This is a review anide about the different theoretical positions on the Big Five dimensions of personality . This article presents the similarities and dilferences among the theoretical positions following a thorough reflection on the following topics: (a) the genesis of the content and structure of the Big Five; (b) the robustness of the five dimensions; (e) a description of the research on the relationship of the Big Five with other personality constructs; (d) a di~cussion about the predictive value of the Big Five profile scores for relevant criteria; (e) the theoretical status of the Five is analyzed; (f) historical criticisms on the Big Five are discussed; (g) sorne guesses for the future of the Five are put forward; and (h) conclusions and remarks about the Five dimensions of personality are drawn and made. / Este artículo revisa las distintas posiciones teóricas sobre las cinco grandes dimensiones de la personalidad, mostrando las semejanzas y diferencias entre las posturas teóricas. Esta contribución presenta lo siguiente: (a) la génesis del contenido y la estructura de las cinco dimensiones; (b) la fortaleza de las cinco dimensiones; (e) la relación de las cinco grandes dimensiones con otros constructos de personalidad; (d) discute el valor predictivo de las puntuaciones del perfil de las cinco dimensiones para criterios pertinentes; (e) analiza el estatus teórico de las cinco dimensiones; (f) discute críticas históricas sobre las cinco grandes dimensiones y se formulan respuestas a estas críticas; (g) hace conjeturas para el futuro de las cinco grandes dimensiones; y (h) concluye con algunas conclusiones y comentarios.

In the last years the idea has resurfaced that traits can be measured in a reliable and valid and this can be useful inthe prediction of human behavior. The five-factor model appears to represent a conceptual and empirical advances in the field of personality theory. Necessary orthogonal factors (Goldberg, 1992, p. 26) to show the relationships between the descriptors of the features in English is five, and its nature can be summarized through the broad concepts of Surgency, Agreeableness, Responsibility, Emotional Stability versus neuroticism and openness to experience (John, 1990, p96) Furthermore, despite the criticisms that have been given to the model, represents a breakthrough in the field of personality assessment. This approach means a contribution to the study of personality, without being the integrative model of personality. / En los últimos años ha reaparecido la idea de que los rasgos pueden ser medidos de manera confiable y válida y esto puede ser útil enla predicción de la conducta humana. El modelo de los cinco factores parece representar un avance conceptual y empírico en el campo de la teoría de la personalidad. Los factores ortogonales necesarios (Goldberg, 1992, p. 26) para mostrar las interrelaciones entre los descriptores de los rasgos en idioma inglés es cinco, y su naturaleza puede resumirse a través de los conceptos amplios de Surgency, Agradabilidad, Responsabilidad, Estabilidad emocional versus neuroticismo y Apertura a la experiencia (John, 1990, p96 ) Asímismo, a pesar de las críticas que se han dado al modelo, representa un avance en el campo de la evaluación de la personalidad. Este enfoque significa un aporte a los estudios de la personalidad, sin ser el modelo integrativo de la persobalidad.

Dans le contexte actuel, pour diminuer la consommation de fuel et les émissions de polluants comme le CO2 ou les NOx, les chambres de combustion aéronautiques de nouvelle génération sont basées sur la combustion partiellement prémélangée pauvre. La simulation numérique de ce type de chambre nécessite de prédire avec précision la température, la dynamique de flamme et la formation de polluants. Comme l’écoulement est fortement instationnaire, l’utilisation de la simulation aux grandes échelles s’avère nécessaire. C’est dans ce contexte que nous avons développé le modèle F-TACLES (Filtered Tabulated Chemistry for Large Eddy Simulation). Ce modèle se base sur un filtrage a priori de flammelettes calculées en prenant en compte les effets liés à la chimie détaillée. Il permet alors d’améliorer la prédiction des polluants et de la température tout en prenant en compte les contributions résolues et de sous maille de plissement, garantissant ainsi la bonne prédiction de la vitesse de propagation de la flamme. F-TACLES est appliqué à deux configurations d’injecteurs industriels étudiés expérimentalement : les chambres PRECCINSTA et MOLECULES. Sur le plan de la prédiction de la dynamique de flamme, le développement de F-TACLES a induit une réflexion plus générale sur la combustion en LES. En effet, l’ensemble des méthodes de simulation de la combustion introduisent un épaississement artificiel de la flamme afin de pouvoir la résoudre sur le maillage de calcul. L’impact de cet épaississement est étudié pour les approches TFLES (Thicken Flame for Large Eddy Simulation) et F-TACLES dans le cadre simplifié de la combustion prémélangée. Pour cela, une approche analytique ainsi que des simulations laminaires et turbulentes sont réalisées et comparées à des simulations directes (Direct Numerical Simulation) et à des données expérimentales. Pour finir, la chambre de combustion d’un hélicoptère est simulée avec l’approche F-TACLES pour reproduire et comprendre l’effet d’une modification géométrique observée expérimentalement. / In the present-day context, to reduce fuel consumption and emissions of pollutants such as CO2 or NOx, aeronautical combustion chambers of new generation are based on lean partially-premixed combustion. The numerical simulation of these configurations then requires to accurately predict the temperature, the flame dynamics and the pollutant formation. To capture flow instationnarities, Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is required. In this context, we have developed the model F-TACLES (Filtered tabulated Chemistry for Large Eddy Simulation). This modeled is based on an a priori filtering of flamelet that takes into account detailed chemistry effects. It lets to improve predictions of pollutants and temperature with the resolved and modelled contributions of the flame wrinkling, while guaranteeing a correct prediction of the flame propagation speed. F-TACLES is applied to two experimentallystudied industrial injectors : the PRECCINSTA and MOLECULES combustion chambers. In terms of flame dynamics prediction, the F-TACLES development induced a more general reflection on the combustion LES. Indeed, all methods of combustion simulation introduce an artificial thickening of the flame front for an appropriate resolution on the computational mesh. In the simplified framework of premixed combustion, the impact of this thickening is measured for two different approaches : TFLES (Thicken Flame for LES) and F-TACLES. For this purpose, an analytical model as well as laminar and turbulent simulations are compared to direct numerical simulation (DNS) or experimental data. Finally, a helicopter combustion chamber is simulated with the F-TACLES approach in order to attempt to reproduce the impact of a geometric modification on the combustion.

Dans un contexte où les questions environnementales et énergétiques ont une importance capitale, les constructeurs automobiles sont fortement poussés à développer des moteurs à combustion interne toujours plus économes et moins polluants. Pour le développement de procédés de combustion innovants et l'amélioration de leur compréhension, la simulation aux grandes échelles apparaît comme un outil prometteur. Ce travail de thèse traite du développement et de la validation d'un modèle pour la simulation aux grandes échelles de la combustion Diesel. Le modèle ADF-PCM, basé sur la tabulation de flammes de diffusion approchées auto-inflammantes étirées et permettant la prise en compte d'une cinétique chimique détaillée, est utilisé dans ces travaux. Le modèle ADF est tout d'abord introduit. Il permet d'approximer des flammes de diffusion laminaires à partir de flammelettes dont les termes chimiques proviennent de calculs de réacteurs homogènes. La première étape de ces travaux consiste à valider ces flammes de diffusion approchées dans des configurations proches de celles observées dans les moteurs Diesel. Le modèle ADF-PCM, initialement développé dans un formalisme RANS, est ensuite étendu à un formalisme LES pour des écoulements diphasiques et intégré dans le code LES compressible AVBP. Un modèle de stratification en température ainsi que les termes de couplage avec la phase liquide décrite par un formalisme Eulérien sont développés. Le modèle ADF-PCM est ensuite validé sur deux expériences de sprays Diesel en enceinte fermée. Il permet une bonne reproduction des résultats expérimentaux en termes de délai d'auto-inflammation, de dégagement de chaleur et de hauteur d'accrochage de la flamme. Les prédictions du modèle ADF-PCM sont ensuite comparées avec celles d'autres modèles faisant différentes hypothèses simplificatrices par rapport à la structure de flamme et la stratification en sous-maille de la fraction de mélange. Les résultats obtenus à l'aide de ces différents modèles soulignent la nécessité de la prise en compte de ces effets, même pour des résolutions spatiales fines. Finalement, des comparaisons entre les résultats expérimentaux et la simulation sont réalisées avec le modèle ADF-PCM pour différents taux de gaz recirculants. Celui-ci montre une reproduction qualitative de l'effet des gaz recirculants sur la combustion. / In a context where environmental and energetic issues are of major importance, car manufacturer are pushed toward developing more and more efficient vehicle with less pollutant emissions. To develop new combustion processes and improve their understanding, Large-Eddy Simulation appears as a promising tool. This thesis deals with the development and the validation of a model for Large-Eddy Simulation of Diesel combustion. The ADF-PCM model, based on the tabulation of strained approximated diffusion flames which allow to take into account detailed chemical schemes, is used. First, the ADF model is introduced. It approximates laminar diffusion flames by flamelets for which the chemical terms are extracted from a look-up table based on homogeneous reactors. The first step of this work consists in the validation of these approximated diffusion flames in Diesel conditions. The ADF-PCM model, initially formulated in a RANS formalism is extended to Large-Eddy Simulation of two phase flows and implemented in the AVBP LES compressible solver. A temperature stratification model is developed, as well as coupling terms for the liquid phase described by an Eulerian formalism. The ADF-PCM model is then assessed and validated on two experiments of Diesel liquid sprays injected into a constant volume chambers. It accurately predicts experimental _ndings in terms of auto-ignition delay, heat release rate and lift-off length. ADF-PCM results are then compared with those of other models considering different simplifying assumptions concerning flame structure or subgrid-scale mixture fraction stratification. The results indicate the necessity to consider these effects, even for fine grids. Finally, the capacity of the ADF-PCM approach to reproduce the influence of exhaust gas recirculation over combustion is assessed. Comparisons between experimental and simulation results indicate a qualitative reproduction of exhaust gas recirculation impact over combustion.

Cette thèse se situe dans le cadre du projet CANOE, piloté par GDF SUEZ et l'ADEME, qui vise à étudier la faisabilité et la viabilité du régime de combustion sans flamme dans les chaudières industrielles. Il est maintenant établi que le préchauffage des réactifs permet d'améliorer le rendement thermique et de diminuer la consommation de combustible d'une configuration. Pour contourner la formation d'oxydes d'azote résultant de l'augmentation de température des réactifs, ces derniers peuvent être massivement dilués par des produits de combustion. Cela permet d'éviter la formation de points chauds et d'homogénéiser les gradients de température: c'est le principe de la combustion sans flamme. L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer un modèle de combustion turbulente adapté à ce type de régime. La cinétique chimique complexe et le contrôle des pertes thermiques est d'une importance capitale dans l'établissement et la stabilisation du processus de combustion sans flamme. Ici, ces effets sont considérés dans une approche de tabulation de la cinétique chimique de type FPV. Pour discriminer les effets associés aux évolutions suivant les paramètres de contrôle de nos bases de données, on effectue une analyse des réponses de flammes laminaires à différents niveaux de dilution et de pertes thermiques. De plus, nous évaluons l'importance de l'utilisation de tabulations de dimensions élevées, et les capacités prédictives des méthodes de tabulation développées sont mises en exergue. Puis, des simulations aux grandes échelles de la turbulence de configurations adiabatique et à parois refroidies sont effectuées. On compare des tabulations de nombre de degrés de libertés variés aux données expérimentales. Les résultats obtenus sont en très bon accord avec ces dernières pour les tabulations les plus complexes, alors que des limitations significatives apparaissent pour des tabulations de dimensions inférieures. Les simulations proposées indiquent la capacité de nos modèles à reproduire des structures de flammes réalistes. / This thesis is within a framework of the CANOE project, under the responsibility of GDF SUEZ and the ADEME, and aims at studying the feasibility of the flameless combustion regime in industrial boilers. It is now well established that reactants preheating allows an improvement on thermal efficiency as well as fuel savings. To avoid an increase in nitrogen oxides emissions arising from reactants temperature augmentation, massive dilution of the reactants by burnt gases can be used. While doing so, hot spots are averted and temperature gradients are smoothed: it’s the principle of flameless combustion. Even though this combustion regime is a subject of increasing interest to the industry, its mechanisms are not yet fully understood. The objective of this work is to develop and validate a new turbulent combustion model adapted to this kind of regimes. Complex chemistry as well as heat losses control is of paramount importance in the establishment and stabilization of the flameless combustion process. Here, these effects are taken into account in an FPV-type chemistry tabulation approach. To discriminate the effects associated with evolutions along the database control parameters, we analyze laminar flame responses to different levels of dilution and heat losses. Moreover, we assess the importance of high-order tabulations, and predictive capabilities of our approaches are highlighted. Then, large-eddy simulations of laboratory scale experiments (an adiabatic and a cooled wall configuration) are carried out. To this end, we compare databases featuring different number of dimensions to experimental data on temperature and species distributions available in the literature. Simulation results are in very good agreement with experimental data for complex tabulations, while discrepancies arise for lower order tabulations. Simulation results show that flameless combustion features a wide variety of flame structures, and that our models are able to tackle realistic flame structures.

Une analyse expérimentale approfondie avec une approche micro macro a été réalisée sur un matériaucomposé d’un mélange d’argile Kaolinite/Smectite. L’étude a permis de montrer à l’échelle macroscopiquecomme à l’échelle microscopique un comportement particulièrement sensible à la proportion de smectitedans le mélange. La kaolinite (Kaolinite P300) est bien connue du point de vu de sa caractérisation et deson comportement, la smectite (également nommée argile grecque) est de type calcique et a égalementfait l’objet de plusieurs études.Dès 35% de smectite dans le mélange, les résultats sur chemin triaxial montrent que le comportementapproche considérablement celui de la smectite. Par ailleurs, l’investigation à l’échelle microscopique (aumoyen de Microscope Electronique à Balayage complétée par une analyse de diffractions des rayons X)réalisé sur les échantillons après l’essai, met en évidence le fait que, lorsqu’elle dépasse un certain seuil, lafraction en smectite favorise le développement de plans de glissement. Ces plans apparaissent clairementsous forme de groupes de particules de smectite orientées.L’analyse microstructurale utilisée est basée sur une méthode rigoureuse, développée dans le cadre decette thèse, avec un traitement d’images automatisé permettant de fournir des résultats quantitatifs.Cette démarche d’investigation multi‐échelles a été employée afin caractériser le comportement d’unsédiment marin prélevé au large de Golfe de Guinée par 700 m de profondeur d’eau. L’étude, initialementmenée dans le cadre du projet CLAROM (2002‐2005), intéresse l’industrie Offshore. Le sédiment naturelcontient jusqu’à 60% de proportion argileuse avec approximativement 15% de smectite et 50% dekaolinite. / A thorough experimental analysis with a micro macro approach was performed on a material composed ofa mixture of Kaolinite / Smectite clays. The study showed at macroscopic scale as the microscopic scalethat the behaviour is particularly sensitive to the proportion of smectite in the mixture. Kaolinite(Kaolinite P300) is well known from the point of view of characterization and behaviour, smectite (also called Greek clay) is a calcic type and was also the subject of several studies.From 35% of smectite in the mixture, the results show that the behaviour on triaxial path approachconsiderably to that of smectite. Furthermore, investigation on the microscopic level (using scanningelectron microscope supplemented by X‐ray diffraction analysis) performed on the samples after the testshows that, if it exceeds a certain threshold, the smectite fraction promotes the development of slipplanes. These plans are evident as oriented groups of particles of smectite.The used microstructural analysis is based on a rigorous method, developed in the context of this thesis,with an automated image processing to provide quantitative results.This multi‐scale investigation has been used to characterize the behaviour of a marine sediment taken ofGulf of Guinea by 700 m water depth. The study, originally conducted in the CLAROM project (2002‐2005), interested to the offshore industry. The natural sediment contains up to 60% proportion of claywith approximately 15% smectite and 50% kaolinite.

Les transferts radiatifs jouent un rôle important dans les chambres de combustion des installations industrielles. En effet, il existe un couplage fort entre la combustion turbulente et le rayonnement. Dans le but d’étudier ce couplage, le code Rainier est développé pour les calculs de pertes par rayonnement dans un écoulement réactif dans des géométries complexes. Ce code repose sur des simulations aux grandes échelles (LES) de la combustion turbulente. Il est basé sur les maillages tétraédriques non structurés. Le modèle de rayonnement appliqué à la modélisation des propriétés radiatives des gaz est le modèle CK (Correlated-k). La méthode statistique de Monte-Carlo (ERM) est utilisée pour résoudre l’équation de Transfert du Rayonnement (ETR). Le code de rayonnement est parallélisé et il montre une réponse linéaire en fonction du nombre de processeurs très proche de la réponse idéale. Une méthode de couplage de code de rayonnement avec le code de combustion LES est développée. Chacun des codes a sa propre logique d’architecture et de développement. En conséquence, le couplage entre les deux domaines d’étude est réalisé de telle façon que les échanges des données et les synchronisations entre eux soient assurés. Les résultats obtenus à partir du couplage des sur une chambre de combustion d’hélicoptère sont présentés. Nous avons montré que le rayonnement modifie les champs instantanés de température et d’espèces à l’intérieur de la chambre de combustion. / Radiation plays an important role in industrial combustion chambers. In fact, there is a strong coupling between combustion and heat transfer in these turbulence chambers. The Rainier code is developed for the calculation of radiation in a reactive flow within a complex geometry. This code is dedicated to Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of turbulent reactive flows. The code is based on unstructured tetrahedral mesh. The correlated k-distribution method (CK) is applied to the modelling of radiative properties of gases. A statistical method of Monte Carlo (ERM) is used to resolve the Radiation Transfer Equation (RTE). The code is parallelized and it shows a linear response to the number of processors, which is very close to the ideal response. A coupling method of the Rainier code and the turbulent combustion code LES is implemented. Each code has its own logic architecture and development. For this, the coupling between these two different fields of study is achieved in such a way that the data exchange and synchronization between them is assured. The results obtained by applying the coupled codes to the combustion chamber of helicopter are presented. We have shown that the radiative transfer modifies the temperature and species fields inside the combustion chamber.

Considerando-se o contexto de gerenciamento energético em grades móveis, neste trabalho foram propostos dois algoritmos de escalonamento (Maximum Regret e Greedy) que, além de minimizar o consumo de energia, visam assegurar o cumprimento dos requisitos de qualidade de serviço das aplicações submetidas pelos usuários. Tais algoritmos foram projetados a partir de soluções heurísticas para o problema de escalonamento ciente de consumo de energia em grades móveis, que foi modelado como um problema de otimização envolvendo variáveis binárias. Por meio de experimentos, que consideraram tanto cenários estáticos quanto dinâmicos, foi demonstrada a viabilidade dos algoritmos de escalonamento propostos em relação à redução do consumo de energia. Em seu pior caso, o algoritmo Maximum Regret foi 12,18% pior que o referencial determinado pela melhor solução do solver Gurobi; já no pior caso do algoritmo Greedy, tal diferença foi de apenas 8,14% / Considering the context of energy management in mobile grids, this work proposes two scheduling algorithms (Maximum Regret and Greedy) that aim not only to reduce the energy consumption of the mobile devices, but also to ensure the QoS (Quality of Service) requirements of the running applications. These algorithms were designed based on heuristics for the energy aware scheduling problem in mobile grids, which was modeled as an optimization problem with integer variables. The performances of the proposed scheduling algorithms were evaluated by an extensive set of experiments, which demonstrated the feasibility of the adopted approach regarding energy consumption minimization. In its worst case, the Maximum Regret algorithm was 12.18% worse than the best solution provided by the Gurobi solver. While in the Greedys worst case the performance difference was just 8.14%

Orientador: Miguel Natálio Abadi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática, Estatística e Computação Científica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T15:39:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lambert_Rodrigo_M.pdf: 3549677 bytes, checksum: 663438e1feb8f7092723382b6846bc9c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Seja x um alfabeto finito ou enumerável, e considere o espaço de todas as sequências finitas compostas por concatenação de símbolos desse alfabeto. A essas sequências daremos o nome de palavras. Denotaremos por xn conjunto de todas as palavras de tamanho n. No presente trabalho, consideramos uma função que leva cada palavra de tamanho n em um número inteiro entre 0 e n - 1. Essa função é definida pelo maior tamanho possível de uma sobreposição da palavra com uma cópia dela mesma transladada, e é chamada de função de sobreposição. A ela daremos o nome de Sn. A relevância da função de sobreposição foi colocada em evidência, entre outros casos, na análise estatística da Recorrência de Poincaré, e possui relação explícita com a entropia do processo. Nesse trabalho, provamos a convergência da distribuição da função de sobreposição, quando a sequência _e escolhida de acordo com relação a n variáveis aleatórias independentes e identicamente distribuídas no alfabeto x. Também apresentamos um limitante para a velocidade dessa convergência. Como consequência, mostramos também a convergência da esperança e da variância da função de sobreposição. / Abstract: We consider the set of finite sequencies of length n over a finite or contable alphabet x. We consider the function defined over xn which gives the size of the maximum overlap of a given sequence with a (shifted) copy of itself. That function will be denoted by overlapping function. We prove the convergence of the distribution of this function when the sequence is chosen according to a product measure, with identically distributed marginals. We give a point-wise upper bound for the velocity of this convergence. As a byproduct, we show the convergence of te mean and the variance of the overlapping function. / Mestrado / Probabilidade / Mestre em Estatística

Investigamos os efeitos do treinamento físico (T) aeróbio sobre o possível remodelamento de grandes artérias de animais hipertensos (SHR) e normotensos (WKY). Os animais foram submetidos à T em esteira (50-60% da capacidade máxima, 1h/dia, 5dias/semana) ou mantidos sedentários (S) por 3 meses. Ao final dos protocolos, foram submetidos à canulação crônica para registros hemodinâmicos basais. A seguir foram anestesiados e perfundidos com salina e PFA 4% para análise histológica e com solução Karnovski para microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). A aorta torácica e abdominal e as artérias carótida, renal e femoral foram retiradas e processadas para a técnica de Weigert/Hematoxilina e MET. Na análise morfométrica foram determinados os seguintes parâmetros: DI, DE, espessura de parede, razão média/luz e AST de todos os segmentos arteriais, enquanto que na análise estereológica quantificou-se a densidade numérica (QA), a densidade volume (VV) e a densidade de área (SV) do núcleo do músculo liso vascular e do componente elástico (total, lamelar e fibrilar). Nos SHRS (vs WHYS) a PAM e FC basais apresentavam-se elevados (172±1 mmHg e 386±9 bpm, respectivamente). TF foi igualmente eficaz em aumentar o ganho de capacidade física em ambos os grupos (+264±12 e +279±33 m), mas quedas da PAM (-4%) e FC (-7%) foram observadas somente nos SHRT. Não foram observadas diferenças ultra-estruturais marcantes nos vasos de SHR e WKY, porém o T foi eficaz em reorientar as células musculares lisas, reduzir o colágeno da matriz extracelular, prevenir a duplicação da limitante elástica interna, reduzir a vacuolização subendotelial em ambos os grupos e prevenir a fragmentação da lâmina elástica interna na aorta torácica dos SHR. Nos SHRS vs WKYS houve aumentos significativos do calibre da aorta torácica (+7%), carótida (+19%), redução da abdominal (-7%) e aumentos da razão média/luz das artérias renal (+80%) e femoral (+48%). Houve também aumentos significativos de espessura e AST da carótida (+27% e +47% respectivamente), femoral (+64% e +62% respectivamente) e da aorta torácica (+31%). O T não causou alterações geométricas nas grandes artérias de SHR e de WKY, com exceção de aumento inesperado da razão média/luz na femoral (+31%, p<0,05) apenas nos SHRT. Quantos aos parâmetros estereológicos observou-se aumentos significativos na VV (+60%) e SV (+60%) do músculo liso vascular da aorta, acompanhados de redução significativa da VV (-10% e -29%) e SV (-11% e -23%) do componente elástico total e lamelar, sem alteração do componente elástico fibrilar nos SHRS. A razão entre densidade de volume de lamelas e fibrilas, densidade de volume do músculo liso vascular também foi significativamente reduzida (-43% e -56% respectivamente) nos SHRS. Por outro lado, o T determinou redução da QA (-25%), a VV (-40%) e SV (-40%) do músculo liso vascular apenas nos SHRT, sem alterar o componente elástico lamelar e fibrilar. No entanto, a razão componente elástico/músculo liso vascular foi corrigida pelo T (aumentos de +85% e +90%, respectivamente, vs SHRS). Nossos dados sugerem que a hipertensão aumenta preferencialmente a espessura das grandes artérias de forma a manter constante a tensão desenvolvida pela parede vascular, enquanto que o treinamento aeróbio de baixa intensidade, independente do nível de pressão arterial, modifica essencialmente o arranjo ultra-estrutural do vaso, determinando adicionalmente na artéria muscular esquelética alterações geométricas compensatórias a ajustes da microcirculação induzidos pelo exercício. Além disso, a comparação de nossos resultados com aqueles induzidos pelo treinamento na microcirculação muscular esquelética sugerem que os efeitos do T diferem entre grandes e pequenas artérias/arteríolas. / We investigated the effects of exercise training (T) on the possible remodeling of large arteries of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive rats (WKY). The animals were submitted to treadmill T (50-60% of maximum capacity, 1h/day, 5 d/week) or kept sedentary (S) for 3 months. At the end of the protocols, they were submitted to chronic cannulation for records of baselines hemodynamics. Following they were anesthetized and perfused with saline and PFA 4% for histological analysis and Karnovski solution for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The thoracic and abdominal aorta and carotid, renal and femoral arteries were harvested and processed for the technique of Weigert/Hematoxylin and TEM. In morphometric analysis were determined the following parameters: DI, DE, thickness of wall, media/lumen ratio and AST in all arterial segments, while the stereological analysis quantified the density number (QA), the density volume (VV) and density of area (SV) of the nucleus of vascular smooth muscle and the elastic component (total, lamellar and fibrillar). In SHRS (vs WHYS) MAP and HR baseline were seen to be high (172 ± 1 mmHg and 386 ± 9 bpm respectively). T has also been effective in increasing the gain of physical capacity in both groups (+264 ± 12 and +279 ± 33 m), but falls in MAP (-4%) and HR (-7%) were observed only in SHRT. There were no significant ultrastructural differences in vessels of SHR and WKY, but T was effective in reorganize the smooth muscle cells, reduce the collagen of extracellular matrix, preventing the duplication of internal elastic lamina, reduce the subendothelial vacuolization in both groups and prevent the fragmentation of internal elastic lamina in the thoracic aorta of SHR. In SHRS there were significant increases in the caliber of the thoracic aorta (+7%) carotid (+19%), reduction of abdominal aorta (-7%), increases of the media/lumen ratio of the renal arteries (+80%) and femoral (+48%). There were also significant increases in thickness of the carotid and AST (+27% and +47% respectively), femoral (+64% and +62% respectively) and the thoracic aorta (+31%). T did not cause changes in the geometry of the large arteries of SHR and WKY, except for unexpected increase of media/lumen ratio in the femoral (+31%, p <0.05) only in SHRT. In spite of stereological parameters there were significant increases in VV (+60%) and SV (+60%) of the vascular smooth muscle of the thoracic aorta, with significant reduction of VV (-10%, -29%) and SV (-11 %, -23%) of the total and lamellar elastic component without changing the fibrillar elastic component in SHRS. The ratio between density of volume of lamellas and fibrils and density of volume of vascular smooth muscle was also significantly reduced (-43% and -56% respectively) in SHRS. Furthermore, T determined reduction of QA (-25%), VV (-40%) and SV (-40%) only in vascular smooth muscle in SHRT, without changing the lamellar and fibrillar elastic component. However, the ratio between elastic component and vascular smooth muscle cell was corrected by T (increases of +85% and +90% respectively, vs SHRS). Our data suggest that hypertension increases preferably the thickness of the large arteries in order to maintain constant tension developed by the vascular wall, while the low-intensity aerobic training, regardless of the level of blood pressure, changes essentially the ultrastructural arrangement of vessel, determining further, in skeletal muscle artery, geometric changes compensatory to adjustments of the microcirculation induced by exercise. Moreover, the comparison of our results with those induced by training in skeletal muscle microcirculation suggests that the effects of T differ between large and small arteries/arterioles.