<p>The two modal auxiliaries can and could are investigated in this essay. Focus is on the correspondence between descriptions in grammar books and real-life data. </p><p>First four English learner grammar books aimed for Swedish high-schools were analyzed. The uses and translations of can and could found in the grammar books were then compared to real-life examples from an English-Swedish parallel corpus. </p><p>It was found that three of the grammar books categorize the uses of can and could according to ability, possibility and permission in quite general terms and these uses correlated to the majority of the corpus examples. The forth book did not mention the possibility use and stated very specific uses of the modal auxiliaries. This grammar book did not correspond to the corpus data to the same extent as the other three grammars.</p><p>It could be concluded that the assumptions made about use correlated to a greater extent with the corpus than the assumptions made about translations.</p>

The two modal auxiliaries can and could are investigated in this essay. Focus is on the correspondence between descriptions in grammar books and real-life data. First four English learner grammar books aimed for Swedish high-schools were analyzed. The uses and translations of can and could found in the grammar books were then compared to real-life examples from an English-Swedish parallel corpus. It was found that three of the grammar books categorize the uses of can and could according to ability, possibility and permission in quite general terms and these uses correlated to the majority of the corpus examples. The forth book did not mention the possibility use and stated very specific uses of the modal auxiliaries. This grammar book did not correspond to the corpus data to the same extent as the other three grammars. It could be concluded that the assumptions made about use correlated to a greater extent with the corpus than the assumptions made about translations.

This work is divided into three major parts. The first one deals with parts of speech themselves {--} with what they are, with the criteria for sorting them and finally it presents the history of linguistic theories, related to the parts of speech. The second one presents the progress and results of bibliographic searches, during which we were looking for czech grammar books, dealing with French. The third part presents the actual analysis of manuals, that were found, focusing on the classification of the parts of speech.

This diploma thesis deals with the topic of the variation in genitive and dative government. The subject of analysis are the following thirteen prepositions: (an)statt, innerhalb, längs, mangels, mittels, trotz, während, wegen, zugunsten/zu Gunsten; binnen, dank, laut, zufolge. The aim of the thesis is to capture the use of the mentioned prepositions as detailed as possible. The focus is on the question and the attempt to determine in which cases within the variation in prepositional case government in the written language one or the other case is preferred and whether certain tendencies or systematics common to all thirteen prepositions can be followed. The prepositions are analysed by means of nine selected sources (both dictionaries and grammar books) and German reference corpus.

In the thesis Language Analysis of Baroque Sermon I deal with the morphological level of the Baroque sermon written by Karel Václav Černý Medotekoucí sláva na hůře Libanu (Fame on Liban Mountain) dating back to 1727. The thesis is a follow-up of my bachelor thesis analyzing the syntactic level of sermon. Besides this it involved the exposition concerning the Baroque time and the Saint John of Nepomuk. For this reason I do not state this information in my thesis. The thesis is based on the research of grammatical means applied in the text, as in view of the scope the thesis could not be focused on the lexical and stylistic level. Theoretical base are for me the present as well as the historical grammar books. I classify word classes acquired by excerption and focus on their characteristic features. I try to prove everything by examples found in the text. The target of this thesis is to compare the Baroque grammatical means with the means of the present Czech language.

The present Dissertation aims at identifying and describing the historical conditions which enabled the origin and development of the teaching/learning of Portuguese as a foreign language. To do so, we analyzed two works of Antonio Vieyra Transtagano (1712-1797): A New Grammar of the Portuguese Language in four Parts (1768) and A Dictionary of the Portuguese and English Languages in two Parts (1773), by looking into their repercussions in the teaching/learning of Portuguese as a foreign language. Though there had been two previous similar publications by different authors, A Compleat Account (1701) and Grammatica Lusitano-Anglica ou Portugueza, e Inglesa (1731), by the time Transtagano‟s works were published, neither had the longevity and served as reference for the writing of Portuguese grammars and dictionaries as those of Transtagano‟s. The period between the 17th and the 18th centuries marked the commercial expansion by means of mercantilism, which stimulated the competition among European nations for a greater number of profitable markets. That was also the time when the national languages achieved their consolidation, making for the transformation of ideology inside the manuals of language teaching as the objectives and demands of society changed. Thus, the Portuguese language, besides being seen as a tool for proselytizing purposes, it acquired a mediating statute in the trading intercourse. Based on this context, we tried to look into the above mentioned grammar and dictionary the linguistic elements which could meet the needs of that moment as regards the teaching/learning of foreign languages. / Este trabalho pretende identificar e descrever as condições históricas que permitiram a origem e o desenvolvimento do ensino/aprendizagem do português como língua estrangeira. Para tanto, analisa duas das de Antonio Vieyra Transtagano (1712-1797): a New Grammar of the Portuguese Language in four Parts (1768) e seu A Dictionary of the Portuguese and English Languages in two Parts (1773), observando suas repercussões no ensino/aprendizagem do português como língua estrangeira. Embora já se tivesse notícia de obras produzidas, como o A Compleat Account (1701) e a Grammatica Lusitano-Anglica ou Portugueza, e Inglesa (1731), com o mesmo intuito quando os trabalhos de Transtagano foram publicados, as deste autor tanto foram longevas quanto serviram de referência para a confecção de gramáticas do português como língua estrangeira por autores não portugueses. O período entre os séculos XVII e XVIII marcou a expansão comercial através do mercantilismo, estimulando a competição entre os países pelo maior número de mercados. Foi também o momento em que os vernáculos atingiram sua consolidação, repercutindo na transformação da ideologia dentro dos manuais de ensino de língua à medida que os objetivos e exigências da sociedade se modificaram. Dessa forma, a língua portuguesa, além de ser vista como um instrumento para os fins catequéticos, adquiriu o estatuto de mediador nos intercâmbios comerciais. Com base nesse contexto, buscamos investigar na gramática e no dicionário supramencionados os elementos linguísticos que pudessem atender às necessidades daquele momento em relação ao ensino/aprendizagem de línguas estrangeiras.

Keywords "Long" 18th century; 18th century; Baroque; Enlightenment; Czech National Revival; history of Czech language; development of Czech language; Czech language in the Baroque period; Czech language in the times of the Czech National Revival; Czech language in the "long" 18th century; manuscript; scribe's usage; cultural Czech language; books of historiographic records; historiography; "folk chronicles"; gramatography; grammar books; Baroque stylistics; Baroque rhetoric; history of spelling; development of spelling; history of phonetics; development of phonetics; history of morphology; development of morphology; development of the lexis; Chlumec nad Cidlinou; Kutná Hora; Milčice; Nové Strašecí; Pelhřimov; Roudnice nad Labem; František Šolc; Vojtěch Kegler; František Jan Vavák; Filip Ignác Dremsa; Antonín Štěpán; Vojtěch Jílek; Václav Preinhelter. Abstract The traditional view describing Czech literary works written in the period from the late 17th century to the end of 18th century as signs of decline in the level of Czech language and literature has been successfully overcome by linguists over the past few decades. However, most papers covering the topic were focused on prints; handwritten sources are being analysed marginally and unsystematically. The aim of this dissertation is to provide a more...