The income and life expectancy increase and also, poverty and mortality rate reduction, indicate an improvement of social welfare. Therefore, to understand the relation between income and health is considered to be of fundamental importance. In the theoretical literature, such as, Sala-i-Martin (2005), Weil (2005) and Chen (2008), the causality relationship between income and health is presented as bidirectional. This dissertation has as main objective to analyze causality relationship between income and health, seeking to control the potential differences of this relation over the Brazilian territory. In this case, three Granger causality tests to panel data, proposed respectively by Holtz-Eakin, Newey and Rosen (1988), Granger and Huang (1997), and Hurlin and Venet (2004) and Hurlin (2004, 2005), are applied to a Brazilian States database in the period from 1981-2007. The first two approaches are applied to a database with the counties in Brazil in the period of 1970-2000. To the Brazilian states, the results of Holtz-Eakin, Newey and Rosen (1988) method shows bidirectional causality for complete sample (Brazil), for the group of states with the highest incomes (South-Central) and for the group of states with lower income (North – Northeast). The results of Granger and Huang (1997) test shows unilateral causality from income to health for Brazil, unilateral causality from income to health for the south-central States and non-causality relationship between income and health for the North-Northeast state´s group. Yet, the proposed test by Hurlin and Venet (2004), and Hurlin (2004, 2005) the evidences are clearer for the causality, in a way from health to income for the three cases examined. In general, either the full sample or the division by regions and income groups, the results of the two tests applied to the database with the counties in Brazil, show evidence of a bi-causal relationship between income and health. However, the results presented here are not all consensual. / Aumentos na renda e na expectativa de vida, e de forma similar reduções na pobreza e na taxa de mortalidade, indicam melhorias do bem estar social. Assim, entender a relação existente entre renda e saúde tem fundamental importância. Na literatura teórica, por exemplo, em Sala-i-Martin (2005), Weil (2005) e Chen (2008), a causalidade entre renda e saúde é apresentada como bidirecional. Este trabalho tem o objetivo principal de analisar a relação de causalidade entre renda e saúde, buscando controlar as potenciais diferenças dessa relação ao longo do território brasileiro. Para tanto, três testes de causalidade de Granger para dados em painel, propostos respectivamente por Holtz-Eakin, Newey e Rosen (1988), Granger e Huang (1997), e Hurlin e Venet (2004) e Hurlin (2004, 2005), são aplicados para uma base de dados com os estados brasileiros no período de 1981-2007. E as duas primeiras abordagens são aplicadas para uma base de dados com os municípios brasileiros no período de 1970-2000. Para os estados do Brasil, os resultados do teste de Holtz-Eakin, Newey e Rosen (1988) aponta causalidade bidirecional: para o Brasil, para o grupo de estados de renda mais alta (Centro-Sul) e para o grupo de estados de renda mais baixa (Norte-Nordeste). O teste de Granger e Huang (1997) mostra causalidade unidirecional da renda sobre a saúde para o Brasil, causalidade unidirecional da saúde sobre a renda nos estados do Centro-Sul e não causalidade para o grupo de estados Norte-Nordeste. Já no teste proposto por Hurlin e Venet (2004) e Hurlin (2004, 2005) as evidências são mais claras para causalidade no sentido da saúde sobre a renda para os três casos analisados. Em geral, tanto na amostra completa como na divisão por regiões e por faixas de renda, os resultados dos dois testes aplicados para base de dados com os municípios do Brasil mostram evidências de uma relação bi-causal entre renda e saúde. Portanto, os resultados apresentados neste trabalho não são todos consensuais.

Submitted by Tommaso Momoli (tommaso.momoli@gmail.com) on 2017-03-29T04:51:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tommaso.Momoli Thesis FGV.pdf: 2459609 bytes, checksum: 56072be31042eb761414eba91a983961 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br) on 2017-03-29T11:04:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tommaso.Momoli Thesis FGV.pdf: 2459609 bytes, checksum: 56072be31042eb761414eba91a983961 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-29T12:16:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tommaso.Momoli Thesis FGV.pdf: 2459609 bytes, checksum: 56072be31042eb761414eba91a983961 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-25 / This is a study regarding the impact of the index investments in the Commodity Future Market. The models applied, focus on the Causal Analysis and the Impulse Response Function through an orthogonalisation of the Vector of Auto Regression (SVAR), this allow to extract lead/lag correlation between the Index and First nearby Return for different Futures Sectors and in addition response to shocks in different equation. The study is divided in three different period, to reflect before and after the Financialization and then after the introduction in the market of the new generation of commodity Indexes. The results show a different behaviors of the parameters throughout time with a particular emphasis for the most traded Commodities to lead the others. / Trata-se de um estudo sobre o impacto dos investimentos em índices no mercado futuro de commodities. Os modelos aplicados, enfocam a Análise Causal e a Função de Resposta ao Impulso através de uma ortogonalização do Vetor de Auto Regressão (SVAR), permitindo extrair a correlação lead / lag entre o Índice e o Primeiro Retorno próximo para diferentes Setores Futuros e, A choques em diferentes equações. O estudo é dividido em três períodos diferentes, para refletir antes e depois da Financialização e, em seguida, após a introdução no mercado da nova geração de índices de commodities. Os resultados mostram um comportamento diferente dos parâmetros ao longo do tempo com uma ênfase particular para os Commodities mais negociados para liderar os outros.

This dissertation explored the efficacy of the new Basel III banking standards in SACU, grounded on the conjecture that they are not reflective of economies of SACU, but are merely an intensification of Basel II, rather than a substantial break with it. Firstly, loans and assets were tested for causality, since Basel III believes growth in these variables led to securitization. The leverage ratio has been introduced in Basel III as an anti-cyclical buffer. The OLS technique was employed to test for its significance in determining growth in bank assets. SACU feels the impact of debt, with credit is marginally treated in Basel III and is not introspective of the realities of its economies. ANOVA tests using debt, credit and GDP were done to determine a better method of addressing cyclicality. The leverage ratio was insignificant in Namibia, with debt and credit having momentous impacts on GDP in SACU. / Economics / M. Com. (Economics)

Several scholars have highlighted that energy consumption in general and consumption of renewable energy in particular may be a potential driver of economic growth. In this paper we examine the relationship between renewable energy production and economic activity in Canada, between May 1966 to December 2015, and in the U.S., between January 1973 to December 2015. By applying quantile causality, we take a nonlinear approach considering all quantiles of the distribution, analysing monthly data containing renewable energy production and Industrial Production Index. We find evidence of a nonlinear relationship in both Canada and the U.S., indicating that widely used linear models fail to describe important aspects of the renewable energy-economic growth nexus. The main Canadian results imply a unidirectional relationship from Industrial Production Index to renewable production in most quantiles of the distribution which supports the Conservation hypothesis. However, we also find weak evidence of a bi-directional relationship, which supports the Feedback hypothesis, for the lower and higher quantiles. This may indicate the renewable energy drives economic growth for some market conditions in Canada. For the U.S. we find evidence of a weak and negative feedback relationship between renewable energy and industrial production, indicating an inefficient production of renewable energy which not is well integrated in the overall energy system. Based on theory concerning the potential benefits of renewable energy, the minor role of renewable energy production in Canada and the U.S. could be a result of institutional barriers and absence of supporting infrastructure. Both countries need policies directed to overcome these barriers in order to benefit from the potential of renewable energy. / Tidigare studier har indikerat att energi generellt främjar ekonomisk tillväxt, förnybar energi i synnerhet. I den här uppsatsen undersöker vi sambandet mellan förnybar energi och ekonomisk aktivitet mellan maj 1966 till december 2015 i Kanada, och mellan januari 1973 till december 2015 i USA. Vi använder oss av månadsdata för produktionen av förnybar energi och industriell produktion. Genom att tillämpa Granger kausalitet i kvantiler kunde vi identifiera ickelinjära samband och analysera sambanden över hela distributionen. Våra resultat indikerar att sambandet mellan förnybar energi och industriell produktion förändras vid olika marknadslägen i båda länderna. Detta innebär att de linjära modeller som normalt använts i liknande studier missar viktiga aspekter av dessa samband. Våra modeller för Kanada implicerar i huvudsak att förändringar i industriell produktion leder förändringar i produktionen av förnybar energi, men vi fann även att förändringar i produktionen av förnybar energi påverkar industriell produktion i vissa kvantiler. Våra modeller för USA visar på ett svagt och negativt samband mellan förnybar energi och industriell produktion vilket kan tyda på att produktionen av förnybar energi i USA är ineffektiv och dåligt integrerad i det övergripande energisystemet. Utifrån att produktionen av förnybar energi har många teoretiska fördelar skulle dess begränsade roll i Kanada och USA kunna bero på institutionella barriärer och avsaknad av välanpassad infrastruktur. Om förnybar energi ska bli en drivande faktor för ekonomisk tillväxt i de studerade länderna krävs därför policys som stödjer en sådan utveckling.

Magister Commercii - MCom / The objective of this study is to investigate the empirical relationship between exports and economic growth in order to ascertain whether the hypothesis of export-led growth is valid in the case of South Africa. This study has not only focused on sectoral exports for the period 1990-2011; but it has also examined total exports for the period extending from 1970 to 2011. Using quarterly data and time series econometric techniques of co-integration and Granger-causality tests over the two set of periods, the key findings of the study are as follows: (i) At the aggregate level (using total exports): the technique of co-integration suggests that total exports and GDP moved together in the long-run, though deviations from the steady state might happen in the short-run. Furthermore, Granger causality tests inferred from the Vector Error Correction model reveal that the direction of causality between export and GDP growth is bidirectional. (ii) At the sectoral level (using the main component of exports): export-growth link emerges as a long-run behavioural relationship since a co-integrating relation was found among output and agricultural, manufactured and mining exports. This relationship demonstrates that manufactured exports have the greatest positive impact on output growth. (iii) Sectoral level Granger-causality tests based on ECM reveal the existence of a long run causality running from manufactured exports to GDP; whereas the short-run causality runs from manufactured and mining exports to GDP. However, the Toda-Yamamoto Granger test confirms only short-run causality from manufactured exports to GDP. In both cases, there is evidence of a uni-directional causality from exports to GDP.The above results show that the hypothesis of export-led growth is valid for South Africa. This implies that exports, particularly manufactured and mining exports play a key role in driving economic growth. Hence, the key policy implication of these results is that, measures which aim at stimulating production for exports and shifting the content of exports will meaningfully contribute to the improvement of GDP growth and employment prospects in South Africa.

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One of the goals of the economic, social and territorial cohesion is to reduce regional disparities between member states of the European Union. For this purpose the structural funds and the Cohesion Fund were established(among other things). The theoretical part of this thesis presents the issue of regional disparities and ways how to measure them. In view of the lack of consistent definition of this concept, there are number of measurement and evaluation methods. Furthermore, the work focuses on the implementation of cohesion policy and ways of measurement of their impact on development and growth of regions. The practical part of this thesis presents, evaluates and compares the regional disparities between the regions of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic via selected methods and assesses the impact of the financial support provided from the Structural Funds and the Cohesion Fund in the programming period 2007 - 2013 on economic growth of regions in the Czech and Slovak Republics. Following indicators are included: gross domestic product, unemployment rate, gross fixed capital formation and the rate of economic activity. The influence of the subsidy on the economic growth of regions is validated through the panel data analysis, namely a panel model with fixed effects, and Granger causality test. First, we investigated the impact of this support on the economic performance of regions where it is verified whether there is a relationship between economic performance of NUTS III regions in the Czech and Slovak Republics, characterized by gross domestic product and the unemployment rate, and the amount of the subsidy. Furthermore, it is verified whether the amount of subsidy depends on the level of regional gross domestic product. Dissertation contributes to the discussion about the impact of support from EU funds in the Czech and Slovak Republics, focusing on the regional level, and answers the question of reducing regional disparities using the Structural Funds and the Cohesion Fund.

The aim of this paper is to analyse and compare inflation and its dynamics between two countries -- the Czech Republic and Germany -- applying a special kind of econometric models. The first part of this paper is dedicated to economic theory of inflation -- fundamental terms, measuring methods and its targeting. The monetary policy in the Czech Republic and Germany is also shortly introduced. Next chapter tries to describe the econometric concept which is used in this paper -- vector autoregression model (VAR model). In connection with the VAR models, Granger causality, impulse response function, cointegration and error correction model are mentioned as well. The empirical part includes application of selected models on real time series of macroeconomic indicators. Next to the interpretation of results, the forecasts are also implemented.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to empirically investigate the explanatory power of Austrian business cycle theory. My dataset consists of US quarterly time series within the period between 1971 and 2009. As regards the NBER classification, this dataset covers six complete business cycles, including the recent global financial crisis. Following Wainhouse (1984), Keeler (2001) and Bjerkenes et al. (2010) I use Granger causality as one of the primary tools of the analysis. Moreover I also add Impulse response functions to discover the direction of observed relationships. As regards my primary group of hypotheses I found significant empirical evidence for the connection between changes in interest rate and structure of production. The secondary group of hypotheses is less successful; however I found the very first empirical illustration of Garrison's version of ABCT.

The dissertation analyzes the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on Economic Growth by extension and economic development of the regions of the Czech Republic (CZ) in 1998 -- 2011. Statistical data empirically study determined motivation of investors to locate in economically strong regions. Following the analysis of statistical data, available resources and a field survey, whose output includes three case studies of specific Foreign Investments in the Czech Republic, the analysis examines whether the arrival of a significant foreign direct investor in the region significantly influenced selected characteristics of economic performance, or other selected areas in region (social, environmental, transport etc.). Moreover, in the context of econometric analysis to test the tightness of the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth using Pearson's coefficient and characteristics of variability. The causal effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth (and vice versa) is analyzed using Granger causality test. The conclusion gives an assessment of the significance of Foreign Direct Investment in the regions of the Czech Republic together with the identification of significant effects brought by investments.