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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Caractérisation d’une nouvelle population intestinale de cellules innées lymphoïdes intra-épithéliales à l’origine du lymphome associé à la maladie coeliaque / Characterization of a new subset of gut intra epithelial innate lymphoid cells who undergo malignant transformation in celiac disease

Ettersperger, Julien 21 October 2015 (has links)
La maladie coeliaque réfractaire de type II (MCRII) est une complication sévère de la maladie coeliaque caractérisée par l’émergence dans l’épithélium intestinal d’une population clonale de cellules innées lymphoïdes (IE-ILC) avec un phénotype inhabituel. Nos travaux montrent en effet que ces IE-ILC ont un phénotype mixte avec des caractéristiques à la fois de lymphocytes T (LT) et de cellules NK, puisqu’elles expriment des récepteurs NK et contiennent les chaines du complexe CD3 en intracellulaire et des réarrangements du récepteur T. En outre, des travaux précédents du laboratoire ont montré que l’interleukine 15 (IL-15), produite en excès par les entérocytes des patients MCRII, joue un rôle central en permettant la survie de ces lymphocytes anormaux et de ce fait leur accumulation progressive dans l’intestin. Le premier objectif de ma thèse a été de comprendre l’ontogénie des IE-ILC chez l’homme. Nous avons démontré qu’une population «polyclonale» d’IE-ILC, possédant des caractéristiques similaires à ceux des lymphocytes clonaux de MCRII, est présente dans l’épithélium intestinal des sujets sains. En outre, ces cellules prédominent dans l’épithélium intestinal des très jeunes enfants (<1ans) et des patients allo-greffés après une chimiothérapie. Nous avons montré que la différenciation des IE-ILC peut–être récapitulée in vitro à partir de cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH), en combinant un signal NOTCH et IL-15; le signal NOTCH initie un programme T qui est interrompu par l’IL-15, conduisant à la reprogrammation des cellules vers une différenciation NK. Nous avons aussi montré que l’effet de l’IL-15 résulte de l’induction de la sérine protéase Granzyme B, qui clive la protéine NOTCH en fragments dépourvus d’activité transcriptionnelle. Le deuxième objectif de mon travail a été d’identifier le site de la différenciation des IE-ILC. Thymus et épithélium intestinal expriment en effet des ligands de NOTCH ainsi que de l’IL-15. Cette partie du travail a été conduite chez la souris. Nous avons montré qu’une population d’IE-ILC similaire à celle observée chez l’homme est présente dans l’épithélium murin. L’étude de différentes souris mutantes nous a permis de démontrer sa dépendance stricte de l’IL-15. La réalisation de greffes de thymus, l’analyse de souris athymiques et le transfert de cellules de la moelle osseuse chez des souris immunodéficiences a permis d’exclure tout rôle du thymus dans la différenciation des IE-ILC, et de suggérer que ces cellules se différencient dans l’intestin avant la migration des lymphocytes T. Dans leur ensemble, ces résultats caractérisent une nouvelle population de cellules lymphoïdes innées et une voie originale de différenciation. Nos résultats éclairent un débat de longue date sur la différenciation extra-thymique des lymphocytes de l’épithélium. Nous montrons que la différenciation T peut être initiée dans l’épithélium intestinal mais que l’IL-15 bloque cette différenciation, ce qui conduit à la génération d’une population particulière de IE-ILC avec un phénotype mixte de LT et de NK. La présence des IE-ILC chez les très jeunes enfants et chez les patients greffés suggère un rôle possible dans les défenses de l’épithélium intestinal avant l’activation du système immunitaire adaptatif et la migration intraépithéliale des LT. / Refractory celiac disease type II (RCDII) is a rare but severe complication of celiac disease characterized by the appearance in gut epithelium of clonal population of innate lymphoid cells (IE-ILC) with atypical features. Our work shows that IE-ILC have mixed phenotype close both to T cells and NK cells. Indeed, IE-ILC express NK markers, intracellular CD3 chains and exhibit T cell rearrangement. Moreover, previous data from the laboratory have shown that interleukin 15 (IL-15), a cytokine overexpressed in the gut of RCDII patients, plays a key role in survival of clonal IE-ILC1 and therefore promotes their accumulation in the gut epithelium. The first objective of my thesis has been to understand the ontogeny of IE-ILC in humans. We have demonstrated that polyclonal IE-ILC sharing similar features with clonal IE-ILC are present in the gut of healthy control. In addition, IE-ILC are preponderant in the gut epithelium of young children (<1year) and of grafted patients after chemotherapy. We have shown that differentiation of IE-ILC can be recapitulated in vitro from hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) by combining both NOTCH signal and IL-15. Indeed, NOTCH signal initiates T cell program, which is blocked by IL-15, reprogramming these cells toward the NK lineage. Moreover, we have shown that Granzyme B, a serine protease induced by IL-15, cleaves the NOTCH protein into a transcriptionnally inactive peptide. The second objective of my work has been to determine the site of differentiation of IE-ILC. Thymus and gut epithelium express both NOTCH ligands and IL-15. This question has to be addressed in mouse. We have shown that the mouse gut epithelium contains the counterpart of human IE-ILC1. We first confirmed that mouse IE-ILC1 require IL-15 for their differentiation and or survival using IL-15 deficient mice. Thymus graft experiment, analysis of athymic mice (nude) and HSC transplantation in empty hosts suggested that IE-ILC1 differentiate in the gut epithelium before immigration of T cells from thymus. In summary, our results describe a novel subset of IE-ILC1 together with their novel unconventional mechanism of differentiation. Our data allow to revisit the long time controversy on extra-thymic T cell differentiation in the gut. We have demonstrated that T cell program can be initiated in the gut epithelium but IL15-induced Granzyme B blocks this program and permits the generation of unconventional IE-ILC with mixed T cell and NK cell features. Because IE-ILC1 are preponderant in the gut epithelium of young children and of patients with recent bone marrow transplantation, we suggest that IE-ILC1 can play a major role in gut defense before activation of the gut adaptative immune system activate and migration of thymus-derived T cells into the gut epithelium.
12

Etude des mécanismes d'action d'une immunothérapie par un triacyl lipide A chez l'homme / Study of mechanisms of action of an immunotherapy by triacyl lipid A in humans

Isambert, Nicolas 11 October 2013 (has links)
L’immunothérapie en agissant au niveau de la tumeur primitive et en empêchant le développement des métastases constitue une des stratégies du traitement des patients atteints de cancer. Afin d’améliorer l’efficacité de celle-ci, il est nécessaire de comprendre comment est induit la mort des cellules tumorales. Dans le laboratoire, il a été observé la guérison de rats BDIX porteurs de tumeurs PROb par un triacyl lipide A. Il a été montré que cet effet impliquait le système immunitaire en mettant en jeu des interactions avec les TLR présents sur de nombreuses cellules tumorales et de l’immunité innée comme les neutrophiles.Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié l’implication éventuelle des neutrophiles dans l’activité anti tumorale du triacyl lipide A chez l’homme.Dans une étude de phase 1 chez des patients porteurs de tumeurs solides réfractaires, nous avons montré que le triacyl lipide A était bien toléré et qu’il induisait la sécrétion de cytokines impliquées dans la réponse immunitaire et notamment dans le recrutement des neutrophiles. Nous avons ensuite, dans un second temps démontré l’implication éventuelle des neutrophiles dans cette réponse immunitaire en vérifiant leur présence dans des tumeurs coliques humaines et en analysant leur proximité avec les cellules tumorales, ces deux facteurs déterminant leur cytotoxicité vis-à-vis des cellules tumorales. Nous avons ensuite fait une analyse comparative par rapport au tissu sain pour rechercher si ces neutrophiles étaient activés et comparer l’expression de chimio attractants. / Immunotherapy acting at the primary tumor site and preventing the development of metastases is one of the strategies for treatment of patients with cancer. To improve the efficiency of the latter, it is necessary to understand how it induces tumor cell death. In the laboratory, it was observed the cure of PROb tumors in rats BDIX by the triacyl lipid A. It has been shown that this effect involved the immune system involving interactions with TLRs present in many tumor cells and innate immunity cells such as neutrophils.In this work, we investigated the possible involvement of neutrophils in the antitumor activity of triacyl lipid A in humans.In a Phase 1 study in patients with refractory solid tumors, we showed that the triacyl lipid A was well tolerated and induced the secretion of cytokines involved in the immune response, particularly in the recruitment of neutrophils. Then, in a second part, we demonstrated the prospective involvement of neutrophils in the immune response by checking their presence in human colon cancers and analyzing their proximity to tumor cells, these two factors determining their cytotoxicity to cells tumor. Then we made a comparative analysis with healthy tissue to research whether these neutrophils were activated and compare the expression of chemo attractors.
13

Subversion of Natural Killer Cell Defenses Induced by a Deadly Zoonotic Virus

Vasireddi, Mugdha 01 December 2009 (has links)
B virus (Macacine herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1, herpes B virus) is an Old World monkey simplex virus endemic in macaques. B virus infection in its natural host, macaque, is very similar to HSV-­‐1 infection in humans causing mild or asymptomatic infection. On the other hand, zoonotic infection in humans results in death in the absence of early initiation of antiviral drugs. Viruses evade host immune responses in order to survive and propagate. Most herpes viruses including HSV-­‐1 down-­‐regulate major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I) surface expression on infected cells in order to prevent CD8+ T-­‐cell recognition and subsequent cell lysis. MHC class I molecules bind to the inhibitory receptors of NK cells and prevent NK cell activity. Thus, this mechanism protects HSV-­‐1 infected cells from CD8+ T-­‐cell lysis, making them sensitive to natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity. To investigate if B virus pathogenicity is a result of novel immune evasion mechanisms employed by B virus, we determined NK cell regulation during B virus infection. To this end, our experiments demonstrate that B virus does not down-­‐ regulate MHC I expression as effectively as HSV-­‐1, leading us to hypothesize that B virus in-­‐ fected cells are resistant to NK cell activity. We examined the expression of MHC I chain related genes (MICA/ MICB), which are activation ligands to NKG2D receptors on NK cells. Our results show that there is no significant difference in MICA and MICB expression between HSV-­‐1 and B virus infected cells. Furthermore, we tested for the up-­‐regulation of cytokines and chemokines responsible for NK cell activation and migration. Our results indicate a significant up-­‐regulation of IFN-­‐α from PBMCs co-­‐cultured with HSV-­‐1 infected cells, which plays an important role in activating NK cells. NK cells within these PBMCs up-­‐regulate perforin release indicative of NK cell activity. PBMCs co-­‐cultured with B virus infected cells do not up-­‐regulate any cytokines or chemokines responsible for NK cell activity. As a result the NK cells within these PBMCs do not significantly up-­‐regulate perforin release. These results demonstrate that B virus employs a novel immune evasion mechanism to subvert NK cell activity.
14

Etude des mécanismes d'action d'une immunothérapie par un triacyl lipide A chez l'homme

Isambert, Nicolas 11 October 2013 (has links) (PDF)
L'immunothérapie en agissant au niveau de la tumeur primitive et en empêchant le développement des métastases constitue une des stratégies du traitement des patients atteints de cancer. Afin d'améliorer l'efficacité de celle-ci, il est nécessaire de comprendre comment est induit la mort des cellules tumorales. Dans le laboratoire, il a été observé la guérison de rats BDIX porteurs de tumeurs PROb par un triacyl lipide A. Il a été montré que cet effet impliquait le système immunitaire en mettant en jeu des interactions avec les TLR présents sur de nombreuses cellules tumorales et de l'immunité innée comme les neutrophiles.Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié l'implication éventuelle des neutrophiles dans l'activité anti tumorale du triacyl lipide A chez l'homme.Dans une étude de phase 1 chez des patients porteurs de tumeurs solides réfractaires, nous avons montré que le triacyl lipide A était bien toléré et qu'il induisait la sécrétion de cytokines impliquées dans la réponse immunitaire et notamment dans le recrutement des neutrophiles. Nous avons ensuite, dans un second temps démontré l'implication éventuelle des neutrophiles dans cette réponse immunitaire en vérifiant leur présence dans des tumeurs coliques humaines et en analysant leur proximité avec les cellules tumorales, ces deux facteurs déterminant leur cytotoxicité vis-à-vis des cellules tumorales. Nous avons ensuite fait une analyse comparative par rapport au tissu sain pour rechercher si ces neutrophiles étaient activés et comparer l'expression de chimio attractants.
15

Avaliação da expressão da granzima b e sua relação com o prognóstico do carcinoma espinocelular de boca / Evaluation of the expression of granzyme b and its relationship with the prognosis of carcinoma of the mouth

COSTA, Nádia do Lago 26 February 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:21:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO NADIA DO L COSTA.pdf: 215211 bytes, checksum: 98b2cf88b4766dae4e25cfa06b0970d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-26 / The cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells are more effective in fighting cancer because these cells recognize tumor cells and release cytotoxic granules rich in perforin and granzyme B (GB). The perforin form pores in tumor cells allowing the influx of GB. When inside the cell, the GB promotes tumor cell death through apoptosis. In this context, high expression of GB into the microenvironment of different types of cancers has been considered a key event for effective antitumor immunity. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify and quantify GB+ cells, peri- and intratumoral, and its relationship with clinical prognostic parameters (size of the primary lesion, location, metastasis and survival) and microscopic (microscopic grading and cell proliferation index and apoptosis of neoplastic cells) of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity. GB+ cells were identified by the technique of immunohistochemistry, a method of polymer, in 20 samples from patients with SCC of the oral cavity that had metastasized to cervical lymph nodes and in 35 samples from patients with SCC of the oral cavity without metastasis to cervical lymph nodes. Our results showed that the density of peritumoral GB+ cells was significantly higher in the non-metastatic SCC when compared with metastatic group (p=0.03). In addition, patients with high expression of peritumoral GB had a longer survival than those with low expression of this protease (Kaplan Meier, Log Rank p=0.02). We showed also that patients with high density of peritumoral GB+ cells showed a low percentage of neoplastic cells bcl2+ (antiapoptotic protein) (P=0.004) and high density of neoplastic cells Bax+ (apoptotic protein) (p=0.031) when compared to the group of low density of peritumoral GB+ cells. In agreement with these data, patients who had a high density of peritumoral GB+ cells showed high expression of Annexin V by neoplastic cells. Additionally, the density of GB+ cells intratumoral and peritumoral was significantly higher in the T1 and T2 (39.44±7.21 and 14.61±3.60, respectively) when compared to T3 and T4 (31.03±3.76 and 11.90±1.88, respectively), however these results were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The association between the density of cells GB+ and other characteristics of SCC of the oral cavity, such as location, tumor proliferation and tumor grading was not observed. Our findings suggest that the increased of expression of GB in tumor microenvironment of SCC of the oral cavity may have beneficial effect against neoplastics cells, contributing to apoptosis of these cells, lower lymph node involvement and increased survival time of patients. / Os Linfócitos T Citotóxicos (LTC) e as células Natural Killer (NK) são as células mais efetivas no combate ao câncer, pois essas células reconhecem células tumorais e liberam grânulos citotóxicos ricos em perforina e granzima B (GB). A perforina forma poros nas células tumorais permitindo o influxo da GB. Quando no interior da célula, a GB promove a morte da célula tumoral através da apoptose. Neste contexto, a alta expressão de GB no microambiente de diferentes tipos de cânceres tem sido considerado um evento fundamental para uma efetiva imunidade antitumoral. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar e quantificar células GB+, peri- e intratumoral, e sua relação com parâmetros de prognóstico clínicos (tamanho da lesão primária, localização, metástase e sobrevida) e microscópicos (gradação microscópica e índices de proliferação celular e de apoptose das células neoplásicas) do carcimoma espinocelular (CEC) de cavidade oral. As células GB+ foram identificadas pela técnica da imunoistoquímica, método do polímero, em 20 amostras de pacientes com CEC de cavidade oral que apresentaram metástase para linfonodos cervicais e em 35 amostras de pacientes com CEC de cavidade oral sem metástase para linfonodos cervicais. Nossos resultados demonstraram que a densidade de células GB+ peritumoral foi significativamente maior no grupo de CEC não metastático quando comparado com o metastático (p=0,03). Além disso, os pacientes com alta expressão de GB peritumoral apresentaram um maior tempo de sobrevida do que aqueles com baixa expressão dessa protease (Kaplan Meier, Log Rank p=0,02). Evidenciamos, também, que os pacientes com alta densidade de células GB+ peritumoral apresentaram baixa porcentagem de células neoplásicas bcl2+ (proteína anti-apoptótica) (P=0.004) e alta densidade de células neoplásicas Bax+ (proteína pró-apoptótica) (p=0,031) quando comparado ao grupo de baixa densidade de células GB+ peritumoral. Em concordância com esses dados, os pacientes que apresentaram alta densidade de células GB+ peritumoral apresentaram alta expressão de Anexina V por células neoplásicas. Adicionalmente, a densidade de células GB+ peritumoral e intratumoral foi significativamente maior no grupo T1 e T2 (39,44±7,21 e 14,61±3,60, respectivamente) quando comparado a T3 e T4 (31,03±3,76 e 11,90±1,88, respectivamente), no entanto esses resultados não foram estatisticamente significativo (p>0,05). A associação entre a densidade de células GB+ e outras características do CEC de cavidade oral, como localização, proliferação tumoral e gradação tumoral não foi observada. Nossos achados sugerem que a alta expressão da GB no microambiente do CEC de cavidade oral pode ter um efeito benéfico contra células neoplásicas, contribuindo para apoptose dessas células, baixa metástase linfonodal e maior tempo sobrevida desses pacientes
16

Role of heat shock protein 70 and sulphatases 1 and 2 in apoptosis induced by cytotoxic cells of the immune system / Die Rolle von Hitzeschockprotein 70 und Sulphatasen 1 und 2 in Apoptose vermittelt durch zytotoxische Zellen des Immunsystems

Demiroglu, Sara Yasemin 23 April 2009 (has links)
No description available.

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