restrição global de tensão. Em ambos os problemas as formulações são apresentadas e sua eficiência é discutida através de exemplos numéricos. / This work presents the Topology Optimization Method (TOM) with stress constraint applied to two Engineering problems: the design of mechanical structures subjected to stress constraint and the design of material distribution in structures made of Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs). The TOM is a numerical method capable of synthesizing the basic layout of a mechanical structure accomplishing to a given design requirement, for example the maximum stress in the structure. The FGMs are materials with spatially varying properties, which are obtained through a continuum change of the microstructuremade of two different materials. In this work, the TOM was implemented with Solid Isotropic Microstructure with Penalization (SIMP) material model and the density field was parameterized with the Continuous Approximations of Material Distribution. To obtain the intermediate density stresses, the material model is applied together with a stress localization matrix. The design of mechanical structures through the TOM has two major problems: the singular topology phenomenon, which is characterized by the optimization algorithm impossibility of removing material from certain regions, where the stress overpasses the limiting stress when the density goes to zero, and the large number of constraints, once the stress is a local value that must be constrained everywhere in the structure. To deal with the first problem, it is applied the \"-realaxation concept, and for the second one two approaches are considered: one is to change the local stress constraint into a global stress constraint and the other is to apply the Augmented Lagrangian Method. Both approaches were implemented and applied to the design of plane and axisymmetric structures. In the design of material distribution in structures made of FGMs a material model based on Hashin-Shtrikman bounds is applied. From this model, stresses in each phase are obtained by the stress localization matrix. To deal with the singular topology phenomenon it is proposed a modified von Mises failure criteria index that avoids such problem. A global stress constraint is applied to deal with the large number of constraints. In both problems formulations are presented and their performance are discussed through numerical examples.