According to statistics by the Council of Taiwan, the fertility rate in Taiwan is the world's lowest in 2010. The average number of babies born to women of childbearing age life is 0.9 people. In other words, the average number of children per woman is less than 1. In 2023 Taiwan will enter a negative population growth. Taiwan's population structure becomes a declining birthrate, aging society.The future workforce reduction will greatly affect the competitiveness of Taiwan. The most important factor of decreasing fertility in Taiwan is economics.The majority of people think that raising children has become a heavy burden.Except for a few women, due to personal career planning, work and other factors not yet fertility or infertility .The majority of women still want to have her own children.The most people's attitude of giving birth is reserved because of high unemployment rate ,unsound preschool education system and little child-care subsidy . In the empirical study found that there is no relationship between the fertility rates and the amount of maternity allowance.That is maternity grant can not increase fertility rate. If maternity benefits can not be improved the fertility rate,the fertility incentives of tax breaks are smaller to people.There are some shortcomings of tax incentives for increase the birth,such as revenue loss,tax fairness and so on. It is also possible to increase the birth rate had no significant improvement. The government uses tax benefits to increase fertility rate depending on revenue loss and population growth . The amount and range of tax incentives should be calculated carefully in order to make a balance between the revenue loss and population growth.

The primary purpose of the study was tri-fold. The study was conducted to (1) determine differences between faculty users and faculty non-users awareness, perceptions and attitudes about the role and processes of the IRB on one 1890 land grant campus; (2) determine when controlling for status, rank, years of service, and age and the degree to which these variables contributed to the identification of the faculty profile for faculty users and faculty non-users of the local IRB at one 1890 land grant university; and (3) expand scholarly works and empirical literature related to the local IRB's role in human participant's research and its impact upon the university land grant community. This study was conducted at one 1890 land grant institution located in south central United States during the fall of 2007. The sample group consisted of 50 faculty who were self-identified as faculty users and faculty non-users of the IRB and reported their status, rank, years of service, and age. An electronic survey instrument was used to obtain data for this study. Secondary data was secured and analyses were conducted to assess the levels of awareness, perceptions, and attitudes about the role and processes of the Institutional Review Board (IRB), using the SPSS analysis package. Several procedures were employed to aggregate the data: frequencies and cross tabulations, analysis of variances of covariates (ANCOVA), and multivariate analyses of covariates (MANCOVA) to compare specific group mean scores of faculty users and faculty non-users, tenure and tenure track. The significance level was set using an alpha level of .05. The findings revealed (1) that faculty users and faculty non-users had differences between the levels of awareness and attitude; (2) perception remained high among faculty users and faculty non-users; however, (3) when controlling for years of service and age, there were significant differences between the faculty user and faculty nonuser groups.

It is important procedure of the democracy to appoint good men and able men to office. In order to make virtuous and talented outstanding, service public position, all countries still the one who have system of the office expenses election, among them to three choose subsidizes to campaign the budget, would being the office expenses election it on carrying. My country the office-holder elects the expenses the subsidy the system, since January 26th, Year 78 of the Republic of China increase, carrying out the 15 years already. System the origin is not inflexible, must respond the environment of the times to change and grow up, expecting the system and can match the lawmaking original intention more. This text is to make use of the current cultural heritage data, consulting beautiful, day, virtuous, the subsidy system of the countries such as method, Canada and Australia etc., and carry on to carry out the current conditions study with the virtuous method of Policy Delphi, the expects to inquire into my country the office-holder the election expenses the subsidy the system more three of an improvements according to. This research finds, my country the office-holder elects to campaign the expenses the subsidy the system, were very few inquired into on the academic theories; But carry out since 15 years, the government subsidized NT$3600875085 to the political party, part of then subsidize in the candidate about NT$7459799500, altogether the subsidy invites NT$11060674585.This text with virtuous Policy Delphi method the one who collect scholar's expert, office-holder and choose the opinion detection of the administrative personnel of worker , think the proper reasonable for the subsidy the one who have 16.11%, think the 77.78% in occupancy of the trend that the subsidy did not purify the social election custom, to each ticket in candidate subsidy NT$30 partial, think to change the necessity the one who have 58.82%, but then have no the obvious consensus in changing how much amount of money, besides, in the aspects of political party subsidizing, ticket subsidy NT$50 is partial each time, think to change the necessity has 66.67%, and in various alteration projects then with 0 dollars( cancel subsidy) stand 40.91% is most consensus. Then the research suggests up, research method aspect can adopt again the depth interview method of the quality, aim at the background and financial power analysises of the candidate, to repair the shortage that the virtuous amount of method of Policy Delphi turns the data; The next in order, fix the method aspect suggestion the emendation office-holder's election to recall five of method Article 45ses provisionses to subsidize the amount of money and cancel the political party subsidy concerning the candidate; Finally, suggest the data that the camera pass integrity keeps to campaign the expenses subsidy, the is then to make the basis that the policy examines the hour in the future. Finally, suggest the data that the camera pass integrity keeps to campaign the expenses subsidy, the is then to make the basis that the policy examines the hour in the future.

A Study of the Performance Evaluation Scheme of Central Government¡¦s Public Education Project Grants toward the Localities in Taiwan. The main purpose of this study are (a) to explore the principle and scheme of the performance-based project evaluation, (b) to understand the current status and problems of the compulsory educational grant system, (c) to explore the development and general situation of the performance evaluation of the compulsory education project grants, and (d) to construct a performance evaluation scheme of the central government¡¦s compulsory education project grants toward the localities. Based on the research findings, the recommendations are offered as the improvement for relevant institutes. To achieve the purposes above, the research adopts the document analysis, literature analysis, expert interviews, questionnaire, expert workshops and on-the-spot interviews. First, through the analysis of document and literature, the context of every compulsory educational grant project, the grant system of compulsory education, and the theories of performance evaluation are discussed. Secondly, interview methodology helps to explore the compulsory educational grant system and projects. Thirdly, in order to have a wide understanding for the current grant projects, we compile questionnaire A and B. The samples of the former are the administrative managers in Bureau of Education of every Hsien and City Local Governments; the samples of the latter are the principals of the public primary and junior high schools. The applied analysis method is descriptive statistics. Fourthly, through the holding workshops and on-the-spot interviews, we realize the executive situation and related problems of the compulsory education project grants. Finally, we have the following conclusions and suggestions. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. The central government¡¦s compulsory education project grants have improved the learning environment of the compulsory education a great deal, but there are still some problems remained. (1) The rate of self-financial resources of the local governments is too low and the current expenditure for the localities is overloaded. (2) The equity, executive efficiency and independence of the grant system remain to be promoted. (3) The roles of the central and local governments in the grant system are not clearly defined. (4) The policies of the compulsory educational grant projects lack continuity. (5) The local governments¡¦ examination for the grants is not transparent enough and some set their own rules to limit the proposals for the grants. (6) Some grant projects cannot resolve the main difficulties of schools. (7) Some local governments appear to expend the budget as possible due to the pressure of budget-execution. 2. The research finds that under the principles of horizontal equity, vertical equity, independence, priority, accountability and democracy, the compulsory educational grant system will be greatly improved. 3. Some local governments and principals have no idea of accountability, and the performance-based project evaluation cannot be put into effect. In order to strengthen the accountability of all the educational personnel, we should to make explicit principles of evaluation and take account of the results to decide the amount of the next grants. Additionally, the indexes of evaluation should have qualitative and quantitative ones including short-term and long-term evaluation. The execution of evaluation needs self-evaluation and expert-evaluation. To get rid of the personal factors, a special institute for allocating the grants should be established. Besides, evaluation can be executed from several ways and put into a part of the execution for the grants. 4. This research constructs a performance-based project evaluation scheme. We suggest the grant system should be divided into project and general grant ones. According to the scheme, the project grant system has no big difference from the present one and its function is to attain vertical equity; the general grant system is formula-based and it stresses the principles of independence and efficiency. After the formula and the educational funds for each local government are decided, the proposal method is from bottom to top. As for the performance evaluation, ¡§ Educational funds allocation committee ¡¨ of the central government and ¡§ Education investigation committee ¡¨ of the Hsien and City Local Governments should be established first. These committees execute evaluation in the general grant system, and the process of evaluation includes school self-evaluation. According to the result of our research, we propose the following suggestions: 1. Immediate suggestions: (1) To attain the equity of grant allocation and using efficiency, a data base of the fundamental teaching equipment for every schools should be established soon so as to improve the performance evaluation. (2) To assure the fundamental teaching equipment for all the schools, we should make ¡§ indexes of the fundamental teaching equipment¡¨ for the whole country so as to attain the principles of horizontal equity and priority. (3) To fulfill the dependence of the local governments and schools and to improve the using efficiency for the grants, the central government should increase the general grants. (4) To strengthen the functions of the general grant system, the central government should establish ¡§ Educational funds allocation committee ¡¨ as an advisory examining body for Bureau of Education. (5) The local governments should establish ¡§ Education investigation committee ¡¨ as an advisory examining body for every Hsien and City Bureau of Education. (6) To attain the independence of using funds and performance evaluation, we should strengthen the functions of school administrative affairs meeting. (7) We should strengthen the performance evaluation of the compulsory educational grants, and put the evaluation into the grant system so as to enhance the idea of accountability. 2. Long-term suggestions: To effectively improve the performance-based project evaluation, the central government should develop indexes of evaluation for the long-term educational results and strengthen the qualitative performance evaluation.

Thesis--Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution/Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint Program in Oceanography, 1978. / Grant 04-7-158-44104 and 04-8-M01-149. Includes bibliographical references (p. 163-184).

Conference proceeding from the Living the Future 6 Conference, April 5-8, 2006, University of Arizona Libraries, Tucson, AZ. / Assessing the impact of new grant initiatives is tricky, especially when the goals of the project are far-reaching and significant organizational change is called for. We will describe how we approached the assessment of an IMLS-funded grant initiative to build a national corps of diverse new professionals ready for work in metropolitan public libraries across a variety of American neighborhoods. Starting with the impacts on Scholars, researchers and program leaders further uncovered multiple levels of impact in organizations, the profession, and the public library industry. Their "hot off the press" evaluation provides insights on effective new paths for building recruitment and retention strategies in organizations and for building bridges between academic and practical experiences, and, consequently, significantly shaping a preferred future for the "business" of public libraries in cities.

The goal of the federally-funded Reading First program is to ensure that all students read well by the end of third grade (Georgia Department of Education, 2006). However, Reading First makes few (if any) provisions for writing in its required 135-minute reading block for literacy instruction. Is it possible to teach reading effectively to young children without involving them in writing? The purpose of this naturalistic study was to investigate how the Reading First framework affected the teaching of writing in primary classrooms in one elementary school that received Reading First funding for three years. Using a social constructivist theoretical lens, the researcher explored these issues in the context of a professional learning community—a voluntary teacher study group—focused on writing instruction. Guiding questions were (1) What are primary teachers’ perceptions of the reading-writing connection for students in kindergarten through third grade? (2) How does the context of a school wide Reading First grant affect primary teachers’ perceptions of the reading-writing connection for students in K-3? (3) In what ways does a voluntary teacher study group focused on the reading-writing connection influence primary teachers’ perceptions of the reading-writing connection and their literacy instruction? Fifteen primary teachers participated in the study during a six-month period. Data sources included an open-ended questionnaire, three in-depth interviews with each participant, audiotapes and selective transcription from ten teacher study group sessions, field notes from observations in 12 of the 15 participants’ classrooms, a final focus group interview, and a researcher’s journal. Data were analyzed inductively using the constant comparative method (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). Trustworthiness and rigor were established through methods that ensure credibility, confirmability, dependability, and transferability (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). Findings revealed that the teachers viewed reading and writing as connected processes in literacy instruction. Although the Reading First parameters made them fearful of engaging children in writing during the 135-minute reading block, the teacher study group validated their beliefs and knowledge and empowered them to interweave limited writing activities across the curriculum. Overall, the Reading First requirements prevented teachers from involving children in extensive writing process instruction and writing workshop.

This study investigated a local aspect of theSwedish elementary school modernization process between the years 1871-1882.Previous studies have been drawn from the school inspectors own reports andshow that the schoolboards housed a negative and resentful attitude towardsreforms and the school inspectors often felt that the parish priests were moreinclined to changes than the schoolboards themselves.  Other research on elementary schoolmodernization has stressed the matching grants as a major cause of developmentand further establishment. In this study, however, a schoolboards own notes inthe form of meeting protocols during an eleven year period as well as a letterby a priest Erik Lundberg, Redogörelseför skolhusfrågan i Tierp dated 6 October 1880 were analyzed to see if theprevious explanation of school modernization, in particular with regard to thereluctance to change by the schoolboards goes to demonstrate and confirm. Theresults of this study have shown that even if the schoolboards do notimmediately follow the school inspectors instructions, it seems not primarilybeen due to resentment. Reforms within the school world are well known forbeing time-consuming but for the current period, as this study concerns andwithin this specific parish there were conflicts of interest which are notshown when only the inspector’s accounts and reports are examined. The late 1900thcentury was a time with a great deal of overwhelming and overthrowingreformations and changes witch challenged its previous social structuresthrough industrialization, urbanization and new political currents. Developmentand change occurs faster than news of it could travel, and it has been aninteresting journey to study these documents and to get a glimpse into how aschoolboard in a rural parish dealt with expansion and change.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1981. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 66-68).

Thesis (M.A.)--Acadia University, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.