Macromolecular engineering is one of the most powerful tools to control the molecular parameters, including architecture of polymers, and to improve their performances or to impart them new properties. This contribution aims at reporting on a novel strategy for the macromolecular engineering of poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) which is based on the use of functional ε-caprolactone, the α-chloro-ε-caprolactone (αClεCL). Indeed, αClεCL is a precursor of polymers and copolymers with εCL that bear pendant activated chlorides well suited to grafting from reaction. These (co)polyesters have been used as macroinitiators for the Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) of methyl methacrylate leading to the corresponding graft copolymer. They have also been involved in an Atom Transfer Radical Addition (ATRA) reaction with a series of olefins bearing different functional groups (hydroxyl, carboxylic acid and epoxy group) in order to functionalize the polyester backbone without deleterious degradation. ATRA of PEO chains with an unsaturation end groups has also been carried out in order to prepare PCL-g-PEO of different compositions to be used as stabilizers of polyester nanoparticles. Combination of ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone and the copper-catalyzed Huisgens [3+2] cycloaddition is a novel strategy for going a step further in the macromolecular engineering of poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL). This click reaction is very well-suited to the chemical modification of aliphatic polyesters because, its implementation under very mild conditions prevents chain degradation from occurring. Indeed, alkynes were cycloadded onto azide containing PCL at low temperature (35°C) in an organic solvent (DMF or THF). Originally, α-chloro-ε-caprolactone and ε-caprolactone were randomly copolymerized in toluene at room temperature followed by reaction of the activated chlorides with sodium azide. In order to make a wide range of functional aliphatic polyesters available, poly(α-azide-ε-caprolactone-co-ε-caprolactone) copolyesters were reacted with a series of alkynes substituted by a functional group, e.g., hydroxyl, acrylate and quaternary ammonium salts, This strategy turned out to be efficient to synthesize for instance hydrophilic, photo-cross-linkable and hydrosoluble PCL. Moreover, a variety of graft copolymers were prepared by both the grafting from and the grafting onto techniques. Indeed, an ATRP initiator was attached onto PCL followed by polymerization of vinyl monomers, whereas alkyne endcapped PEO was cycloadded onto azide-containing PCL with formation of amphiphilic PCL-g-PEO copolymers. Last but not least, the click chemistry was very instrumental in imparting an antimicrobial activity to PCL or for the preparation of new functionalized caprolactones.

Les copolymères à blocs contenant une partie souple et une partie dure constituent aujourd'hui une classe de matériaux très attractifs en raison de leurs propriétés résultant de la combinaison de deux homopolymères de nature différente. Dans le cadre des copolymères à blocs à forte teneur en polydiméthylsiloxane (PDMS), une méthode de synthèse originale en deux étapes, compatibilisation puis extension, a été développée. Respectueuse de l'environnement grâce à l'utilisation du procédé d'extrusion réactive, cette approche ouvre une nouvelle voie vers le développement d'élastomères thermoplastiques. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'élaborer à l'état fondu des copolymères à blocs à base de PDMS silicone à partir de la réaction époxy-amine puis, par une réaction d'allongement d'obtenir un matériau avec une forte proportion en PDMS. Dans un premier temps, une étude de la réaction époxy-amine sur molécules modèles a été réalisée à partir d'oligodiméthylsiloxanes α,ω- fonctionnalisés époxy et d'une alkylamine. Indépendamment de la température et du ratio molaire, la réaction a permis d'obtenir des copolymères greffés de type (A2B2)n. Dans un deuxième temps, cette stratégie a ensuite été appliquée à des systèmes polymères tels que le polyéthylène et le polyamide. A cette échelle, la réaction s'est produite et conduit à des produits de type (A2B2)n. Dans un troisième temps, l'ensemble des copolymères synthétisés ont été étudiés lors de la réaction d'allongement, basée sur l'insertion de siloxanes cycliques à l'aide d'une superbase. Dépendante de la température et de la quantité de catalyseur, cette réaction a été étudiée sur molécules modèles et sur des systèmes polymères / Nowadays hard-soft block copolymers consist of a very attractive material class because of their properties resulting of the combination of two different homopolymers. In the case of block copolymers with on a high polydiméthylsiloxane (PDMS) content, an innovative 2-step synthesis method, compatibilization and extension, has been developed. Using an environmental friendly route such as a reactive extrusion process, this approach opens a new synthesis pathway towards the development of thermoplastic elastomers. The goal of this thesis is to develop mass block copolymers based on PDMS using the epoxy-amine reaction, followed by an extension reaction to reach a material with a high percent of silicone. Firstly, a study of the epoxy-amine reaction on model molecules was carried out between a low molecular weight PDMS and an alkylamine. Independently of the temperature and the molar ratio, the reaction allowed to obtain graft copolymers with an (A2B2)n type structures. Secondly, this strategy has then been applied in polymer systems such as polyethylene and polyamide. At this scale, the reaction occurred and lead to products with (A2B2)n type structures. Thirdly, all synthesized copolymers were studied during the extension reaction, based on the insertion of cyclic siloxanes using a catalysis system. Depending of the temperature and the catalyst quantity, this reaction was investigated on model molecules and polymer systems

Yes / The synthesis of cyclic amphiphilic graft copolymers with a hydrophobic polycarbonate backbone and hydrophilic poly(N-acryloylmorpholine) (PNAM) side arms via a combination of ring-opening polymerization (ROP), cyclization via copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), and reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is reported. The ability of these cyclic graft copolymers to form unimolecular micelles in water is explored using a combination of light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryoTEM) analyses, where particle size was found to increase with increasing PNAM arm length. Further analysis revealed differences in the solution conformations, loading capabilities, and morphologies of the cyclic graft copolymers in comparison to equivalent linear graft copolymer unimolecular micelle analogues. Furthermore, the cyclic and linear graft copolymers were found to exhibit significantly different cloud point temperatures. This study highlights how subtle changes in polymer architecture (linear graft copolymer versus cyclic graft copolymer) can dramatically influence a polymer’s nanostructure and its properties. / Royal Society (Great Britain), Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), European Research Council (ERC)

Cette étude porte sur l’élaboration de polymères greffés à base de poly(éthylène alcool vinylique) (EVOH) et de la polycaprolactone (PCL). La réaction de greffage a lieu par la réaction d’alcoolyse entre les groupements ester de la polycaprolactone et les groupements alcools le long des chaînes d’EVOH. L’étude catalytique et cinétique par des études GC/MS très détaillées, facilitées par l’utilisation de réactions modèles avec le 1-dodécyl benzoate et le 2-dodécanol, montre la possibilité de la synthèse par extrusion réactive. L’activité catalytique de 1.5.7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene pour la réaction d’alcoolyse sans solvant et pas extrusion réactive a été confirmé. Les conditions de l’extrusion permettant un taux de greffage optimal ont été déterminées et l’effet déterminant de la température a été confirmé. Le taux de greffage peut être obtenu par des analyses 1H-RMN. Ces résultats combinés à la microscopie électronique à balayage et en transmission ont permis de déterminer les caractéristiques optimales des polymères employés afin de former des mélanges nanostructurés. Les mêmes conditions de synthèse appliqués à d’autres matériaux comme le polyméthacrylate de méthyle, acide polylactique et poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalérate) ont permis l’élaboration des copolymères greffés pour des applications biomédicales / This study focuses on the development of graft polymers based on poly (ethylene vinyl alcohol) (EVOH) and polycaprolactone (PCL). The grafting reaction takes place by the alcoholysis reaction between ester groups of the polycaprolactone and alcohol groups along the chains of EVOH. The catalytic and kinetic studies by GC / MS highly detailed, facilitated by the use of model reactions with 1-dodecyl benzoate and 2-dodecanol, shows the possibility of synthesis by reactive extrusion. The catalytic activity of triazabicyclo-1.5.7 [4.4.0] dec-5-ene for the alcoholysis reaction without solvent and by reactive extrusion has been confirmed. The extrusion conditions for optimum rate of grafting were determined and the effect of temperature has been confirmed. The rate of grafting can be obtained by 1H-NMR analysis. These results combined with scanning electron microscopy and transmission, have determined the optimum characteristics of polymers to form nanostructured blends. The same synthesis conditions applied to other materials such as polymethylmethacrylate, polylactic acid and poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) allowed the preparation of graft copolymers for biomedical applications

Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Entwicklung neuer Substanzen für die Gentherapie. Diese beinhaltet die Behebung von erblich bedingten Krankheiten wie z.B. Mucoviscidose. Dabei werden im Zellkern defekte Gene durch normale, gesunde DNA-Sequenzen ersetzt. Zur Einschleusung des Genmaterials in die Zellen (Transfektion) werden geeignete Transport-Systeme bzw. Methoden benötigt, die dort die Freisetzung der neu einzubauenden Gene (Genexpression ausgedrückt in Transfektionseffizienzen) gestatten. Hierfür wurden neue Polykation-DNA-Komplexe (Vektoren) auf Basis kationischer Polymere wie Poly(ethylenimin) (PEI) hergestellt, charakterisiert und nachfolgend in Transfektionsversuchen an verschiedenen Zelllinien eingesetzt.<br> Sowohl das kationische Ausgangspolymer PEI als auch das Pfropfcopolymer PEI-g-PEO (PEO-Seitenketten zur Erhöhung der Biokompatibilität) wurden mit Rezeptorliganden modifiziert, um eine verbesserte und spezifische Transfektion an ausgesuchten Zellen zu erreichen. Als Liganden wurden Folsäure (Transfektion an HeLa-Zellen), Triiod-L-thyronin (HepG2-Zellen) und die Uronsäuren der Galactose, Mannose, Glucose sowie die Lactobionsäure (HeLa-, HepG2- und 16HBE-Zellen) verwendet.<br> Das PEI, die Pfropfcopolymere PEI-g-PEO und die Ligand-funktionalisierten Copolymere wurden hinsichtlich ihrer chemischen Zusammensetzung und molekularen Parameter charakterisiert. Die Molmassenuntersuchungen mittels Größenausschlusschromatographie zeigten, dass nach der Synthese unterschiedliche Polymerfraktionen mit nicht einheitlicher chemischer Zusammensetzung vorlagen.<br> Die anschließenden Transfektionsversuche wurden mit Hilfe einer speziellen DNA (Luciferase) an den Zelllinien HepG2 (Leberkrebszellen), HeLa (Gebärmutterhalskrebszellen) und 16HBE (Atemwegsepithelzellen) durchgeführt. Die T3(Triiod-L-thyronin)-Vektoren zeigten in Abhängigkeit vom eingesetzten Komplexverhältnis Polykation/DNA ein Maximum in der Transfektion an HepG2-Zellen. Die Hypothese der rezeptorvermittelten Endozytose ließ sich durch entsprechende T3-Überschuss-Experimente und Fluoreszenzmikroskopie-Untersuchungen bestätigen. Dagegen konnte bei den Folsäure-Vektoren keine rezeptorvermittelte Endozytose beobachtet werden.<br> Bei den Vektoren mit Mannuronsäure-Ligand (Man) konnte an allen drei Zelllinien (HepG2, HeLa, 16HBE) eine konstante, hohe Transfereffizienz nachgewiesen werden. Sie waren bei allen eingesetzten Polymer-DNA-Verhältnissen effizienter als der Vergleichsvektor PEI. Dieses Transfektionsverhalten ließ sich durch Blockierung der Zuckerstruktur unterbinden. In Transfektionsexperimenten mit einem Überschuss an freier Mannuronsäure und fluoreszenzmikroskopischen Untersuchungen konnte eine rezeptorvermittelte Endozytose der Man-Vektoren an den o.g. Zelllinien nachgewiesen werden. Die anderen Uronsäure-Konjugate zeigten keine signifikanten Abweichungen im Transfektionsverhalten im Vergleich zum PEI-Vektor. / The goal of this work was the development of new non-viral gene transfer systems for the somatic gene therapy. For these non-viral gene vectors (polycation-DNA-complexes) on the base of ligand-functionalized polycations were synthesized, characterized and tested in transfection trials on different cell cultures (HepG2, HeLa, 16HBE).<br> In preliminary investigations PEI-g-PEO copolymers with different grafting densities of poly(ethylene oxide) PEO8 were synthesized and characterized. This was followed by modification of PEI and the copolymer PEI-g-PEO(20) with specific receptor ligands for transfection studies to the cell lines mentioned above. Folic acid (transfection at HeLa cells), triiodo-L-thyronine (HepG2 cells) and the uronic acids of galactose, mannose, glucose as well as the lactobionic acid (HeLa, HepG2 and 16HBE cells) were used as ligands. The coupling of the ligands was performed either without a spacer or via PEO side chains and was realized by carbodiimids.<br> The PEI and the grafted copolymers PEI-g-PEO as well as the ligand-functionalized copolymers were characterized regarding to their chemical composition and molecular parameters. Molar masses from sedimentation rate experiments of the AUC were obtained within the range of 35000 to 70000 g/mol. The molar mass investigations by means of SEC-MALLS revealed that after the grafting process both copolymers with heterogeneous chemical composition and unmodified PEI were present. The polydispersity of all PEI-g-PEO(20) based copolymers increased significantly compared with unmodified PEI. The molar masses increased with higher conversion degree as expected. The highly-substituted products exhibited an increasingly more compact structure in aqueous solution.<br> The following transfection studies were accomplished with the help of a luciferase reporter genes at the cultures HepG2 (liver cancer cells), HeLa (cervix cancer cells) and 16HBE (lung epithelium cells). The grafted copolymers PEI-g-PEO were compared to the unmodified PEI vector in transfection experiments. Here an almost identical transfer efficiency compared to the unmodified PEI vector could be maintained accompanied by reduced toxicity up to a PEO content of 17% w/w.<br> Folic acid copolymers were tested on HeLa cells in further vector studies. All folic acid vectors showed a maximum in the transfection at a N/P ratio (complex of polycation with DNA) of 2.5 and/or 5.0, which refers to a receptor-mediated endocytosis. However, no receptor-mediated endocytosis was observed in transfection.<br> A similar transfection behavior was observed with the T3 vectors on HepG2 cells dependent on the N/P ratio. The hypothetical receptor-mediated endocytosis could be confirmed within the T3-functionalized vectors by appropriate T3 excess experiments. Herein the transfer efficiency of the T3 gene vectors decreased significantly while adding free low-molecular weight triiodo-L-thyronine. In contrast to this the transfer efficiency of the unmodified PEI vector decreased only negligibly. A receptor-mediated endocytosis was also confirmed by fluorescence microscopy investigation of T3-functionalized aminodextranes at transfection of HepG2 cells. Subsequently, the T3 vectors were tested at mice in vivo. Here high transfer efficiencies in comparison to the unmodified PEI vector were determined particularly in the spleen as well as in the kidneys and thyroid. The T3 vectors should be suitable for a gene transfer into hepatocytes.<br> The vectors with uronic acid conjugates as ligands (galacturonic-, glucuronic and lactobionic acid) did not show significant deviations in the transfer efficiencies compared with the PEI vector. In contrast to this the vectors with mannuronic acid exhibit a constant high transfer efficiency at the three cell cultures HepG2, HeLa and 16HBE. They are more efficient than the PEI vector over the examined N/P range. Here the transfection proceeds independently of the charge of the complex (N/P ratio). This transfection behavior could be prevented by blocking the glycosidic OH groups of the Man vector. A receptor-mediated endocytosis of the Man vectors at the three examined cell lines (HepG2, HeLa, 16HBE) could be verified by means of transfection experiments with an excess of free mannuronic acid and fluorescence microscopic investigations.<br> In continuing studies new gene vectors on the base of cationic starch graft copolymers were synthesized and tested in transfection studies at HepG2 and 16HBE cells. Beyond that peptide-functionalized PEI vectors, which exhibit a nuclear localization sequence (TAT), were established and their transfection in vitro was determined. Compared to the PEI vector lower transfections of the vectors on the base of cationic starch graft copolymers was observed. However, an increase is expected by coupling with T3 and mannuronic acid ligands.

Η αλληλεπίδραση μεταξύ συνθετικών πολυηλεκτρολυτών και ιόντων στοιχείων μετάβασης, και κατ επέκταση η δημιουργία συμπλόκου μεταξύ τους, έχει τύχει μεγάλου ενδιαφέροντος από τους ερευνητές τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες. Αυτό το ενδιαφέρον αποδίδεται στις μοναδικές ιδιότητες των σχηματιζόμενων συμπλοκών, καθώς μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν σε διάφορα πεδία όπως στην ιατρική, την τεχνολογία και τις βιομηχανίες τροφίμων ή την αποκατάσταση των περιβαλλοντολογικών προβλημάτων. Σε αυτή την εργασία προχωρήσαμε στη παρασκευή των συμπολυμερών P(EV2-PDMAM) που αποτελείται από ένα συμπολυμερές (EV2) του αιθυλενίου με το μηλεϊνικό οξύ ως σκελετό, επί των οποίων έχουν εμβολιαστεί αλυσίδες πολυ(Ν,Ν-διμεθυλακρυλαμιδίου) (PDMAM). Η γραμμομοριακή σύσταση των συμπολυμερών, εκφρασμένη σε δομικές μονάδες DMAM, ήταν 25, 50 και 75%. Η φυσικοχημική μελέτη της αλληλεπίδρασης των ιόντων δισθενούς χαλκού με τα συμπολυμερή P(EV2-PDMAM) πραγματοποιήθηκε με μια σειρά τεχνικών όπως η ιξωδόμετρα, η pHμετρία και η φασματοσκοπία υπεριώδους-ορατού (UV-vis). Η δημιουργία συμπλόκου οδηγεί σε σημαντική συρρίκνωση της πολυμερικής αλυσίδας, όπως διαπιστώθηκε από τη σημαντική μείωση του ανηγμένου ιξώδους. Από την pHμετρική μελέτη παρατηρούμε ότι καθώς αυξάνεται η συγκέντρωση των ιόντων δισθενούς χαλκού μειώνεται σημαντικά η τιμή του pH. Τέλος, η συμπλοκοποίηση των ιόντων Cu2+ με τα συμπολυμερή διαπιστώθηκε και με φασματοσκοπία υπεριώδους-ορατού, καθώς η κορυφή απορρόφησης των ιόντων Cu2+ μετατοπίζεται και ενισχύεται σημαντικά, σε σχέση με την αντίστοιχη συμπεριφορά των ελεύθερων ιόντων Cu2+. / The interaction between synthetic polyelectrolytes with transition metal ions leading to complex formation has attracted the research interest during the last decades. This interest is attributed to the unique properties of the complexes formed, as they can find uses in many fields, like medicine, food industries or remedation of environmental problems. In this work we proceeded to the synthesis of comb-like copolymer, denoted P(EV2-PDMAM). These copolymers are based on a poly(ethylene-co-maleic acid) backbone (EV2), onto which poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide), (PDMAM) side chains were grafted. The molar composition of the copolymers, expressed in DMAM structural units was 25, 50 and 75%. The physicochemical study of the interaction of Cu2+ with the P(EV2-PDMAM) was performed using a series of techniques, such as viscometry, potentiometry and UV-vis spectrometry. Complex formation leads to a vey significant shrinkage of the polymer chain, as it is revealed by the decrease of the reduced viscosity. The potentiometric study revealed that the pH of the aqueous polymer solution decreases considerably upon increasing the concentration of Cu2+ ions. Finally, the UV-vis investigation also verified the polymer-Cu2+ complexation, since the absorption peak of Cu2+ ions shifts towards lower wavelengths and the intensity of the band is significantly enhanced as compared to the respective properties of free Cu2+ ions.

Utilizing the diverse functionality of amino acids, a new class of amphiphilic graft copolymers has been synthesized, characterized, and explored for applications in biomaterials and nucleic acid delivery. This thesis research focused on the syntheses of oligopeptide-functionalized polyesters and polyolefins. Polyester functionalization was geared towards applications in biomaterials, tissue engineering, and drug delivery by incorporating sequences that promote cell-adhesion. These polyester- graft -oligopeptide materials were prepared by a 1,3-Huisgen cycloaddition reaction, "click" chemistry, of an azide-terminated oligopeptide (prepared by Fmoc-based solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS)) and alkyne-containing polyester (synthesized by ring-opening polymerization). Following the syntheses of these materials, they were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and organic gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The oligopeptide-functionalized polyolefins were designed for nucleic acid complexation, and therefore the oligopeptide sequences were intended to incorporate positively-charged moieties ( e.g. , oligolysine) for DNA and short interfering RNA (siRNA) complexation. These graft copolymers, prepared by SPPS followed by ring-opening metathesis polymerization, have highly tunable structures that enable control over charge density and polymer backbone rigidity. Moreover, non-ionic hydrophilic grafts such as polyethylene glycol were integrated into these polyelectrolytes such that the charges along the polymer backbone are spaced accordingly while maintaining the hydrophilicity of the polymer. While numerous applications for such charged, "bio-tailored" materials can be envisioned, this work is geared towards positively-charged polyelectrolytes for their potential application in nucleic acid therapy, specifically the delivery of plasmid DNA and siRNA. These graft copolymers were characterized ( 1 H, 13 C NMR, organic and aqueous GPC), studied for their solution properties (static and dynamic light scattering), and investigated as polyplexes with plasmid DNA.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur la synthèse de copolymères greffés à squelette 1,4-polybutadiène (PBu) et polyoxanorbornène par combinaison de ROMP et chimie click et/ou polymérisation RAFT selon la méthode grafting through. Une gamme de macromonomères symétriques et non symétriques originaux poly(oxyde d’éthylène) (POE), poly(acrylate d’éthyle), poly(acrylamide de N-isopropyle) (PNIPAM) et POE-b-PNIPAM ont été synthétisés à partir de précurseurs oxanorbornène et cyclobutène fonctionnalisés présentant un ou deux groupements clickables et/ou un agent RAFT par chimie click et polymérisation RAFT. Une série de PBu-g-POE et polyoxanorbornène-g-POE bien définis ont été obtenus par ROMP en solution en utilisant des amorceurs de Grubbs et de Schrock. Les tests de ROMP en milieu aqueux dispersé ont montré que la mini-émulsion était efficace pour la polymérisation des macromonomères POE à extrémité cyclobutényle et oxanorbornényle. / The objective of this thesis is the preparation and characterization of well-defined graft copolymers with 1,4 polybutadiene (PBu) backbone and polyoxanorbornene backbone by combination of ROMP and “click” reaction and/or RAFT polymerization according to the “grafting through” method. A series of new symmetrical or non-symmetrical poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(ethyl acrylate), poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and PEO-b-PNIPAM macromonomers was prepared by “click” reaction and/or RAFT polymerization from cyclobutenyl and oxanorbornenyl precursors -containing “click-able” groups and/or a RAFT agent. A series of polyoxanorbornene-g-PEO and PBu-g-PEO with low PDIs has been obtained by ROMP in solution using the Grubbs or the Schrock catalysts. The ROMP in dispersed aqueous media showed that the mini-emulsion conditions were efficient for the polymerization of both oxanorbornenyl- and cyclobutenyl-functionalized PEO macromonomers.

Pfropfcopolymere definierter Architektur wurden auf Basis von drei neu synthetisierten multifunktionellen Kopplungsreagenzien mit N-Acyllactam- und Benzoxazinongruppen über zweistufige selektive Schmelzereaktionen erfolgreich synthetisiert. Dabei wurde die Selektivität der Schmelzereaktionen durch die Reihenfolge der Zugabe der funktionellen Ausgangsoligomere und die Temperatur kontrolliert. Die erhaltenen Pfropfcopolymere stellen thermoplastische Elastomere mit hoher Zugfestigkeit und zugleich hoher Dehnung dar.

Pfropfcopolymere definierter Architektur wurden auf Basis von drei neu synthetisierten multifunktionellen Kopplungsreagenzien mit N-Acyllactam- und Benzoxazinongruppen über zweistufige selektive Schmelzereaktionen erfolgreich synthetisiert. Dabei wurde die Selektivität der Schmelzereaktionen durch die Reihenfolge der Zugabe der funktionellen Ausgangsoligomere und die Temperatur kontrolliert. Die erhaltenen Pfropfcopolymere stellen thermoplastische Elastomere mit hoher Zugfestigkeit und zugleich hoher Dehnung dar.